Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins

Download Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139437739
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins by : David A. Bender

Download or read book Nutritional Biochemistry of the Vitamins written by David A. Bender and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-09-18 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An authoritative and comprehensive review of our current knowledge of the vitamins, their metabolic functions and the scientific basis for setting recommended intakes for the prevention of deficiency and promotion of optimum health. This publication will be a valuable reference for students and specialists alike in the field of nutritional biochemistry.

Vitamin B6: the Doctor's Report

Download Vitamin B6: the Doctor's Report PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780060111717
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (117 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vitamin B6: the Doctor's Report by : John M. Ellis

Download or read book Vitamin B6: the Doctor's Report written by John M. Ellis and published by HarperCollins Publishers. This book was released on 1973 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Vitamin Tolerance of Animals

Download Vitamin Tolerance of Animals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030903728X
Total Pages : 107 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vitamin Tolerance of Animals by : National Research Council

Download or read book Vitamin Tolerance of Animals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1987-02-01 with total page 107 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many feedstuffs and forages do not provide the dietary vitamins necessary for optimum growth and development, making supplementation necessary. This volume offers a practical, well-organized guide to safe levels of vitamin supplementation in all major domestic species, including poultry, cattle, sheep, and fishes. Fourteen essential vitamins are discussed with information on requirements in various species, deficiency symptoms, metabolism, indications of hypervitaminosis, and safe dosages.

Vitamin B6 Therapy

Download Vitamin B6 Therapy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Avery
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 214 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vitamin B6 Therapy by : John Marion Ellis

Download or read book Vitamin B6 Therapy written by John Marion Ellis and published by Avery. This book was released on 1999 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written clearly and accessible with the layperson in mind, "Vitamin B6 Therapy" describes the critical role that this nutrient plays in the body's various processes, especially in protein utilization. It also explains which supplements to take to alleviate various health problems. Charts.

Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Download Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 0198722702
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding by : Peter D. Gluckman

Download or read book Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding written by Peter D. Gluckman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explaining the practical implications of new discoveries in 'life-course biology', Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding is an informed resource on factors that affect offspring development. The impact of parental lifestyle and behavioural choices influence not only fetal development and birth outcomes, but also postnatal development, yet guidance on appropriate diet, behaviour, and exposures during pregnancy is often confusing and contradictory. With accessible explanations of the latest scientific research, and clear summaries and recommendations, this book is a valuable and authoritative guide for all levels of health care providers. The authors provide an overview of the background evidence, highlighting the importance of lifestyle choices prior to and during pregnancy. In-depth discussions of nutritional and lifestyle factors that impact on pregnancy and offspring outcomes are based on the latest research and exploration of key scientific studies. Nutrition and Lifestyle for Pregnancy and Breastfeeding is a manual offering both scientific and clinical evidence to empower health care providers and ensure they have the information necessary to confidently care for prospective and new parents.

Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020

Download Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 0160934656
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (69 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 by : HHS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.)

Download or read book Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015-2020 written by HHS, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (U.S.) and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2015-12-31 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn more about how health nutrition experts can help you make the correct food choices for a healthy lifestyle The eighth edition of the Dietary Guidelines is designed for professionals to help all individuals, ages 2 years-old and above, and their families to consume a healthy, nutritionally adequate diet. The 2015-2020 edition provides five overarching Guidelines that encourage: healthy eating patterns recognize that individuals will need to make shifts in their food and beverage choices to achieve a healthy pattern acknowledge that all segments of our society have a role to play in supporting healthy choices provides a healthy framework in which individuals can enjoy foods that meet their personal, cultural and traditional preferences within their food budget This guidance can help you choose a healthy diet and focus on preventing the diet-related chronic diseases that continue to impact American populations. It is also intended to help you to improve and maintain overall health for disease prevention. **NOTE: This printed edition contains a minor typographical error within the Appendix. The Errata Sheet describing the errors can be found by clicking here. This same errata sheet can be used for the digital formats of this product available for free. Health professionals, including physicians, nutritionists, dietary counselors, nurses, hospitality meal planners, health policymakers, and beneficiaries of the USDA National School Lunch and School Breakfast program and their administrators may find these guidelines most useful. American consumers can also use this information to help make helathy food choices for themselves and their families.

Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and PQQ

Download Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and PQQ PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Birkhäuser
ISBN 13 : 303487393X
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (348 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and PQQ by : G. Marino

Download or read book Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 and PQQ written by G. Marino and published by Birkhäuser. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intemational Meeting on Vitamin B6 and Carbonyl Catalysis took place on Capri, Italy from 22nd to 27th May 1994 and was organized in conjunction with the 3rd Symposium on PQQ and Quinoproteins. It was an extraordinary occasion for scientists from all over the world to meet and discuss new developments in these overlapping fields. Several sessions were dedicated to the molecular aspects of Vitamin B6 and Quinone dependent enzymes, as well as to the cellular, biomedical and nutritional aspects. The congress was inaugurated by Paolo Fasella in his capacity as General Director of Science, Research and Development of the Commission of the European Communities, with an overview on Intemational Scientific Collaboration. The scientific sessions started with a talk on the History of Vitamin B6 given by David Metzler who at the very last minute presented Esmond Snell's paper adding some personal remarks. Unfortunately, both Esmond Snell and Alton Meister had to unexpectedly cancel the trip to Capri. These proceedings contain the papers presented as oral contributions and a few selected poster presentations. The limited number of pages meant we could not publish many interesting poster presentations, including those selected for the three lively and exciting evening poster discussion sessions called by the organizers "Vino, taralli and ... discussion".

Nutrition and HIV

Download Nutrition and HIV PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1351058185
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nutrition and HIV by : Saurabh Mehta

Download or read book Nutrition and HIV written by Saurabh Mehta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-05-15 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world continues to lose more than a million lives each year to the HIV epidemic, and nearly two million individuals were infected with HIV in 2017 alone. The new Sustainable Development Goals, adopted by countries of the United Nations in September 2015, include a commitment to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030. Considerable emphasis on prevention of new infections and treatment of those living with HIV will be needed to make this goal achievable. With nearly 37 million people now living with HIV, it is a communicable disease that behaves like a noncommunicable disease. Nutritional management is integral to comprehensive HIV care and treatment. Improved nutritional status and weight gain can increase recovery and strength of individuals living with HIV/AIDS, improve dietary diversity and caloric intake, and improve quality of life. This book highlights evidence-based research linking nutrition and HIV and identifies research gaps to inform the development of guidelines and policies for the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals. A comprehensive approach that includes nutritional interventions is likely to maximize the benefit of antiretroviral therapy in preventing HIV disease progression and other adverse outcomes in HIV-infected men and women. Modification of nutritional status has been shown to enhance the quality of life of those suffering HIV/AIDS, both physically in terms of improved body mass index and immunological markers, and psychologically, by improving symptoms of depression. While the primary focus for those infected should remain on antiretroviral treatment and increasing its availability and coverage, improvement of nutritional status plays a complementary role in the management of HIV infection.

Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin

Download Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9086867294
Total Pages : 487 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (868 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin by : Victor R. Preedy

Download or read book Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin written by Victor R. Preedy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-05-23 with total page 487 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies have clearly shown that optimal diet and nutrition can prevent skin disease. Moreover, novel nutritional components have been used experimentally to treat skin conditions. However, the clinical application of these nutrients awaits confirmation. It is thus up to health care professionals to present new knowledge in order to provide advice or treatments for skin problems. This handbook provides, in a single volume, comprehensive coverage of the relation between skin and diet and nutrition in its broadest sense. The Handbook of diet, nutrition and the skin consists of sections on general aspects of skin, nutrition and diet, micronutrients, nutraceuticals, cancer and specific skin conditions. Unique features of each chapter in this volume include relevant and useful 'key facts' which highlight interesting or important findings of the specific subjects and 'summary points' that are designed to abstract each chapter in take home messages. This handbook will be of interest to a wide range of readers, such as dermatologists, doctors, nurses and those interested in, or working within the area of skin health. This will of course also include nutritionists and dieticians, dermatologists, cosmetic scientists, health workers and practitioners, college and university lecturers and undergraduate and graduate students.

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

Download Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309065542
Total Pages : 592 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-15 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approachâ€"the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. This volume of the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age groupâ€"from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient.

Water Soluble Vitamins

Download Water Soluble Vitamins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400721994
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Water Soluble Vitamins by : Olaf Stanger

Download or read book Water Soluble Vitamins written by Olaf Stanger and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-27 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The discovery of vitamins in the early 1900s, their later chemical characterization and the clarification of pivotal metabolic functions are sequential aspects of a brilliant chapter in the history of modern nutritional sciences and medicine. The name, derived from “vital-amines”, indicates their elementary metabolic key functions in human metabolism. Vitamins are truly families of compounds, which include precursors and various free and bound forms, all with individual roles in metabolism and function. A more recent approach therefore searches for the components, the understanding of their roles in physiology and pathology as well as looking for novel pharmacological applications. When used properly, vitamins are, indeed, “magical” substances. Due to their efficacy, they should therefore be regarded as drugs with effects and side effects to be weighted against each other. Today, it is not the previously fatal deficiency-associated diseases that are in the focus of interest, but rather the relation of suboptimal vitamin bioavailability to chronic disease. This is complicated by genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, and the presence or absence of health-compromising habits, such as smoking. In turn, the development and application of new and more sensitive and specific assays further enable us to look more closely into the many functions of vitamins. Water soluble vitamins are complex molecular structures and even today, many areas in vitamin biochemistry are not yet fully understood. Novel effects and functions of vitamins remain and continue to be discovered. This book presents most recent research results and fascinating new knowledge on the role and effects of the water soluble vitamins in man. Some of the most distinguished chemists, biochemists, biologists and clinicians have contributed valuable chapters sharing unexpected novel insights into the biochemistry, (epi)genetics, metabolism, and function of water soluble vitamins, with their potential for clinical applications. Thus, physicians, clinicians, scientists, researchers, epidemiologists. nutritional specialists and health professionals alike will find stimulating and fascinating new insight in the many roles that water soluble vitamins play in human health and disease.

Neurobiological Issues in Autism

Download Neurobiological Issues in Autism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489919929
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neurobiological Issues in Autism by : Eric Schopler

Download or read book Neurobiological Issues in Autism written by Eric Schopler and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-22 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a division of the School of Medicine at the University of North Carolina at ChapeI Hili, TEACCH has always been involved in the latest biological research on autism and related developmental disabilities. However, until now there has not been sufficient information to justify aseparate volume on this most important topic. Recent advances both in our under standing of the brain and in the technology to facilitate the measurement of neurological functioning have stimulated significant growth, which is reflected in this volume. As with the preceding books in this series, Current Issues in Autism, this volume is based on one of the annual TEACCH conferences held in ChapeI Hili each May. The books are not simply published proceedings of the conference papers, however. lnstead, conference participants are asked to develop chapters around their presentations, and other international experts whose work is beyond the scope of the conference, but related to the major theme, are asked to contribute as weil. These volumes are intended to provide the most current knowledge and professional practice available to us concerning major issues in autism.

Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status

Download Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128130512
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status by : Dominic J. Harrington

Download or read book Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status written by Dominic J. Harrington and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Laboratory Assessment of Vitamin Status provides a comprehensive understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches used for the evaluation of vitamin status, reducing harm in the general health setting. It outlines the application of ‘Best Practice’ approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status, giving physicians and other healthcare professionals the opportunity to make evidence-based interventions. Nearly every metabolic and developmental pathway in the human body has a dependency on at least one micronutrient. Currently, the clinical utility of approaches taken by laboratories for the assessment of vitamin status is generally poorly understood, missing the opportunity to diagnosis vitamin deficiencies. This essential reference gives clinical and biomedical scientists an understanding of the limitations of commonly used approaches to the evaluation of vitamin status in the general health setting through change in practice. Nutritionists and dietitians gain an understanding of more sophisticated markers of vitamin status. Describes specialist assays in sufficient detail to enable laboratories to replicate what is being performed by expert groups Provides detailed information that supports laboratories in the setting up of methods for the evaluation of vitamin status Informs laboratories looking for third party providers of specialist investigations Provides an essential overview of reference ranges for each vitamin

Vitamin B6

Download Vitamin B6 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 394 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Vitamin B6 by : George P. Tryfiates

Download or read book Vitamin B6 written by George P. Tryfiates and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 394 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Influences of vitamin B6 on growth processes, enzyme function, and metabolism are examined in light of recent scientific research on the vitamin. Metabolism, metabolic regulation, biosynthesis, and inactivation of B6 compounds are described. An overview of vitamin B6 effects specific to a state (pregnancy, neoplasia), an organ (the brain), and a system (immune-lymphoid system) is presented. The role of vitamin B6 on enzyme action, hormone induction, and gene product expression is evaluated. A discussion of vitamin B6 absorption and nutriture completes the text. Developments in specific research areas are reviewed and extensive bibliographies conclude each chapter. (nzm).

Biochemistry of Vitamin B6

Download Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9783764319427
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 by : Timo Korpela

Download or read book Biochemistry of Vitamin B6 written by Timo Korpela and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1987 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ecent Vitamin Be-Meeting in Tu ku, FinLand, has continued a Long-standing t1'O.dition; it ws the seventh intemationaL congNss devoted to the "ChemicaL and BioLogicaL Aspects of Vitamin Be-Cata Lysis." The fi st meeting ws heLd 1962 in Rome foUo1JJed by the meetings in Moscow (1966), Nagoya (1967), Lening1'O.d (1974), To onto (1979), and Athens (1983). The p oceedings of a meeting p ovide a "snapshot" of a pa ticuLa fieLd of science. Not unLike the photog phic p oduct they affo d a topicaL eco of the goings-on, at pe haps the expense of some inforrmation on detaUs. These Proceedings focus on the st uctu L and mechanistic aspects of vitamin B6-dependent enaymes; h01JJeve, othe topics discussed nge f om nonenaymic eactions of vitamin B6 compounds to nut tionaL, medicaL, and even appLied indust aL as pects. The Opening Session of the Meeting ws dedicated to the memo y of the Late ALe: x: ande E. B unstein, who fifty yea s ago discove ed t nsamination as a metaboUc eaction. The contT'ibutions honoT'ing P ofesso B unstein and his Ufewo k a e coUected in the fi st section of the oceedings."

Handbook of Vitamins

Download Handbook of Vitamins PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466515570
Total Pages : 605 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Vitamins by : Janos Zempleni

Download or read book Handbook of Vitamins written by Janos Zempleni and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-07-29 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Within the last few years, knowledge about vitamins has increased dramatically, resulting in improved understanding of human requirements for many vitamins. This new edition of a bestseller presents comprehensive summaries that analyze the chemical, physiological, and nutritional relationships, as well as highlight newly identified functions, for a

Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline

Download Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030913269X
Total Pages : 591 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-06-15 with total page 591 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1941, Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) has been recognized as the most authoritative source of information on nutrient levels for healthy people. Since publication of the 10th edition in 1989, there has been rising awareness of the impact of nutrition on chronic disease. In light of new research findings and a growing public focus on nutrition and health, the expert panel responsible for formulation RDAs reviewed and expanded its approachâ€"the result: Dietary Reference Intakes. This new series of references greatly extends the scope and application of previous nutrient guidelines. For each nutrient the book presents what is known about how the nutrient functions in the human body, what the best method is to determine its requirements, which factors (caffeine or exercise, for example) may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease. This volume of the series presents information about thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and choline. Based on analysis of nutrient metabolism in humans and data on intakes in the U.S. population, the committee recommends intakes for each age groupâ€"from the first days of life through childhood, sexual maturity, midlife, and the later years. Recommendations for pregnancy and lactation also are made, and the book identifies when intake of a nutrient may be too much. Representing a new paradigm for the nutrition community, Dietary Reference Intakes encompasses: Estimated Average Requirements (EARs). These are used to set Recommended Dietary Allowances. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Intakes that meet the RDA are likely to meet the nutrient requirement of nearly all individuals in a life-stage and gender group. Adequate Intakes (AIs). These are used instead of RDAs when an EAR cannot be calculated. Both the RDA and the AI may be used as goals for individual intake. Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs). Intakes below the UL are unlikely to pose risks of adverse health effects in healthy people. This new framework encompasses both essential nutrients and other food components thought to pay a role in health, such as dietary fiber. It incorporates functional endpoints and examines the relationship between dose and response in determining adequacy and the hazards of excess intake for each nutrient.