Youth Correction Reform

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Reforming Juvenile Justice

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309278937
Total Pages : 463 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Reforming Juvenile Justice by : National Research Council

Download or read book Reforming Juvenile Justice written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-22 with total page 463 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts.

After the Doors Were Locked

Author : Daniel E. Macallair
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1442246723
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis After the Doors Were Locked by : Daniel E. Macallair

Download or read book After the Doors Were Locked written by Daniel E. Macallair and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-10-30 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The California youth corrections system is undergoing the most sweeping transformation in its 154-year history. The extraordinary nature of this change is revealed by the striking decline in the state’s youth incarceration rate. In 1996, with 10,000 youth confined in 11 state-run correctional facilities, California boasted the nation’s third highest youth incarceration rate. Now, with only 800 youth remaining in a system comprised of just three institutions, California has one of the nation’s lowest youth incarceration rate. How did such unprecedented changes occur and what were the crucial conditions that produced them? Daniel E. Macallair answers these questions through an examination of the California youth corrections system’s origins and evolution, and the patterns and practices that ultimately led to its demise. Beginning in the 19th century, California followed national juvenile justice trends by consigning abused, neglected, and delinquent youth to congregate care institutions known as reform schools. These institutions were characterized by their emphasis on regimentation, rigid structure, and harsh discipline. Behind the walls of these institutions, children and youth, who ranged in age from eight to 21, were subjected to unspeakable cruelties. Despite frequent public outcry, life in California reform schools changed little from the opening of the San Francisco Industrial School in 1859 to the dissolution of the California Youth Authority (CYA) in 2005. By embracing popular national trends at various times, California encapsulates much of the history of youth corrections in the United States. The California story is exceptional since the state often assumed a leadership role in adopting innovative policies intended to improve institutional treatment. The California juvenile justice system stands at the threshold of a new era as it transitions from a 19th century state-centered institutional model to a decentralized structure built around localized services delivered at the county level. After the Doors Were Locked is the first to chronicle the unique history of youth corrections and institutional care in California and analyze the origins of today’s reform efforts. This book offers valuable information and guidance to current and future generations of policy makers, administrators, judges, advocates, students and scholars.

Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts

Author : Lloyd E. Ohlin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts by : Lloyd E. Ohlin

Download or read book Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts written by Lloyd E. Ohlin and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Recalibrating Juvenile Detention

Author : David W. Roush
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 042967600X
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

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Book Synopsis Recalibrating Juvenile Detention by : David W. Roush

Download or read book Recalibrating Juvenile Detention written by David W. Roush and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-22 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recalibrating Juvenile Detention chronicles the lessons learned from the 2007 to 2015 landmark US District Court-ordered reform of the Cook County Juvenile Temporary Detention Center (JTDC) in Illinois, following years of litigation by the ACLU about egregious and unconstitutional conditions of confinement. In addition to explaining the implications of the Court’s actions, the book includes an analysis of a major evaluation research report by the University of Chicago Crime Lab and explains for scholars, practitioners, administrators, policymakers, and advocates how and why this particular reform of conditions achieved successful outcomes when others failed. Maintaining that the Chicago Crime Lab findings are the "gold standard" evidence-based research (EBR) in pretrial detention, Roush holds that the observed "firsts" for juvenile detention may perhaps have the power to transform all custody practices. He shows that the findings validate a new model of institutional reform based on cognitive-behavioral programming (CBT), reveal statistically significant reductions in in-custody violence and recidivism, and demonstrate that at least one variation of short-term secure custody can influence positively certain life outcomes for Chicago’s highest-risk and most disadvantaged youth. With the Quarterly Journal of Economics imprimatur and endorsement by the President’s Council of Economic Advisors, the book is a reverse engineering of these once-in-a-lifetime events (recidivism reduction and EBR in pretrial detention) that explains the important and transformative implications for the future of juvenile justice practice. The book is essential reading for graduate students in juvenile justice, criminology, and corrections, as well as practitioners, judges, and policymakers.

Youth Correction Reform

Author : Jeffrey A. Butts
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Youth Correction Reform by : Jeffrey A. Butts

Download or read book Youth Correction Reform written by Jeffrey A. Butts and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Juvenile Justice Reform

Author : Daniel W. Hancock
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437916392
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Juvenile Justice Reform by : Daniel W. Hancock

Download or read book Juvenile Justice Reform written by Daniel W. Hancock and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-12 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In shifting responsibility to the counties for hundreds of California¿s youth offenders, the state recognized that its juvenile justice system cannot be reformed without radical change. Though prompted by cost concerns, the realignment of responsibilities to the counties was the right policy move. Many counties have demonstrated that they can provide programs and treatment to youth offenders who need to turn their lives around in settings that allow them to reintegrate more successfully into their communities. Contents of this report: Juvenile Justice in California; Realignment Leadership and Oversight; Juvenile Offenders Remaining at the State Level; Conclusion; The Study Process; Appendices. Sidebars and Charts.

Juvenile Correctional Reform

Author : Edmund F. McGarrell
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438412436
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis Juvenile Correctional Reform by : Edmund F. McGarrell

Download or read book Juvenile Correctional Reform written by Edmund F. McGarrell and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 1988-07-08 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book addresses the divergent reform agendas that have shaped American juvenile justice systems during the last two decades. Testing and extending the theory of social reform developed by Ohlin, et al. in their study of Massachusetts' juvenile justice reform, McGarrell investigates the process of change in New York State's juvenile corrections system because this state was a forerunner of both liberal and conservative national reform trends. He asks: "What juvenile justice policies have changed? Who has changed them, and why? What has been the effect on juvenile corrections, and ultimately, on youth?" Juvenile Correctional Reform suggests that many factors—as broad as cultural shifts in prevailing political ideology, and as narrow as the individual initiative of an agency head—have shaped policy and procedure at specific times. It also provides an important case study of an organization in relation to its environment during a period of unprecedented and often contradictory demands for change in juvenile corrections.

Trapped in a Vice

Author : Alexandra Cox
Publisher : Rutgers University Press
ISBN 13 : 0813570484
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (135 download)

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Book Synopsis Trapped in a Vice by : Alexandra Cox

Download or read book Trapped in a Vice written by Alexandra Cox and published by Rutgers University Press. This book was released on 2018-01-30 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trapped in a Vice explores the consequences of a juvenile justice system that is aimed at promoting change in the lives of young people, yet ultimately relies upon tools and strategies that enmesh them in a system that they struggle to move beyond. The system, rather than the crimes themselves, is the vice. Trapped in a Vice explores the lives of the young people and adults in the criminal justice system, revealing the ways that they struggle to manage the expectations of that system; these stories from the ground level of the justice system demonstrate the complex exchange of policy and practice.

Burning Down the House

Author : Nell Bernstein
Publisher : New Press, The
ISBN 13 : 1595589562
Total Pages : 386 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (955 download)

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Book Synopsis Burning Down the House by : Nell Bernstein

Download or read book Burning Down the House written by Nell Bernstein and published by New Press, The. This book was released on 2014-06-03 with total page 386 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When teenagers scuffle during a basketball game, they are typically benched. But when Will got into it on the court, he and his rival were sprayed in the face at close range by a chemical similar to Mace, denied a shower for twenty-four hours, and then locked in solitary confinement for a month. One in three American children will be arrested by the time they are twenty-three, and many will spend time locked inside horrific detention centers that defy everything we know about how to rehabilitate young offenders. In a clear-eyed indictment of the juvenile justice system run amok, award-winning journalist Nell Bernstein shows that there is no right way to lock up a child. The very act of isolation denies delinquent children the thing that is most essential to their growth and rehabilitation: positive relationships with caring adults. Bernstein introduces us to youth across the nation who have suffered violence and psychological torture at the hands of the state. She presents these youths all as fully realized people, not victims. As they describe in their own voices their fight to maintain their humanity and protect their individuality in environments that would deny both, these young people offer a hopeful alternative to the doomed effort to reform a system that should only be dismantled. Burning Down the House is a clarion call to shut down our nation’s brutal and counterproductive juvenile prisons and bring our children home.

Reforming Corrections for Juvenile Offenders

Author : Yitzhak Bakal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Reforming Corrections for Juvenile Offenders by : Yitzhak Bakal

Download or read book Reforming Corrections for Juvenile Offenders written by Yitzhak Bakal and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Politics of Prison Reform: Juvenile Justice Policy in Texas, California and Pennsylvania

Author : Sarah Diane Cate
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 762 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (969 download)

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Book Synopsis The Politics of Prison Reform: Juvenile Justice Policy in Texas, California and Pennsylvania by : Sarah Diane Cate

Download or read book The Politics of Prison Reform: Juvenile Justice Policy in Texas, California and Pennsylvania written by Sarah Diane Cate and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a moment when there is a great deal of enthusiasm for reforming the prison system in the United States, a number of states across the country have enacted legislation that aims to reduce the number of juveniles sent to state-run prisons. These new policies have focused on expanding community-based alternatives. The three state-level cases on Texas, California and Pennsylvania show that this strategy for reform entrenches punishment at the local level. As counties are given more responsibility to handle juvenile offenders they have contracted out services to the private-sector and invested in expanding jails and punitive conditions of probation. Overall, the reforms have done little to improve the treatment of juveniles caught up in the system. In these states hailed as juvenile justice “models for the nation,” youth continue to be incarcerated for minor offenses, subjected to abusive conditions of confinement, and stigmatized. The remarkable convergence of diverse states on this reform strategy can be traced back to past transformative eras of juvenile justice policy. Early developments in the juvenile justice system created the foundation for devolution, privatization, and the persistent belief that juvenile delinquency can be solved through individualized interventions. The development of the juvenile justice system connects to broader trends in social policy. This latest reconfiguration of the juvenile justice system reifies post-New Deal policy development where the state has shifted from providing basic public services to subsidizing the private-sector.

Correctional Reform

Author : United States. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (327 download)

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Book Synopsis Correctional Reform by : United States. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations

Download or read book Correctional Reform written by United States. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Relates the consequences of an elephant's sneeze.

Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice

Author : Institute of Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309172357
Total Pages : 405 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-06-05 with total page 405 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem. This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescentsâ€"trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistanceâ€"the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with ageâ€"and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates. Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions: Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives. Intervention within the juvenile justice system. Role of the police. Processing and detention of youth offenders. Transferring youths to the adult judicial system. Residential placement of juveniles. The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem.

Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts

Author : Lloyd E. Ohlin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 99 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (612 download)

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Book Synopsis Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts by : Lloyd E. Ohlin

Download or read book Juvenile Correctional Reform in Massachusetts written by Lloyd E. Ohlin and published by . This book was released on 1977 with total page 99 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Prisons Inside-out; Alternatives in Correctional Reform

Author : Benedict Solomon Alper
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Prisons Inside-out; Alternatives in Correctional Reform by : Benedict Solomon Alper

Download or read book Prisons Inside-out; Alternatives in Correctional Reform written by Benedict Solomon Alper and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on a series of lectures delivered at the United Nations "Asia and Far East Institute for the Prevention of Crime and Treatment of Offenders" during the spring of 1973.

Teen Incarceration

Author : Patrick Jones
Publisher : Twenty-First Century Books (Tm)
ISBN 13 : 146777572X
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (677 download)

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Book Synopsis Teen Incarceration by : Patrick Jones

Download or read book Teen Incarceration written by Patrick Jones and published by Twenty-First Century Books (Tm). This book was released on 2016 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examine the factors that contribute to youth crime and learn about the workings of the juvenile justice system.

Sentencing Youth to Life in Prison

Author : Kathi Milliken-Boyd
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000530337
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Sentencing Youth to Life in Prison by : Kathi Milliken-Boyd

Download or read book Sentencing Youth to Life in Prison written by Kathi Milliken-Boyd and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-04-07 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes the impact of the U.S. Supreme Court rulings deeming juvenile life without parole (LWOP) sentences to be cruel and unusual punishment. These Court decisions brought about controversy and resistance in the criminal justice field, while at the same time providing hope for those 2,300 people who never thought they had a chance to experience life as an adult outside prison. By looking in depth at the lives of some of the individuals serving life terms, and understanding both the prosecutors who oppose review and resentencing of juvenile lifers and those who are sincerely following the Supreme Court’s guidelines, this book provides a comprehensive understanding of the issues – as well as the people – involved in the sentencing (and potential resentencing) of juveniles to life without the possibility of parole. The authors provide unique, perceptive and straightforward profiles on some of the prisoners who were ultimately sentenced to LWOP after being involved in criminal offenses committed before their 18th birthdays. The book poignantly features the experiences of young people who did not commit a murder yet were still sentenced to life terms, but also delves into the perspectives of the families of victims of juvenile offenders, prosecutors on both sides of the issue, psychologists who have interviewed many of the juvenile lifers and advocates for change in the way juveniles are treated by the criminal justice system. The decisions in Miller v. Alabama and Montgomery v. Louisiana clearly demonstrated that the Court’s view of juveniles evolved over decades to reflect advances in our understanding of the unique characteristics of youth and their involvement in juvenile crimes. This book takes the position that the sentence of life without the possibility of parole for youth is wasteful of both human lives and scarce public resources. The authors write about the human concerns on both sides of the question, and, ultimately, allow readers to make their own decisions about how society should best handle juvenile offenders. This engaging ethnographic treatment will appeal to students and scholars of criminology, corrections, juvenile justice, and delinquency; practitioners working in social policy; and all those interested in a criminal justice system capable of positive outcomes for involved youth.