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Whitmans Dickinsons Contemporaries
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Book Synopsis Whitman's & Dickinson's Contemporaries by : Robert A. Bain
Download or read book Whitman's & Dickinson's Contemporaries written by Robert A. Bain and published by SIU Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman were not the poetic stars of their day; only a few friends knew that Dickinson wrote, and Whitman s following was minuscule, if influential. But the contemporaries who eclipsed these major poets now have largely disappeared from our literary landscape. In this distinctive anthology, Robert Bain gathers together thirteen other scholars to re-present the poetry of these former luminaries, allowing readers to rediscover them, reconstruct the poetic contexts of their age, and better understand why Whitman and Dickinson now overshadow other poets of their time. Arranged chronologically according to the birth dates of the poets, this anthology introduces each poet s work, providing biographical information and discussing the major forms and themes of the work. Each introduction places the poet in a literary and historical context with Whitman and Dickinson and provides a bibliography of secondary sources. This remarkable book recovers a part of our literary heritage that has been lost. "
Book Synopsis A Place for Humility by : Christine Gerhardt
Download or read book A Place for Humility written by Christine Gerhardt and published by University of Iowa Press. This book was released on 2014-09 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are widely acknowledged as two of America’s foremost nature poets, primarily due to their explorations of natural phenomena as evocative symbols for cultural developments, individual experiences, and poetry itself. Yet for all their metaphorical suggestiveness, Dickinson’s and Whitman’s poems about the natural world neither preclude nor erase nature’s relevance as an actual living environment. In their respective poetic projects, the earth matters both figuratively, as a realm of the imagination, and also as the physical ground that is profoundly affected by human action. This double perspective, and the ways in which it intersects with their formal innovations, points beyond their traditional status as curiously disparate icons of American nature poetry. That both of them not only approach nature as an important subject in its own right, but also address human-nature relationships in ethical terms, invests their work with important environmental overtones. Dickinson and Whitman developed their environmentally suggestive poetics at roughly the same historical moment, at a time when a major shift was occurring in American culture’s view and understanding of the natural world. Just as they were achieving poetic maturity, the dominant view of wilderness was beginning to shift from obstacle or exploitable resource to an endangered treasure in need of conservation and preservation. A Place for Humility examines Dickinson’s and Whitman’s poetry in conjunction with this important change in American environmental perception, exploring the links between their poetic projects within the context of developing nineteenth-century environmental thought. Christine Gerhardt argues that each author's poetry participates in this shift in different but related ways, and that their involvement with their culture’s growing environmental sensibilities constitutes an important connection between their disparate poetic projects. There may be few direct links between Dickinson’s “letter to the World” and Whitman’s “language experiment,” but via a web of environmentally-oriented discourses, their poetry engages in a cultural conversation about the natural world and the possibilities and limitations of writing about it—a conversation in which their thematic and formal choices meet on a surprising number of levels.
Book Synopsis Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson by : Agnieszka Salska
Download or read book Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson written by Agnieszka Salska and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2016-11-11 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agnieszka Salska 's illuminating study of the patterns of consciousness in the poetry of two major nineteenth-century American poets borrows from Northrop Frye's phrase "the structure of the poet's imagination." Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson, the first extensive book comparing the two poets, builds on the shorter works by Karl Keller and Albert Gelpi and is further augmented by Salska's "outside" viewpoint from her native Poland. Her extensive research in the United States in 1984 ensures the timeliness of the work and makes the study truly valuable. That Dickinson and Whitman shared a common ground of aspiration for existential wholeness is made clearer to twentieth-century readers by Salska's argument, which traces the poets' heritage from Ralph Waldo Emerson. Although both poets begin with the same vision—that the artist's mind is solely responsible for the organization of the universe—their realizations of that image diverge radically. Salska's keen judicious observations add much to our understanding of the poets both as individuals and as contemporaries. Her book will be of great interest to students of Whitman and Dickinson, poetry and American literature. The clarity of style makes the book invaluable to undergraduates, graduate students, and scholars in general.
Book Synopsis Whitman & Dickinson by : Éric Athenot
Download or read book Whitman & Dickinson written by Éric Athenot and published by University of Iowa Press. This book was released on 2018-01-15 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whitman & Dickinson is the first collection to bring together original essays by European and North American scholars directly linking the poetry and ideas of Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. The essays present intersections between these great figures across several fields of study, rehearsing well-established topics from new perspectives, opening entirely new areas of investigation, and providing new information about Whitman’s and Dickinson’s lives, work, and reception. Essays included in this book cover the topics of mentoring influence on each poet, religion, the Civil War, phenomenology, the environment, humor, poetic structures of language, and Whitman’s and Dickinson’s twentieth- and twenty-first–century reception—including prolonged engagement with Adrienne Rich’s response to this “strange uncoupled couple” of poets who stand at the beginning of an American national poetic. Contributors Include: Marina Camboni Andrew Dorkin Vincent Dussol Betsy Erkkilä Ed Folsom Christine Gerhardt Jay Grossman Jennifer Leader Marianne Noble Cécile Roudeau Shira Wolosky
Book Synopsis Three Great American Poets: Whitman, Dickinson, Frost by : Walt Whitman
Download or read book Three Great American Poets: Whitman, Dickinson, Frost written by Walt Whitman and published by State Street Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Poets Thinking written by Helen Vendler and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-06-30 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Poetry has often been considered an irrational genre, more expressive than logical, more meditative than given to coherent argument. And yet, in each of the four very different poets she considers here, Helen Vendler reveals a style of thinking in operation; although they may prefer different means, she argues, all poets of any value are thinkers. The four poets taken up in this volume--Alexander Pope, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, and William Butler Yeats--come from three centuries and three nations, and their styles of thinking are characteristically idiosyncratic. Vendler shows us Pope performing as a satiric miniaturizer, remaking in verse the form of the essay, Whitman writing as a poet of repetitive insistence for whom thinking must be followed by rethinking, Dickinson experimenting with plot to characterize life's unfolding, and Yeats thinking in images, using montage in lieu of argument. With customary lucidity and spirit, Vendler traces through these poets' lines to find evidence of thought in lyric, the silent stylistic measures representing changes of mind, the condensed power of poetic thinking. Her work argues against the reduction of poetry to its (frequently well-worn) themes and demonstrates, instead, that there is always in admirable poetry a strenuous process of thinking, evident in an evolving style--however ancient the theme--that is powerful and original.
Book Synopsis Writing the Nation: A Concise Introduction to American Literature 1865 to Present by : Amy Berke
Download or read book Writing the Nation: A Concise Introduction to American Literature 1865 to Present written by Amy Berke and published by Good Press. This book was released on 2023-12-01 with total page 742 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Writing the Nation displays key literary movements and the American authors associated with the movement. Topics include late romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism, and modern literature. Contents: Late Romanticism (1855-1870) Realism (1865-1890) Local Color (1865-1885) Regionalism (1875-1895) William Dean Howells Ambrose Bierce Henry James Sarah Orne Jewett Kate Chopin Mary E. Wilkins Freeman Charles Waddell Chesnutt Charlotte Perkins Gilman Naturalism (1890-1914) Frank Norris Stephen Crane Turn of the Twentieth Century and the Growth of Modernism (1893 - 1914) Booker T. Washington Zane Grey Modernism (1914 - 1945) The Great War Une Generation Perdue... (a Lost Generation) A Modern Nation Technology Modernist Literature Further Reading: Additional Secondary Sources Robert Frost Wallace Stevens William Carlos Williams Ezra Pound Marianne Moore T. S. Eliot Edna St. Vincent Millay E. E. Cummings F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Arthur Miller Southern Renaissance – First Wave Ellen Glasgow William Faulkner Eudora Alice Welty The Harlem Renaissance Jessie Redmon Fauset Zora Neale Hurston Nella Larsen Langston Hughes Countee Cullen Jean Toomer American Literature Since 1945 (1945 - Present) Southern Literary Renaissance - Second Wave (1945-1965) The Cold War and the Southern Literary Renaissance Economic Prosperity The Civil Rights Movement in the South New Criticism and the Rise of the MFA Program Innovation Tennessee Williams James Dickey Flannery O'Connor Postmodernism Theodore Roethke Ralph Ellison James Baldwin Allen Ginsberg Adrienne Rich Toni Morrison Donald Barthelme Sylvia Plath Don Delillo Alice Walker Leslie Marmon Silko David Foster Wallace
Book Synopsis Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman by : Charles River Charles River Editors
Download or read book Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by . This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes contemporary accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Walt Whitman, the great American poet, is also in many ways a great American enigma, for more and less are known about him than other famous men in 19th century American history. On the one hand, he was the product of something of an all-American family, the sort of salt of the earth people he would later describe so vividly in his work. On the other, he was a complete bohemian and profligate, given to vanity in the way he dressed and lived. He started out his career as a school teacher and was later a newspaper man, but he left both those types of work for a job as a government bureaucrat. As a young man, when most of his peers were sowing their wild oats, he was considered by many to be a stick in the mud who neither drank nor chased women. Then, as a middle-aged man, when his peers had settled down into quieter lives, he remained single and seems to have pursued romantic relationships with both men and women. Then, of course, there was his poetry, words that summarized both the best and worst about his nation. His seminal work, Leaves of Grass, began as little more than a pamphlet but grew for decades, as each new edition added more poems. By the time of his death, it had become a large volume still studied today. While he wrote other pieces for publication, Leaves of Grass remained his magnum opus and his baby, nurturing and developing it throughout his life. And yet, through it all, the title remained the same self-deprecating play on words that he had given it when he first self-published the work in 1855. Like many writers of her day, Emily Dickinson was a virtual unknown during her lifetime. After her death, however, when people discovered the incredible amount of poetry that she had written, Dickinson became celebrated as one of America's greatest poets. Dickinson was notoriously introverted and mostly lived as a recluse, carrying out her friendships almost entirely by written letters. Her work was just as unique; her poetry is written with short lines, occasionally lacked titles, and often used slant rhyme and unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Only a few of her poems were published in her lifetime, but American schoolchildren across the country read her work today. As a result, Dickinson is, even to those who have studied her the most, an enigma and, even more to the point, a contradiction. Born in an era when women rarely received more than a rudimentary education, she attended college but left before graduating. Considered by many evangelical Christians to be a pioneer of religious poetry, she struggled during her entire life to fully embrace the Calvinist doctrines taught in her New England home. She embraced the friendship of women, sometimes to a level that bordered on the obsessive, but then easily removed herself from physical contact with all but a few of her closest family members. She seemed to be, in every way, the quintessential Victorian spinster, but her poetry and letters reveal shocking passions, often shared with married men. Not surprisingly, her poetry was just as diverse as her personal life, as she praised romantic love but criticized marriage. She wrote stanza after stanza of verse based on religious themes but never quite presented a clear cut view of the Christian faith. She produced in the same year passionate, even sexually charged verses, and also stilted observations of natural science. But in the midst of all this, she created a new genre of poetry, one that allowed her to speak her mind but in such a way that she could still move about, to the extent she wanted to, in polite society. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman: The Lives and Careers of 19th Century America's Most Famous Poets looks at the remarkable lives of the two, and the impact their famous works have had.
Book Synopsis Emily Dickinson and Her Contemporaries by : Elizabeth A. Petrino
Download or read book Emily Dickinson and Her Contemporaries written by Elizabeth A. Petrino and published by UPNE. This book was released on 1998 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An interdisciplinary examination of the poet, her milieu, and the ways she and her contemporaries freed their work from cultural limitations.
Author :Charles River Charles River Editors Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781724225238 Total Pages :148 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (252 download)
Book Synopsis Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman by : Charles River Charles River Editors
Download or read book Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman written by Charles River Charles River Editors and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2018-07-25 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: *Includes pictures *Includes contemporary accounts *Includes online resources and a bibliography for further reading Walt Whitman, the great American poet, is also in many ways a great American enigma, for more and less are known about him than other famous men in 19th century American history. On the one hand, he was the product of something of an all-American family, the sort of salt of the earth people he would later describe so vividly in his work. On the other, he was a complete bohemian and profligate, given to vanity in the way he dressed and lived. He started out his career as a school teacher and was later a newspaper man, but he left both those types of work for a job as a government bureaucrat. As a young man, when most of his peers were sowing their wild oats, he was considered by many to be a stick in the mud who neither drank nor chased women. Then, as a middle-aged man, when his peers had settled down into quieter lives, he remained single and seems to have pursued romantic relationships with both men and women. Then, of course, there was his poetry, words that summarized both the best and worst about his nation. His seminal work, Leaves of Grass, began as little more than a pamphlet but grew for decades, as each new edition added more poems. By the time of his death, it had become a large volume still studied today. While he wrote other pieces for publication, Leaves of Grass remained his magnum opus and his baby, nurturing and developing it throughout his life. And yet, through it all, the title remained the same self-deprecating play on words that he had given it when he first self-published the work in 1855. Like many writers of her day, Emily Dickinson was a virtual unknown during her lifetime. After her death, however, when people discovered the incredible amount of poetry that she had written, Dickinson became celebrated as one of America's greatest poets. Dickinson was notoriously introverted and mostly lived as a recluse, carrying out her friendships almost entirely by written letters. Her work was just as unique; her poetry is written with short lines, occasionally lacked titles, and often used slant rhyme and unconventional capitalization and punctuation. Only a few of her poems were published in her lifetime, but American schoolchildren across the country read her work today. As a result, Dickinson is, even to those who have studied her the most, an enigma and, even more to the point, a contradiction. Born in an era when women rarely received more than a rudimentary education, she attended college but left before graduating. Considered by many evangelical Christians to be a pioneer of religious poetry, she struggled during her entire life to fully embrace the Calvinist doctrines taught in her New England home. She embraced the friendship of women, sometimes to a level that bordered on the obsessive, but then easily removed herself from physical contact with all but a few of her closest family members. She seemed to be, in every way, the quintessential Victorian spinster, but her poetry and letters reveal shocking passions, often shared with married men. Not surprisingly, her poetry was just as diverse as her personal life, as she praised romantic love but criticized marriage. She wrote stanza after stanza of verse based on religious themes but never quite presented a clear cut view of the Christian faith. She produced in the same year passionate, even sexually charged verses, and also stilted observations of natural science. But in the midst of all this, she created a new genre of poetry, one that allowed her to speak her mind but in such a way that she could still move about, to the extent she wanted to, in polite society. Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman: The Lives and Careers of 19th Century America's Most Famous Poets looks at the remarkable lives of the two, and the impact their famous works have had.
Download or read book Dickinson written by Emily Dickinson and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2010-09-07 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seamus Heaney, Denis Donoghue, William Pritchard, Marilyn Butler, Harold Bloom, and many others have praised Helen Vendler as one of the most attentive readers of poetry. Here, Vendler turns her illuminating skills as a critic to 150 selected poems of Emily Dickinson. As she did in The Art of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, she serves as an incomparable guide, considering both stylistic and imaginative features of the poems. In selecting these poems for commentary Vendler chooses to exhibit many aspects of Dickinson’s work as a poet, “from her first-person poems to the poems of grand abstraction, from her ecstatic verses to her unparalleled depictions of emotional numbness, from her comic anecdotes to her painful poems of aftermath.” Included here are many expected favorites as well as more complex and less often anthologized poems. Taken together, Vendler’s selection reveals Emily Dickinson’s development as a poet, her astonishing range, and her revelation of what Wordsworth called “the history and science of feeling.” In accompanying commentaries Vendler offers a deeper acquaintance with Dickinson the writer, “the inventive conceiver and linguistic shaper of her perennial themes.” All of Dickinson’s preoccupations—death, religion, love, the natural world, the nature of thought—are explored here in detail, but Vendler always takes care to emphasize the poet’s startling imagination and the ingenuity of her linguistic invention. Whether exploring less familiar poems or favorites we thought we knew, Vendler reveals Dickinson as “a master” of a revolutionary verse-language of immediacy and power. Dickinson: Selected Poems and Commentaries will be an indispensable reference work for students of Dickinson and readers of lyric poetry.
Book Synopsis Dickinson and Audience by : Martin Orzeck
Download or read book Dickinson and Audience written by Martin Orzeck and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1996 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dickinson's writings were influenced by her ambivalent attitude toward the conventions of the nineteenth-century literary marketplace and her desire to shape more intimate relations with chosen contemporaries. Still, her poems and letters engage modern readers and speak to the social and gendered politics of our own day. The essays in Dickinson and Audience treat both the importance of Dickinson's personal friendships and the ways in which contemporary poetics continue to sustain the vitality of her writings. With contributions from Willis J. Buckingham, Karen Dandurand, Betsy Erkkila, Virginia Jackson, Charlotte Nekola, Martin Orzeck, David Porter, Robert Regan, Richard B. Sewall, R. McClure Smith, Stephanie A. Tingley, and Robert Weisbuch, the collection boasts a wide variety of critical approaches to the poet and her works - from traditional biographical and historical analyses to deconstructionist, feminist, and reader-response interpretations.
Book Synopsis Nature and Religion in Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson by : Julia Niehaus
Download or read book Nature and Religion in Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson written by Julia Niehaus and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 21 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2018 in the subject English Language and Literature Studies - Literature, grade: 1,0, University of Duisburg-Essen (Anglophone Studies), course: A Survey of American Literature , language: English, abstract: The focus of this term paper will be on Walt Whitman`s “Song of Myself” and a selection of Emily Dickinson`s poems that suit the research topic. The first part of this paper will analyze Whitman`s “Song of Myself” regarding Nature and Religion. His view on things in general was unique and forward for his era and so was his language and choice of words. This paper is going to illustrate Whitman`s beliefs and his relationship with both topics on a deeper level. The second part of this paper will concentrate on a selection of Emily Dickinson’s poems that relate to Nature and Religion. Her style of writing is not as explicit as Whitman`s and therefore needs to be broken down more. This paper will highlight her exceptional view on nature and religion which was different from the contemporary one. The third part will then continue establishing which attitude Dickinson and Whitman represent more specifically in their poetry by pointing out similarities and differences. Therefore, this part will essentially summarize the results from the previous chapters and strengthen them. The last part consists of a conclusion, which will be a recap of the examined topic that is nature and religion in Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Furthermore, it will provide an outlook on further research opportunities and things that could not be addressed in this paper yet. Overall, this paper will argue that Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman are both influenced by the American Romanticism and not only mirror that in their work, but also exceed it. It will also establish what their individual perception of nature and religion is.
Book Synopsis Three American Poets by : William C. Spengemann
Download or read book Three American Poets written by William C. Spengemann and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Describes the different sorts of poetry Whitman, Dickinson, and Melville wrote, their comparable reasons for writing, and the posthumous critical effects of their having done so.
Book Synopsis Poems by Emily Dickinson by : Emily Dickinson
Download or read book Poems by Emily Dickinson written by Emily Dickinson and published by . This book was released on 1890 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The World Expanding and Moving Together Simultaneously in 19th-Century America by : Matthias Dorsch
Download or read book The World Expanding and Moving Together Simultaneously in 19th-Century America written by Matthias Dorsch and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-11-09 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2010 in the subject Didactics for the subject English - Literature, Works, grade: 1,3, University of Stuttgart (Institut für Literaturwissenschaft - Amerikanistik I), course: Cultural Studies: Dickinson & Whitman: The Near and Far in 19th-Century American Geography, language: English, abstract: Die Welt im Neunzehnten Jahrhundert befindet sich im Wandel - vor allem auf dem amerikanischen Kontinent. Die Erschließung neuer Gefilde durch Siedler lässt die Welt größer werden, während die Industrialisierung, ein expandierendes Wissen der Menschheit sowie vor allem neue Methoden der Kommunikation ein symbolisches Zusammenrücken der Welt bewirken. Es ist die Zeit von Emily Dickinson und Walt Whitman - zwei amerikanischen Dichtern wie sie auf den ersten Blick nicht unterschiedlicher sein könnten. Doch es eint sie nicht nur, dass beide als typische amerikanische Poeten des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts bezeichnet werden können. Diese literarische Analyse im Kontext der sich wandelnden Räumlichkeit der Welt zeigt, dass sowohl bei Dickinson als auch bei Whitman das Nahe und das Ferne eine große Rolle spielen - und zwar nicht nur in den Gedichten, sondern auch in den konträren Lebenswegen der beiden Dichter. Ein vergleichender Blick auf die Wahrnehmung von Räumlichkeit in der Dichtung der "alten Welt" rundet die Analyse ab.
Book Synopsis Walt Whitman and the Earth by : M. Jimmie Killingsworth
Download or read book Walt Whitman and the Earth written by M. Jimmie Killingsworth and published by University of Iowa Press. This book was released on 2009-11 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Now I am terrified at the Earth, it is that calm and patient, It grows such sweet things out of such corruptions, It turns harmless and stainless on its axis, with such endless successions of diseas’d corpses, It distills such exquisite winds out of such infused fetor, It renews with such unwitting looks its prodigal, annual, sumptuous crops, It gives such divine materials to men, and accepts such leavings from them at last. —Walt Whitman, from “This Compost” How did Whitman use language to figure out his relationship to the earth, and how can we interpret his language to reconstruct the interplay between the poet and his sociopolitical and environmental world? In this first book-length study of Whitman’s poetry from an ecocritical perspective, Jimmie Killingsworth takes ecocriticism one step further into ecopoetics to reconsider both Whitman’s language in light of an ecological understanding of the world and the world through a close study of Whitman’s language. Killingsworth contends that Whitman’s poetry embodies the kinds of conflicted experience and language that continually crop up in the discourse of political ecology and that an ecopoetic perspective can explicate Whitman’s feelings about his aging body, his war-torn nation, and the increasing stress on the American environment both inside and outside the urban world. He begins with a close reading of “This Compost”—Whitman’s greatest contribution to the literature of ecology,” from the 1856 edition of Leaves of Grass. He then explores personification and nature as object, as resource, and as spirit and examines manifest destiny and the globalizing impulse behind Leaves of Grass, then moves the other way, toward Whitman’s regional, even local appeal—demonstrating that he remained an island poet even as he became America’s first urban poet. After considering Whitman as an urbanizing poet, he shows how, in his final writings, Whitman tried to renew his earlier connection to nature. Walt Whitman and the Earth reveals Whitman as a powerfully creative experimental poet and a representative figure in American culture whose struggles and impulses previewed our lives today.
