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X Ray Phase Contrast Imaging Using Near Field Speckles
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Book Synopsis X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging Using Near-Field Speckles by : Marie-Christine Zdora
Download or read book X-ray Phase-Contrast Imaging Using Near-Field Speckles written by Marie-Christine Zdora and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-16 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis presents research on novel X-ray imaging methods that improve the study of specimens with small density differences, revealing their inner structure and density distribution. Exploiting the phase shift of X-rays in a material can significantly increase the image contrast compared to conventional absorption imaging. This thesis provides a practical guide to X-ray phase-contrast imaging with a strong focus on X-ray speckle-based imaging, the most recently developed phase-sensitive method. X-ray speckle-based imaging only requires a piece of abrasive paper in addition to the standard X-ray imaging setup. Its simplicity and robustness combined with the compatibility with laboratory X-ray sources, make it an ideal candidate for wide user uptake in a range of fields. An in-depth overview of the state of the art of X-ray speckle-based imaging and its latest developments is given in this thesis. It, furthermore, explores a broad range of applications, from X-ray optics characterisation, to biomedical imaging for 3D virtual histology and geological studies of volcanic rocks, demonstrating is promising potential. Moreover, the speckle-based technique is placed in the context of other phase-sensitive X-ray imaging methods to assist in the choice of a suitable method, hence serving as a guide and reference work for future users.
Book Synopsis Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging by : Simon Zabler
Download or read book Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging written by Simon Zabler and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-01-08 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Phase-Contrast and Dark-Field Imaging" that was published in J. Imaging
Book Synopsis Studies in X-ray Dynamic Speckle Imaging by : Sarah Catherine Irvine
Download or read book Studies in X-ray Dynamic Speckle Imaging written by Sarah Catherine Irvine and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis describes the study of two dynamic speckle systems present in the context of X-ray propagation-based phase contrast imaging. The first application to be examined is that of the rotating random phase screen diffuser, used in phase contrast imaging in order to improve the homogeneity of the sample-incident beam and thus ideally the image quality. The second pertains to the technique of flow measurement from analysis of blood speckle patterns. Whilst speckle is central to both of these, it is in quite different ways: a moving diffuser introduces a temporallyuncorrelated dynamic speckle pattern, the observed effect of which is an incoherently averaged smooth background intensity. Conversely, the time-dependent correlation of dynamic blood speckle patterns is deliberately exploited as a useful tool for the quantitative determination of flow. In the first instance we present the spatial coherence measurements of the biomedical imaging beamline BL20XU at SPring8, Japan, using a simple, low-cost prism based interferometry method developed by Suzuki (2004). We then study the effect of the addition of a rotating diffuser to the setup. Besides the observed increase in beam-homogeneity due to the diffuser, we show that the diffuser acts to decrease the observed degree of coherence as a fixed percentage of that measured in its absence. We are able to reproduce this effect in simulation via the model of the diffuser as the time-averaged incoherent sum of speckled intensities caused by random phaseperturbations to the X-ray wavefield. Following this key result, we extend our investigationof diffusers to study their effect on the quality of typical propagation-based phase contrast images, which depend on the high contrast and visibility of Fresnel diffraction fringe features. The deleterious effect of the diffuser on these fringes is demonstrated to be minimisable through the simple expedient of placing the diffuser as close as possible to the effective source of the beamline. This is explained through a discussion of local transverse phase gradients. In the second application which comprises the majority of this thesis, we begin with a characterising study of the speckle patterns observed in propagation-based X-ray phase contrast images of blood, a phenomenon insufficiently explained in the literature of the time. We adopt a theoretical model which allows us to view blood as a two-material system of randomly positioned red blood cells suspended within a plasma matrix, the projection of which effectively creates a weak random phase perturbation of the X-ray wavefield. Free-space propagation and associated self-interference of this wavefield yields phase contrast in the form of speckle. Its statistical analysis is demonstrated possible through inspection of the magnitude of the Fourier transform of the intensity. The Fourier description of the speckle is well characterised via application of the linear phase Contrast Transfer Function (CTF) formalism for weak objects in the Fresnel regime. The agreement between experiment, simulation and analytical expression is strong, providing an improved understanding of the speckle which may be applied to the velocimetric analysis of dynamic patterns. In view of the ultimate goal of achieving a high-resolution, accurate blood flow measurement technique capable of full-field multi-component vector analysis for in vivo cardiovascular research, we apply our knowledge of the speckle system to recommend key steps for future analysis of dynamic speckle patterns. We find it necessary to use single-image phase retrieval methods, specifically one based on the transport of intensity equation. For images recorded with typical levels of noise, the TIE-based phase retrieval algorithm requires significant regularisation due to the very low contribution of absorption to the final contrast. We also demonstrate the utility of Fourier mask filters for suppression of unwanted image artefacts. With the flow signal thus optimised, we develop methods for flow reconstruction based on the Abel transform. For a rotationally-symmetric flow, we present the first tomographic reconstructions of axial blood flow within a cylinder; after which we extend the validity of the reconstruction theory to include non-axial flow, culminating in the full, four-dimensional reconstruction of pulsatile flow within a simple in vitro stenotic model. Importantly, this new vector tomographic reconstruction technique may be achieved with single image pairs, which is important for non-steady flow patterns.
Book Synopsis Multi-scale 3D Virtual Histology Via Phase-contrast X-ray Tomography with Synchrotron Radiation by : Jasper Frohn
Download or read book Multi-scale 3D Virtual Histology Via Phase-contrast X-ray Tomography with Synchrotron Radiation written by Jasper Frohn and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2023 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To this day, the standard method for investigating biological tissue with cellular resolution is the examination under a light microscope, first denoted as histology by Karl Meyer in 1819. Despite the enormous success and importance of histology, it has two major disadvantages. Firstly, the specimen must be physically cut into thin sections due to the limited penetrating power of optical light, and secondly, additional staining of the specimen is required to achieve sufficient image contrast. Both disadvantages can be overcome by the non-destructive method of propagation-based X-ray phase-contrast tomography. While the mechanism of phase-contrast provides sufficient image contrast to image single cells, a tomographic imaging scheme with penetrating X-rays allows for an undamaged sample by virtually slicing the reconstructed 3D sample volume. In this work, the holotomography setup of the synchrotron endstation „GINIX“ (The Göttingen Instrument for Nanoscale-Imaging with X-Rays) was extended to a multi-scale X-ray phase-contrast tomography setup suitable for 3D virtual histology by adding two acquisition schemes. Compared to the existing setup, the first additional scheme is a propagation-based microtomography setup, which enlarges the reconstructed 3D volumes by a factor of approx. 64 at a fraction of the acquisition time (ca. 2 min). The second additional scheme aims for higher resolutions. To this end, the X-ray waveguide illumination was combined with photon counting detector with a large field of view and a novel phase reconstruction scheme, which is based on iterative farfield phase retrieval without an „empty-beam correction“ in the detector plane.
Author :Alesssandro Olivo Publisher :World Scientific Publishing Company ISBN 13 :9781908977311 Total Pages :220 pages Book Rating :4.9/5 (773 download)
Book Synopsis X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging by : Alesssandro Olivo
Download or read book X-Ray Phase Contrast Imaging written by Alesssandro Olivo and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2013-07-31 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book fills an important gap in the existing literature by providing a comprehensive discussion of X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging (XPCi) and its various uses and implementations. XPCi could revolutionise all applications of X-ray imaging. It exploits a different mechanism to generate image contrast (refraction/interference instead of absorption), thus enhancing the visibility of all details, allowing the detection of features that are classically considered invisible. XPCi emerged in the mid-1990s, primarily at synchrotron radiation facilities. Initially, its use was considered to be very restricted due to the stringent requirements imposed on the radiation source. New methods which allow XPCi to be used with conventional X-ray sources have recently emerged, thus providing concrete possibilities for transfer into mainstream applications. This has renewed enthusiasm in the field and spawned a large number of new research groups worldwide. This book follows a historical perspective and describes all possible implementations of XPCi. In each case, the underpinning theory is described, the possible experimental realisations are discussed and the targeted applications listed, with specific mentions of the most significant examples. Although sometimes overlooked, X-ray imaging is all-pervasive in our society: medicine, industrial scans, non-destructive testing, security inspections and a vast number of scientific fields rely heavily on it. Hence, the potential impact of XPCi is immense.
Book Synopsis Advancing the Characterization of Neuronal Cyto-Architecture by X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography by : Marina Eckermann
Download or read book Advancing the Characterization of Neuronal Cyto-Architecture by X-ray Phase-Contrast Tomography written by Marina Eckermann and published by Universitätsverlag Göttingen. This book was released on 2021 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To bring physiology and pathology of the human brain into better micro-anatomical and histological context, studies with different methodologies are required. Established techniques such as electron microscopy or histology show limitations in view of invasiveness, labor-intense and artifact-prone sample preparation, as well as an adequate ratio between resolution and volume throughput. For this reason, X-ray phase-contrast tomography (PC-CT) has been proposed as a three-dimensional non-destructive imaging technique, which requires less effort in sample preparation and can assess larger volumes. Furthermore, it offers quantitative electron density based contrast even for unstained tissue. Up to now, however, PC-CT studies fell short in number of samples, so that structural alterations caused by neurodegenerative diseases cannot be distinguished from physiological inter-subject variations. In this thesis, the scalability of PC-CT with respect to the required number of samples and resolution-to-volume-throughput is demonstrated, and the methodology is advanced with respect to data acquisition, processing and segmentation. In addition to the human cerebellum, cortex and hippocampus are studied. Concerning quantification and analysis of PC-CT data, this work introduces optimal transport analysis to obtain quantitative metrics of the cyto-architecture and to identify changes due to neurodegenerative diseases. For the case of Alzheimer’s disease, this workflow reveals a yet undescribed compactification of granular cells in the human hippocampus. This thesis also provides optimized configurations to study neural tissues with laboratory instrumentation, and – finally – provides new correlative imaging approaches, in particular with scanning electron microscopy.
Book Synopsis Coherent X-Ray Optics by : David Paganin
Download or read book Coherent X-Ray Optics written by David Paganin and published by Oxford University Press on Demand. This book was released on 2006-01-12 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray optics is undergoing a renaissance, which may be paralleled to that experienced by visible-light optics following the invention of the laser. The associated surge of activity in "coherent" x-ray optics has been documented in this monograph, the first of its type in the field.
Book Synopsis A Phase Contrast Imaging Technique for Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy by : Andrew David Woodfin
Download or read book A Phase Contrast Imaging Technique for Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy written by Andrew David Woodfin and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: A technique allowing for phase contrast imaging with a near-field scanning optical microscope is discussed. Background theory relating to near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is presented, in addition to relevant aspects of interferometry. A brief discussion of currently available methods for phase contrast imaging in both near-field and far-field microscopy is presented. Theory regarding the proposed technique, which exploits the interference of electrooptically modulated light and a conventional NSOM signal, is discussed in detail. Phase data using the proposed technique in a simplified configuration is presented to validate its effectiveness. The experimental arrangement used for data collection is specified. Finally, phase data obtained using the proposed technique in conjunction with a near-field microscope is examined and assessed in comparison with the results expected from prior knowledge of the sample under study.
Book Synopsis Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology by : Vivian de Buffrénil
Download or read book Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology written by Vivian de Buffrénil and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 1882 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vertebrate Skeletal Histology and Paleohistology summarizes decades of research into the biology and biological meaning of hard tissues, in both living and extinct vertebrates. In addition to outlining anatomical diversity, it provides fundamental phylogenetic and evolutionary contexts for interpretation. An international team of leading authorities review the impact of ontogeny, mechanics, and environment in relation to bone and dental tissues. Synthesizing current advances in the biological problems of growth, metabolism, evolution, ecology, and behavior, this comprehensive and authoritative volume is built upon a foundation of concepts and technology generated over the past fifty years.
Download or read book X-ray Phase Contrast Imaging written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Interest in phase sensitive x-ray imaging techniques has grown rapidly in recent years. Numerous techniques have been demonstrated to measure the phase shift of x-rays as they pass through matter. One such method, grating-based interferometry, has shown the most potential for clinical use. This dissertation continues our group's efforts at characterizing the Talbot-Lau interferometer, with the overall goal of determining the clinical utility of the system. This work first covers the basics of x-ray phase contrast imaging with a grating interferometer. Phase contrast imaging with this method has the advantage over conventional absorption imaging in that it allows for the simultaneous measurement of multiple contrast mechanisms. This multi-contrast imaging modality has the potential to improve the diagnostic capabilities of traditional imaging systems. It has unique noise properties that allow it to move to higher spatial resolution at a lower dose penalty, as well as improved contrast for certain material combinations. However, questions still remain about where such a system would fit in the clinical realm. This dissertation delves into new research demonstrating the effects of beam hardening, improving the phase retrieval technique, determining the best method for grating fabrication, and exploring the impact of the small-angle scattering, or dark field, contrast mechanism. Both traditional beam hardening artifacts and new ones are shown, and their implication for clinical systems is discussed. The improved phase retrieval techniques aim at reducing the temporal requirements for the current acquisition method. While most of them succeed at reducing the time requirements, they also all come with an associated cost to the final image. Along with improved signal extraction, improved grating fabrication is discussed. The design and construction of a new grating fabrication system is detailed, demonstrating its capability of both producing absorption gratings with greater metal deposition depths and using cheaper, alternative absorbers. Finally, the impact of the dark-field contrast mechanism is discussed, highlighting the interplay between high-quality, low-noise phase and dark-field images.
Book Synopsis Springer Handbook of Microscopy by : Peter W. Hawkes
Download or read book Springer Handbook of Microscopy written by Peter W. Hawkes and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-02 with total page 1561 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features reviews by leading experts on the methods and applications of modern forms of microscopy. The recent awards of Nobel Prizes awarded for super-resolution optical microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy have demonstrated the rich scientific opportunities for research in novel microscopies. Earlier Nobel Prizes for electron microscopy (the instrument itself and applications to biology), scanning probe microscopy and holography are a reminder of the central role of microscopy in modern science, from the study of nanostructures in materials science, physics and chemistry to structural biology. Separate chapters are devoted to confocal, fluorescent and related novel optical microscopies, coherent diffractive imaging, scanning probe microscopy, transmission electron microscopy in all its modes from aberration corrected and analytical to in-situ and time-resolved, low energy electron microscopy, photoelectron microscopy, cryo-electron microscopy in biology, and also ion microscopy. In addition to serving as an essential reference for researchers and teachers in the fields such as materials science, condensed matter physics, solid-state chemistry, structural biology and the molecular sciences generally, the Springer Handbook of Microscopy is a unified, coherent and pedagogically attractive text for advanced students who need an authoritative yet accessible guide to the science and practice of microscopy.
Download or read book Biomedical Imaging written by Tim Salditt and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-10-23 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Covering both physical as well as mathematical and algorithmic foundations, this graduate textbook provides the reader with an introduction into modern biomedical imaging and image processing and reconstruction. These techniques are not only based on advanced instrumentation for image acquisition, but equally on new developments in image processing and reconstruction to extract relevant information from recorded data. To this end, the present book offers a quantitative treatise of radiography, computed tomography, and medical physics. Contents Introduction Digital image processing Essentials of medical x-ray physics Tomography Radiobiology, radiotherapy, and radiation protection Phase contrast radiography Object reconstruction under nonideal conditions
Book Synopsis Nanoscale Photonic Imaging by : Tim Salditt
Download or read book Nanoscale Photonic Imaging written by Tim Salditt and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-06-09 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies. Introductory chapters cover the most relevant physics and basic methods that young researchers need to master in order to work effectively in the field of nanoscale photonic imaging, from physical first principles, to instrumentation, to mathematical foundations of imaging and data analysis. Subsequent chapters demonstrate how these cutting edge methods are applied to a variety of systems, including complex fluids and biomolecular systems, for visualizing their structure and dynamics, in space and on timescales extending over many orders of magnitude down to the femtosecond range. Progress in nanoscale photonic imaging in Göttingen has been the sum total of more than a decade of work by a wide range of scientists and mathematicians across disciplines, working together in a vibrant collaboration of a kind rarely matched. This volume presents the highlights of their research achievements and serves as a record of the unique and remarkable constellation of contributors, as well as looking ahead at the future prospects in this field. It will serve not only as a useful reference for experienced researchers but also as a valuable point of entry for newcomers.
Book Synopsis Visualizing Chemistry by : National Research Council
Download or read book Visualizing Chemistry written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2006-06-01 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Scientists and engineers have long relied on the power of imaging techniques to help see objects invisible to the naked eye, and thus, to advance scientific knowledge. These experts are constantly pushing the limits of technology in pursuit of chemical imagingâ€"the ability to visualize molecular structures and chemical composition in time and space as actual events unfoldâ€"from the smallest dimension of a biological system to the widest expanse of a distant galaxy. Chemical imaging has a variety of applications for almost every facet of our daily lives, ranging from medical diagnosis and treatment to the study and design of material properties in new products. In addition to highlighting advances in chemical imaging that could have the greatest impact on critical problems in science and technology, Visualizing Chemistry reviews the current state of chemical imaging technology, identifies promising future developments and their applications, and suggests a research and educational agenda to enable breakthrough improvements.
Book Synopsis Advanced High-Resolution Tomography in Regenerative Medicine by : Alessandra Giuliani
Download or read book Advanced High-Resolution Tomography in Regenerative Medicine written by Alessandra Giuliani and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the state-of-the-art research on advanced high-resolution tomography, exploring its role in regenerative medicine. and also explores the 3D interactions between tissues, cells, and biomaterials. Various multidisciplinary paths in regenerative medicine are covered, including X-ray microtomography and its role in regenerative medicine, synchrotron radiation-based microtomography and phase contrast tomography, the challenge of the vascularization of regenerated tissues, lung and cartilage imaging, and more. This is an ideal book for biomedical engineers, biologists, physicists, clinicians, and students who want to pursue their studies in the field of regenerative medicine. This book also: Reviews in detail the algorithms and software used for the 3D exploration of regenerated tissue Covers the latest research on the use of X-ray microtomography for muscle diseases Details applications of synchrotron radiation tomography in orthopedics and dentistry
Book Synopsis Advances in Phase Contrast Imaging Using Fully and Partially Coherent Wavefields by : Mario Alejandro Beltran Toro
Download or read book Advances in Phase Contrast Imaging Using Fully and Partially Coherent Wavefields written by Mario Alejandro Beltran Toro and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: X-ray phase contrast imaging enables the visualization of an object's features that otherwise would be impossible to obtain with conventional absorption based X-ray imaging. The first part of this thesis focuses specifically on propagation-based phase contrast imaging (PBI). It has a particular emphasis on the quantitative image reconstruction under the assumption that the source of illumination is fully coherent. It presents the existing methods of extracting quantitative information as well as original ones developed in this thesis. The second part of this thesis takes a purely theoretical route, which focuses on studying the forward problem of aberrated optical systems under partially coherent illumination. This thesis begins with a general overview and review of the relevant literature including the theory of coherent X-ray wavefield diffraction, partial coherence, phase-contrast X-ray imaging, and phase-contrast tomography. Particular emphasis is given to PBI. We then move to the original work that involved developing a method to carry out quantitative PBI based tomography on multi-material samples using only a single view per tomographic projection. The samples considered here are those for which (i) the complex refractive index of each component of the sample is known, and (ii) the component materials are spatially quantized. The method was applied to tomographic data obtained at the SPring-8 synchrotron facility in Japan. The sample used was a multi-material test phantom. The refractive index distribution of the test phantom was recovered in three dimensions with a single phase contrast image per projection. The method was applied successfully and was very stable under the presence of noise, opening the possibility of significant dose reduction incurred by samples. The next step in this work sees the application of the aforementioned method to complex biological organs. The chosen organs were the thorax of a rabbit pup and an excised rat brain. Experimental data were also acquired at the SPring-8 synchrotron facility in Japan. Tomographic slices containing the refractive index distribution for each organ were reconstructed using a single phase contrast image per projection. Signal-to-noise ratios for each reconstructions showed significant improvements of up 200 fold compared to absorption contrast reconstructions of the same slices. Finally, this thesis treats the problem of arbitrary aberrations in linear shift-invariant optical systems. This involves mathematically establishing a series of expressions considering arbitrary forms of phase contrast modalities as well as taking into account partially coherent illumination. Expressions are presented for the output cross spectral density under the space-frequency formulation of statistically stationary partially coherent fields. This could broaden the applicability of phase contrast to sources of lower quality.
Book Synopsis X-ray Phase-contrast and Dark-field Imaging in Single-shot and Scanning Mode by : Maria Theresa Seifert
Download or read book X-ray Phase-contrast and Dark-field Imaging in Single-shot and Scanning Mode written by Maria Theresa Seifert and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
