Women, the Arts and Globalization

Download Women, the Arts and Globalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rethinking Art's Histories
ISBN 13 : 9780719096716
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (967 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, the Arts and Globalization by : Marsha Meskimmon

Download or read book Women, the Arts and Globalization written by Marsha Meskimmon and published by Rethinking Art's Histories. This book was released on 2015 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first anthology to bring transnational feminist theory and criticism together with women's art practices to discuss the connections between aesthetics, gender and identity in a global world. The essays in Women, the arts and globalization demonstrate that women in the arts are rarely positioned at the centre of the art market, and the movement of women globally (as travelers or migrants, empowered artists/scholars or exiled practitioners), rarely corresponds with the dominant models of global exchange. Rather, contemporary women's art practices provide a fascinating instance of women's eccentric experiences of the myriad effects of globalization. Bringing scholarly essays on gender, art and globalization together with interviews and autobiographical accounts of personal experiences, the diversity of the book is relevant to artists, art historians, feminist theorists and humanities scholars interested in the impact of globalization on culture in the broadest sense.

Art and Activism in the Age of Globalization

Download Art and Activism in the Age of Globalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Nai010 Publishers
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Art and Activism in the Age of Globalization by : Lieven de Cauter

Download or read book Art and Activism in the Age of Globalization written by Lieven de Cauter and published by Nai010 Publishers. This book was released on 2011 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Art and activism in the age of globalization" takes the measure of contemporary activist art. Is it a relevant practice or a pseudo-activity in the margins of its politics proper? What is the position of art and activism in the post-Fordian society of the spectacle? The book makes space for a critique of engagement as pose, but also for the present era's urgencies. Besides case studies by established figures such as Steven Cohen and Christoph Schlingensief, young pubs like Renzo Martens and Les Chiens de Navarre are also given a platform. There are also investigations into urban activism and the activism of anonymous networks, and there is special consideration for the effect of the 'War on terror' on activist practice.

Local/Global

Download Local/Global PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351559842
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Local/Global by : Janice Helland

Download or read book Local/Global written by Janice Helland and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-05 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Local/Global: Women Artists in the Nineteenth Century is the first book to investigate women artists working in disparate parts of the world. This major new book offers a dazzling array of compelling essays on art, architecture and design by leading writers: Joan Kerr on art in Australia by residents, migrants and visitors; Ka Bo Tsang on the imperial court in China; Gayatri Sinha on south Asian artists; Mary Roberts on harem portraiture of the Ottoman empire; Griselda Pollock on Parisian studios; Lynne Walker on women patron-builders in Britain; S?shy;ghle Bhreathnach-Lynch and Julie Anne Stevens on Irish women artists; Ruth Phillips on souvenir art by native and settler women; Janet Berlo on North American textiles; Kristina Huneault on white settler identity in Canada; Charmaine Nelson on neo-classical sculpture in North America; and Stacie Widdifield on Mexico. This pioneering collection addresses issues at the heart of feminist and post-colonial studies: the nature of difference, discrepant modernities and cross-cultural encounters. Written in a lively and accessible style, this lavishly illustrated volume offers fresh perspectives on women, art and identity. It is essential reading for anyone interested in the history of women artists and the art of the nineteenth century.

Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pacific

Download Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pacific PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Hawaii Press
ISBN 13 : 0824831594
Total Pages : 434 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (248 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pacific by : Kathy E. Ferguson

Download or read book Gender and Globalization in Asia and the Pacific written by Kathy E. Ferguson and published by University of Hawaii Press. This book was released on 2008-08-01 with total page 434 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What is globalization? How is it gendered? How does it work in Asia and the Pacific? The authors of the sixteen original and innovative essays presented here take fresh stock of globalization’s complexities. They pursue critical feminist inquiry about women, gender, and sexualities and produce original insights into changing life patterns in Asian and Pacific Island societies. Each essay puts the lives and struggles of women at the center of its examination while weaving examples of global circuits in Asian and Pacific societies into a world frame of analysis. The work is generated from within Asian and Pacific spaces, bringing to the fore local voices and claims to knowledge. The geographic emphasis on Asia/Pacific highlights the complexity of globalizing practices among specific people whose dilemmas come alive on these pages. Although the book focuses on global, gendered flows, it expands its investigation to include the media and the arts, intellectual resources, activist agendas, and individual life stories. First-rate ethnographies and interviews reach beyond generalizations and bring Pacific and Asian women and men alive in their struggles against globalization. Globalization cannot be summed up in a neat political agenda but must be actively contested and creatively negotiated. Taking feminist political thinking beyond simple oppositions, the authors ask specific questions about how global practices work, how they come to be, who benefits, and what is at stake. Contributors: Nancie Caraway, Steve Derné, Cynthia Enloe, Kathy Ferguson, Maria Ibarra, Gwyn Kirk, Sally Merry, Virginia Metaxas, Min Dongchao, Monique Mironesco, Rhacel Parrenas, Lucinda Peach, Vivian Price, Jyoti Puri, Judith Raiskin, Nancy Riley, Saskia Sassen, Teresia Teaiwa, Chris Yano, Yau Ching.

Globalized Arts

Download Globalized Arts PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231147198
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Globalized Arts by : J. P. Singh

Download or read book Globalized Arts written by J. P. Singh and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The spread of Islam around the globe has blurred the connection between a religion, a specific society, and a territory. One-third of the world’s Muslims now live as members of a minority. At the heart of this development is, on the one hand, the voluntary settlement of Muslims in Western societies and, on the other, the pervasiveness and influence of Western cultural models and social norms. The revival of Islam among Muslim populations in the last twenty years is often wrongly perceived as a backlash against westernization rather than as one of its consequences. Neofundamentalism has been gaining ground among a rootless Muslim youth—particularly among the second- and third-generation migrants in the West—and this phenomenon is feeding new forms of radicalism, ranging from support for Al Qaeda to the outright rejection of integration into Western society. In this brilliant exegesis of the movement of Islam beyond traditional borders and its unwitting westernization, Olivier Roy argues that Islamic revival, or "re-Islamization," results from the efforts of westernized Muslims to assert their identity in a non-Muslim context. A schism has emerged between mainstream Islamist movements in the Muslim world—including Hamas of Palestine and Hezbollah of Lebanon—and the uprooted militants who strive to establish an imaginary ummah, or Muslim community, not embedded in any particular society or territory. Roy provides a detailed comparison of these transnational movements, whether peaceful, like Tablighi Jama'at and the Islamic brotherhoods, or violent, like Al Qaeda. He shows how neofundamentalism acknowledges without nostalgia the loss of pristine cultures, constructing instead a universal religious identity that transcends the very notion of culture. Thus contemporary Islamic fundamentalism is not a single-note reaction against westernization but a product and an agent of the complex forces of globalization.

Experimental Beijing

Download Experimental Beijing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822372479
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Experimental Beijing by : Sasha Su-Ling Welland

Download or read book Experimental Beijing written by Sasha Su-Ling Welland and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-13 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the lead-up to the 2008 Beijing Olympics, the censorious attitude that characterized China's post-1989 official response to contemporary art gave way to a new market-driven, culture industry valuation of art. Experimental artists who once struggled against state regulation of artistic expression found themselves being courted to advance China's international image. In Experimental Beijing Sasha Su-Ling Welland examines the interlocking power dynamics in this transformational moment and rapid rise of Chinese contemporary art into a global phenomenon. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and experience as a videographer and curator, Welland analyzes encounters between artists, curators, officials, and urban planners as they negotiated the social role of art and built new cultural institutions. Focusing on the contradictions and exclusions that emerged, Welland traces the complex gender politics involved and shows that feminist forms of art practice hold the potential to reshape consciousness, produce a nonnormative history of Chinese contemporary art, and imagine other, more just worlds.

Art and Globalization

Download Art and Globalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 0271072253
Total Pages : 306 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Art and Globalization by : James Elkins

Download or read book Art and Globalization written by James Elkins and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2015-09-10 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “biennale culture” now determines much of the art world. Literature on the worldwide dissemination of art assumes nationalism and ethnic identity, but rarely analyzes it. At the same time there is extensive theorizing about globalization in political theory, cultural studies, postcolonial theory, political economy, sociology, and anthropology. Art and Globalization brings political and cultural theorists together with writers and historians concerned specifically with the visual arts in order to test the limits of the conceptualization of the global in art. Among the major writers on contemporary international art represented in this book are Rasheed Araeen, Joaquín Barriendos, Susan Buck-Morss, John Clark, Iftikhar Dadi, T. J. Demos, Néstor García Canclini, Charles Green, Suman Gupta, Harry Harootunian, Michael Ann Holly, Shigemi Inaga, Fredric Jameson, Caroline Jones, Thomas DaCosta Kaufmann, Anthony D. King, Partha Mitter, Keith Moxey, Saskia Sassen, Ming Tiampo, and C. J. W.-L. Wee. Art and Globalization is the first book in the Stone Art Theory Institutes Series. The five volumes, each on a different theoretical issue in contemporary art, build on conversations held in intensive, weeklong closed meetings. Each volume begins with edited and annotated transcripts of those meetings, followed by assessments written by a wide community of artists, scholars, historians, theorists, and critics. The result is a series of well-informed, contentious, open-ended dialogues about the most difficult theoretical and philosophical problems we face in rethinking the arts today.

Global Feminisms

Download Global Feminisms PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Feminisms by : Maura Reilly

Download or read book Global Feminisms written by Maura Reilly and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication brings together works by over eighty contemporary women artists from over fifty countries, among them Catherine Opie, Miwa Yanagi, Pilar Albarracín, Shahzia Sikander and Yin Xiuzhen. Contributions by a multinational team of authors focus particular attention on socio-cultural, racial and gender identities. Includes essays by Maura Reilly, Linda Nochlin, N'gone Fall, Geeta Kapur, Michiko Kasahara, Joan Kee, Virginia Pérez-Ratton, Elisabeth Lebovici, Charlotta Kotík. Published on occasion of the exhibition 'Global Feminisms', organized by the Brooklyn Museum, March 23-July 1, 2007.

The Gender of Globalization

Download The Gender of Globalization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781930618916
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (189 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Gender of Globalization by : Nandini Gunewardena

Download or read book The Gender of Globalization written by Nandini Gunewardena and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As "globalization" moves rapidly from buzzword to cliché, evaluating the claims of neoliberal capitalism to empower and enrich remains urgently important. The authors in this volume employ feminist, ethnographic methods to examine what free trade and export processing zones, economic liberalization, and currency reform mean to women in Argentina, Sri Lanka, Mexico, Ghana, the United States, India, Jamaica, and many other places. Heralded as agents of prosperity and liberation, neoliberal economic policies have all too often refigured and redoubled the burdens of gender, race, caste, class, and regional subordination that women bear. Traders, garment factory operatives, hotel managers and maids, small farmers and agricultural laborers, garbage pickers, domestic caregivers, daughters, wives, and mothers--women around the world are struggling to challenge the tendency of globalization talk to veil their marginalization.

Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity: Social Impacts of ICTs

Download Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity: Social Impacts of ICTs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1466600217
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (666 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity: Social Impacts of ICTs by : Pande, Rekha

Download or read book Globalization, Technology Diffusion and Gender Disparity: Social Impacts of ICTs written by Pande, Rekha and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2012-01-31 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book discusses theoretical aspects of gender issues in ICT and presents a number of case studies from various countries, covering topics such as social networking, ICT use among women, the digital divide, and theoretical approaches to gender gaps and ICT"--Provided by publisher.

Heritage and Debt

Download Heritage and Debt PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262043696
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Heritage and Debt by : David Joselit

Download or read book Heritage and Debt written by David Joselit and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2020-03-10 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How global contemporary art reanimates the past as a resource for the present, combating modern art's legacy of Eurocentrism. If European modernism was premised on the new—on surpassing the past, often by assigning it to the “traditional” societies of the Global South—global contemporary art reanimates the past as a resource for the present. In this account of what globalization means for contemporary art, David Joselit argues that the creative use of tradition by artists from around the world serves as a means of combatting modern art's legacy of Eurocentrism. Modernism claimed to live in the future and relegated the rest of the world to the past. Global contemporary art shatters this myth by reactivating various forms of heritage—from literati ink painting in China to Aboriginal painting in Australia—in order to propose new and different futures. Joselit analyzes not only how heritage becomes contemporary through the practice of individual artists but also how a cultural infrastructure of museums, biennials, and art fairs worldwide has emerged as a means of generating economic value, attracting capital and tourist dollars. Joselit traces three distinct forms of modernism that developed outside the West, in opposition to Euro-American modernism: postcolonial, socialist realism, and the underground. He argues that these modern genealogies are synchronized with one another and with Western modernism to produce global contemporary art. Joselit discusses curation and what he terms “the curatorial episteme,” which, through its acts of framing or curating, can become a means of recalibrating hierarchies of knowledge—and can contribute to the dual projects of decolonization and deimperialization.

Women, Art, and Society

Download Women, Art, and Society PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780500203545
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, Art, and Society by : Whitney Chadwick

Download or read book Women, Art, and Society written by Whitney Chadwick and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This expanded edition is brought up to date in the light of the most recent developments in contemporary art. A new chapter considers globalization in the visual arts and the complex issues it raises, focusing on the many major international exhibitions since 1990 that have become an important arena for women artists from around the world."--BOOK JACKET.

Globalization, Gender, and Media

Download Globalization, Gender, and Media PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739170384
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Globalization, Gender, and Media by : Tuija Parikka

Download or read book Globalization, Gender, and Media written by Tuija Parikka and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2015-01-14 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Globalization, Gender, and Media tackles the emergence of “sexy violence” imagery and the coalescence of the sexual and violent meanings in contemporary global mainstream news, television, film, and social media. Tuija Parikka analyzes how such imagery advances particular interpretations of globalization, and the role of gender in such projects. Cases range from serious news journalism and film to social media spectacles, brought under the umbrellas of media production, contents, and perception. These versatile cases introduce issues revealing the limits of Western freedom discourse in the social media; universalizing an idea of motherhood and ethnicity in news production; time, home, and class in the formation of global imbalances of power online and in reality TV; instability of sex and gender in discourses of rape and porn; politicizing majority-minority relations in the social media. Globalization, Gender, and Media emphasizes the need to consider the interconnectedness and material - discursive aspects of globalization and the reality of gender in the media.

Women, Islam and Globalization in the Twenty-first Century

Download Women, Islam and Globalization in the Twenty-first Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781443813099
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women, Islam and Globalization in the Twenty-first Century by : Nilgun Anadolu-Okur

Download or read book Women, Islam and Globalization in the Twenty-first Century written by Nilgun Anadolu-Okur and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this interdisciplinary volume, Dr. NilgÃ1/4n Anadolu-Okur aims to communicate a constructive analysis of Muslim identity, but primarily of Muslim womanhood in the twenty-first century. Her own essay discusses Turkish womenâ (TM)s historical emancipation and Mustafa Kemal Ataturkâ (TM)s reforms. The other contributors focus on civil, political and international human rights, family laws, honor killings, ethical and gender issues, education, participation in civil life, modernism versus conservatism, life in gated communities, and professional goals and rights of Muslim women under Shariâ (TM)a law throughout a wide range of countries where Islam is not only the established faith of the land but a principal way of life. Through seven interdisciplinary essays, one play and an interview, the lesser-known aspects of Muslim womanhood in Muslim countriesâ "including Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, Morocco, Saudi Arabia and Lebanonâ "are examined. In addition, the essays depict legal and social impediments faced by Muslims who live in France, Germany and the United States. As an original work this volume seeks to articulate Muslim womenâ (TM)s daily struggles, challenges, choices and needs as they practice their rights of womanhood and motherhood in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Through an accurate analysis, a positive subtext is ultimately provided to Muslim identity, specifically to Muslim womanhood. Like anything else, during the age of globalization Islam is going through a transition. As expressed in this study, amendments to civil and religious laws, modifications in established governmental systems and the prominence of individual rightsâ "as opposed to societal normsâ "coalesce to bring about a contemporary re-assessment of womenâ (TM)s rights within Islam globally. Additionally, this volume intends to articulate the concern commonly shared by various scholars that the Western mind needs to be illuminated and educated concerning racially motivated Eurocentric delineations which tend to dismiss the varied qualities and characteristics of Muslim women who have persevered for centuries under the unbending rule of Muslim men in power. Hence, this pioneering study explores the boundaries of the new female Muslim identity both within and outside the Muslim world at the crossroads of globalism and the twenty-first century.

Gender, Artwork Global Imperative

Download Gender, Artwork Global Imperative PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Rethinking Art's Histories
ISBN 13 : 9781784992941
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (929 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gender, Artwork Global Imperative by : Angela Dimitrakaki

Download or read book Gender, Artwork Global Imperative written by Angela Dimitrakaki and published by Rethinking Art's Histories. This book was released on 2016-01-25 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A theoretically astute overview of key developments in art and its contexts since the 1990s

Arts and Aesthetics in a Globalizing World

Download Arts and Aesthetics in a Globalizing World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 0857857592
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (578 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arts and Aesthetics in a Globalizing World by : Raminder Kaur

Download or read book Arts and Aesthetics in a Globalizing World written by Raminder Kaur and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2015-01-29 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is an investigation of arts and aesthetics in their widest senses and experiences, presenting a variety of perspectives which range from the metaphysical to the political. Moving beyond art as an expression of the inner mind and invention of the individual self, the volume bridges the gap between changing perceptions of contemporary art and aesthetics, and maps globalizing currents in a number of contexts and regions. The volume includes an impressive variety of case studies offered by established leaders in the field and original and emerging scholarly talent covering areas in India, Nepal, Indonesia, Iran, Russia, Rwanda, and Germany, as well as providing transnational or diasporic perspectives. From the contradictory demands made on successful artists from the south in the global art world such as Anish Kapoor, to images of war and puppetry created by female political prisoners, the volume compels creative and political interpretations of the ever-changing and globalizing terrain of arts and aesthetics.

Fray

Download Fray PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226077829
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Fray by : Julia Bryan-Wilson

Download or read book Fray written by Julia Bryan-Wilson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-02 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1974, women in a feminist consciousness-raising group in Eugene, Oregon, formed a mock organization called the Ladies Sewing Circle and Terrorist Society. Emblazoning its logo onto t-shirts, the group wryly envisioned female collective textile making as a practice that could upend conventions, threaten state structures, and wreak political havoc. Elaborating on this example as a prehistory to the more recent phenomenon of “craftivism”—the politics and social practices associated with handmaking—Fray explores textiles and their role at the forefront of debates about process, materiality, gender, and race in times of economic upheaval. Closely examining how amateurs and fine artists in the United States and Chile turned to sewing, braiding, knotting, and quilting amid the rise of global manufacturing, Julia Bryan-Wilson argues that textiles unravel the high/low divide and urges us to think flexibly about what the politics of textiles might be. Her case studies from the 1970s through the 1990s—including the improvised costumes of the theater troupe the Cockettes, the braided rag rugs of US artist Harmony Hammond, the thread-based sculptures of Chilean artist Cecilia Vicuña, the small hand-sewn tapestries depicting Pinochet’s torture, and the NAMES Project AIDS Memorial Quilt—are often taken as evidence of the inherently progressive nature of handcrafted textiles. Fray, however, shows that such methods are recruited to often ambivalent ends, leaving textiles very much “in the fray” of debates about feminized labor, protest cultures, and queer identities; the malleability of cloth and fiber means that textiles can be activated, or stretched, in many ideological directions. The first contemporary art history book to discuss both fine art and amateur registers of handmaking at such an expansive scale, Fray unveils crucial insights into how textiles inhabit the broad space between artistic and political poles—high and low, untrained and highly skilled, conformist and disobedient, craft and art.