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Author : Wim Groot
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (658 download)
Download or read book Why Married Women's Labor Supply Has Increased written by Wim Groot and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Congressional Budget Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781506131788
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (317 download)
Download or read book Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples written by Congressional Budget Office and published by . This book was released on 2015-01-08 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policymakers use estimates of labor supply elasticities to understand how tax changes affect labor supply and, by extension, tax revenues and economic growth. A number of researchers have estimated these elasticities on both the participation and hours margins. While many studies estimate elasticities close to zero for married men, estimated elasticities among married women have fallen dramatically over the last 40 years and now approach those of married men. The studies present various explanations for this trend-women's stronger attachment to the labor force, increasing levels of educational attainment, and smaller family sizes. These factors also have led to a higher labor force participation rate, which reduces the number of women who could potentially enter the labor force. It is increasingly common for married women to be the primary earners in their families. The share of dual earner couples in which the wife earns more than her husband has increased from 19 percent in 1987 to 29 percent in 2012 (Bureau of Labor Statistics 2014). If couples in which the husband does not work are included, the share of couples in which the wife earns more has increased from 24 percent to 38 percent over that same time period. This change suggests another reason for the decline in wage elasticities of married women. If the secondary worker in a couple is less attached to the labor market than the primary earner, and women are now more likely to be the primary earner, then one would expect to see labor supply elasticities for married women to decline over time. In this paper, we use data derived from a panel of tax returns to examine whether being the marginal worker in a couple (in the sense of having the larger labor supply elasticity) tends to be determined by that memberâe(tm)s sex or by his or her relative earnings. Using stylized facts, we demonstrate that lower earning spouses transition into and out of the labor force more frequently than married women. Notably, this result does not hold if the couple starts a family. We then estimate participation elasticities with respect to the net-of-tax rate for women and secondary earners. This allows us to directly compare the results of women and secondary earners using the same data.
Author : Natalia Kolesnikova
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)
Download or read book The Labor Supply of Married Women written by Natalia Kolesnikova and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Using Census Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) data for 1980, 1990 and 2000, this paper documents a little-noticed feature of U.S. labor markets that there is wide variation in the labor market participation rates and annual work hours of white married women across urban areas. This variation is also large among sub-groups, including women with children and those with different levels of education. Among the explanations for this variation one emerges as particularly important: married women's labor force participation decisions appear to be very responsive to commuting times. There is a strong empirical evidence demonstrating that labor force participation rates of married women are negatively correlated with commuting time. What is more, the analysis shows that metropolitan areas which experienced relatively large increases in average commuting time between 1980 and 2000 also had slower growth of labor force participation of married women. This feature of local labor markets may have important implications for policy and for further research"--Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis web site.
Author : Xinxin Ma
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9813369043
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (133 download)
Download or read book Female Employment and Gender Gaps in China written by Xinxin Ma and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-05-05 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book investigates female employment and the gender gap in the labor market and households during China’s economic transition period. It provides the reader with academic evidence for understanding the mechanism of female labor force participation, the determinants of the gender gap in the labor market, and the impact of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment in China from an economics perspective. The main content of this book includes three parts―women’s family responsibilities and women’s labor supply (child care, parent care, and women’s employment), the gender gap in the labor market and society (gender gaps in wages, Communist Party membership, and participation in social activity), and the impacts of policy transformation on women’s wages and employment (the social security system and the educational expansion policy on women’s wages and employment) in China. This book provides academic evidence about these issues based on economics theories and econometric analysis methods using many kinds of long-term Chinese national survey data. This book is highly recommended to readers who are interested in up-to-date and in-depth empirical studies of the gender gap and women’s employment in China during the economic transition period. This book is of interest to various groups such as readers who are interested in the Chinese economy, policymakers, and scholars with econometric analysis backgrounds.
Author : Claudia Dale Goldin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Life-cycle Labor Force Participation of Married Women written by Claudia Dale Goldin and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The five-fold increase in the labor force participation rate of married women over the last half century was not accompanied by a substantial increase in the average job market experience of working women. Two data sets giving life-cycle labor force histories for cohorts of women born from the 1880s to 1910s indicate substantial (unconditional) heterogeneity in labor force participation. Married women in the labor force had a high degree of attachment to it; increased participation rates brought in women with little prior job experience and reduced cumulated years experience. According to extant schedules froma 1939 Women's Bureau Bulletin, 86% of married women born around 1895 and working in 1939 had been employed 50% of the years since beginning work, and 47% had worked 88% of those years. Average years of experience for cross sections of working married women hardly increased from 1920 to 1950, rising from 9 to 10.5 years. Because wages are calculated only for currently employed individuals, the steadiness in relative wages of women to men over this period may result from stable experience ratings for employed married women. An exploration of the determinants of labor force persistence points to the importance of occupational choice early in the work history of a woman and to the rise in clerical and professional occupations in extending life-cycle labor force participation.
Author : Jaisri Gangadharan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 19 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (351 download)
Download or read book The Effects of Child-bearing on Married Women's Labor Supply and Earnings written by Jaisri Gangadharan and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Married women's decisions about child-bearing and market work are importantly interrelated. Although there are many estimates of the effects of fertility on female labor supply few of them have adequately addressed the problems of simultaneity inherent in these choices. In this paper, we use exogenous variations in fertility due to twin births to measure the impact of an unanticipated child on married women's labor supply and earnings. We find that the short-run effects of an unanticipated birth on labor supply are appreciable and have increased in magnitude as more mothers enter the labor market. It also appears that the impact of unanticipated births on earnings and wages has changed from 1980 to 1990. In 1980 reduced labor supply caused a temporary drop in earnings, but in 1990 earnings and wages remained depressed well after the labor supply effects of a twin birth had disappeared.
Author : Xinrong Li
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (812 download)
Download or read book Essays on Married Women Labor Supply written by Xinrong Li and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the very interesting demographic features in the US over the last three decades of the 20th century is the increase of the married women labor force participation rate. Over the same period, estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially. This dissertation is to investigate the reasons behind them. I first study the determinants of the increase of the labor participation rate for married women with preschool-aged children over the last three decades of the 20th century. Using 5% samples of the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) for 1980, 1990 and 2000, I find that the existing explanations proposed in the literature may only account for 9.6% increase in the 1980s and 70% decrease in the 1990s. In this paper, I find that the rising ratio of career type women can explain 30.33% of the growth in the labor force participation rate, and the change in the composition of career motivating career type women can at least explain 17.22% growth across cohorts. Women who have been working three years before their first childbearing are more likely to return to work after the childbearing period. The analyzing data is the National Longitudinal Survey of Young Women (NLSYW) from 1968 to 2003 and the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 (NLSY79) from 1979 to 2008. This dissertation sheds some insight about a puzzle on estimated married women's labor supply elasticity variation. This important puzzle (sometimes referred to as the Hausman puzzle) is that the estimated labor supply elasticity varies substantially even when similar frameworks and similar datasets are used. I study the role of budget sets in producing this wide range of estimates. In particular, I study the effect of the typical convexification approximation of the non-convex budgets, and the well-known Heckman critique of the lack of bunching at the kink points of budget sets in the Hausman model. I introduce measurement error in nonlabor income to create an uncertain budget constraint that no longer implies bunching at kink points. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) of 1984 and 2001, I find that neither the convexification approximation nor using a model with random budget sets affects the estimates. These results demonstrate that variations in budget constraints alone do not explain the different estimates of labor supply elasticity. Changing the level of budget sets, for example by ignoring the state individual income tax, could affect the variation in elasticities.
Author : Chinhui Juhn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 60 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 ( download)
Download or read book Wage Inequality and Family Labor Supply written by Chinhui Juhn and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the March CPS and the 1960 Census, this paper describes earnings and employment changes for married couples in different types of households stratified by the husband's hourly wage. While the declines in male employment and earnings have been greatest for low wage men, employment and earnings gains have been largest for wives of middle and high wage men. These findings cast doubt on the notion that married women have increased their labor supply in the recent decades to compensate for the disappointing earnings growth of their husbands. We conclude that own wage effects dominate cross effects between husband and wife in accounting for changes in male and female employment.
Author : John F. Cogan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 44 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)
Download or read book Married Women's Labor Supply written by John F. Cogan and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Robert McClelland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781457858178
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (581 download)
Download or read book Labor Force Participation Elasticities of Women and Secondary Earners Within Married Couples written by Robert McClelland and published by . This book was released on 2014-11-15 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Labor supply elasticities are often used to evaluate the effect of changes in tax rates on the total hours worked in the economy. Historically, married women have tended to have larger labor supply elasticities than their spouses because they were the secondary earners in a couple. However, those elasticities have fallen sharply in recent decades -- a decline that has been attributed to greater labor force participation rates and increased career orientation among married women. Indeed, a growing share of wives earn more than their husbands, raising the question whether a person's sex or relative earnings is the relevant factor affecting the sensitivity of participation to wage and tax rates. This study examines whether women or lower-earning spouses have larger labor supply elasticities. Figures and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Author : Prathi Seneviratne
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Married Women's Labor Supply and Economic Development written by Prathi Seneviratne and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Women's labor supply in Sri Lanka has increased steadily since the early 1990s following economic reforms, but remains well below the level predicted by national income, a feature shared by a number of Asian and Latin American countries that have undergone similar reforms and economic growth. To understand the microeconomic determinants of women's work in Sri Lanka's growing economy, this paper estimates a binary-choice model of married women's labor supply using household survey data spanning a 23-year period. Decomposition and cohort analysis reveal that women have been drawn into the workforce through falling fertility rates, rising tertiary education, and declining income effects among younger generations, but other factors have undermined this positive trend. Educational attainment reduces married women's labor supply except at the tertiary level, consistent with social stigmas associated with married women in non-white-collar employment. The strict sectoral segregation of married women by education level supports this hypothesis. In addition, growth has been concentrated in low-skilled sectors with self-employment more prevalent, reducing employment prospects of educated women and prompting their labor force withdrawal. This suggests it is the structure of economic development, rather than speed, that matters for women's labor force activity.
Author : Zhu Mengbing
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)
Download or read book Husbands' Wages and Married Women's Labor Supply in Urban China written by Zhu Mengbing and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study examines the impact of husbands' wages on their wives' labor force participation rates and hours worked in urban China from 1995 to 2018. We find that an increase in husbands' wages reduces the labor force participation rate of married women with similar education levels. Controlling for gender identity - in particular, an aversion to the wife earning more than her husband - strengthens the income effect of husbands' wages. The labor supply effect of husbands' wages is more significant for younger and less-educated women and those with more children. The employed women's hours worked are negatively correlated with their husbands' wages, which is more significant for married women of older cohorts and with more children. This study helps us better understand the trend of the female labor supply in urban China. It sheds light on the impact of gender identity, welfare inequalities across families, and the well-being of households facing economic shocks.
Author : Glen George Cain
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Married women in the labor force written by Glen George Cain and published by . This book was released on 1966 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Claudia Goldin
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022653264X
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (265 download)
Download or read book Women Working Longer written by Claudia Goldin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Today, more American women than ever before stay in the workforce into their sixties and seventies. This trend emerged in the 1980s, and has persisted during the past three decades, despite substantial changes in macroeconomic conditions. Why is this so? Today’s older American women work full-time jobs at greater rates than women in other developed countries. In Women Working Longer, editors Claudia Goldin and Lawrence F. Katz assemble new research that presents fresh insights on the phenomenon of working longer. Their findings suggest that education and work experience earlier in life are connected to women’s later-in-life work. Other contributors to the volume investigate additional factors that may play a role in late-life labor supply, such as marital disruption, household finances, and access to retirement benefits. A pioneering study of recent trends in older women’s labor force participation, this collection offers insights valuable to a wide array of social scientists, employers, and policy makers.
Author : William Edward Even
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (776 download)
Download or read book The Relationship Between Married Women's Labor Supply and Fertility Decisions written by William Edward Even and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Seonyoung Park
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (931 download)
Download or read book Recent Stagnation of Married Women's Labor Supply written by Seonyoung Park and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Su-gon Kim
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Determinants of Labor Force Participation of Married Women, 30 to 44 Years of Age written by Su-gon Kim and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
