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Author : Mikhail Y. Frenkel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (549 download)
Download or read book Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex written by Mikhail Y. Frenkel and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Joshua A. Gordon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (66 download)
Download or read book Plasticity of the Developing Visual Cortex in Normal and Mutant Mice written by Joshua A. Gordon and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Martijn Dahlhaus
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789053354216
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (542 download)
Download or read book Visual Cortex Plasticity in the Mouse written by Martijn Dahlhaus and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rachel W. Schecter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (967 download)
Download or read book Structural Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rachel W. Schecter and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in the sensory experience of an animal shapes behavior through synaptic plasticity. Modification in the strength of synaptic drive can result from adjustments in the strength of existing synapses, creation of new synapses, or removal of existing ones and involves presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extra-synaptic mechanisms. Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity following brief periods of monocular deprivation (MD) is a classic example of experience-dependent change, which leads to a rapid weakening of cortical responsiveness to the deprived eye and a strengthening of responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Though there is clear anatomical reorganization following long periods of lid suture, only recently has brief periods (3 days) of MD has been shown to drive structural plasticity of thalamic input to binocular visual cortex. The exact molecular and synaptic mechanisms responsible for rapid OD shifts remain unclear. In my thesis work, I address the requirement of proper microglial functioning via the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in OD plasticity following 3 days of MD. I first identify increased lysosomal content in microglia within layer 4 (L4) of binocular visual cortex following MD, which suggests microglia participate in this structural rearrangement. As it is currently believed that a major axis of communication between neurons and microglia occurs via fractalkine and its specific receptor CX3CR1, I investigated OD plasticity within the CX3CR1 KO mouse. My experiments reveal increased lysosomal content, structural plasticity of thalamocortical synapses, and OD shifts measured with visually evoked potentials (VEPs) all occur normally in this mutant mouse as a result of 3 days of MD with only subtle differences when compared to WT mice. I conclude that, while microglia may have a role in the anatomical and functional experience-dependent cortical plasticity driven by brief lid suture, it does not require CX3CR1.
Author : Evgenia Kalogeraki
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (971 download)
Download or read book Enhancing Visual Cortical Plasticity in Mice by Enriching Their Environment written by Evgenia Kalogeraki and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brain plasticity is important not only for normal brain functions like learning and memory, but is also crucial for recovery after injuries. It has been shown that the environment has a great influence on brain plasticity. Here, I investigate the impact of an enriched environment (EE) on ocular dominance (OD) plasticity of the mouse primary visual cortex (V1), using monocular deprivation (MD) as a model to trigger OD-plasticity and optical imaging of intrinsic signals to monitor it. Additionally, a variety of behavioural tests was used to measure the visual abilities of mice and their alter...
Author : Rosanna Penelope Sammons
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (16 download)
Download or read book Mechanisms of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rosanna Penelope Sammons and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Lena A. Khibnik
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 185 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (744 download)
Download or read book Mechanisms of Ocular Dominance Plasticity in the Juvenile and Adult Mouse Visual Cortex written by Lena A. Khibnik and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 185 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity is a classic example of bidirectional experience-dependent plasticity in the primary visual cortex. This form of plasticity is most robust during early postnatal development (termed the "critical period"), when monocular deprivation (MD) leads to a rapid weakening of responses evoked through the deprived eye followed by a delayed strengthening of non-deprived eye inputs. It has been proposed that these bidirectional changes occur as a three-stage process: first, degradation of patterned visual input weakens deprived-eye responses via homosynaptic long-term depression (LTD); this is accompanied by a shift in the plasticity modification threshold (0m) that determines the direction of synaptic plasticity, such that synaptic strengthening is favored over synaptic weakening; finally, weak open-eye responses are strengthened via the mechanisms of homosynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP). Despite the growing evidence supporting this model of experience-dependent synaptic modification, the exact molecular and synaptic mechanisms that are responsible for these processes remain controversial. In my thesis work, I address three questions. First, I attempt to parse the relative contribution of excitatory and inhibitory processes to expression of the OD shift in order to understand how deprived-eye depression is expressed in the cortex. To address this, I first induce a shift in OD with 3 days of MD and then use several pharmacological methods to shut off cortical inhibitory synaptic transmission. I demonstrate that rapid deprived-eye depression is strongly expressed at excitatory thalamocortical synapses without any influences of polysynaptic intracortical inhibition. In the second part of my work, I try to resolve the nature/identity of the molecular mechanism that underlies the regulation of [theta]m. Using a transgenic mouse model, I find that a reduction in the NR2A/B subunit ratio of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor during MD alters the qualities of OD plasticity by impairing weakening of deprived-eye inputs and enhancing strengthening of open-eye inputs. These findings suggest that NMDAR subunit composition may specify the value and the rate of adjustment of synaptic 0m, which in turn determines the bidirectional cortical response to MD. The final portion of my thesis addresses the factors that limit OD plasticity beyond the critical period. I test the hypothesis that the developmental increase in intracortical GABAergic inhibitory synaptic transmission is a fundamental restricting factor for adult cortical plasticity and demonstrate that parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking basket cells are specifically implicated in the absence of juvenile-like deprived-eye depression in adult mice.
Author : Jean-Pierre Sommeijer
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789088916625
Total Pages : 160 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (166 download)
Download or read book Mechanisms of Occular Dominance Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Jean-Pierre Sommeijer and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Adam Ranson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (896 download)
Download or read book Development and Plasticity of the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Adam Ranson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rosanna Sammons
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)
Download or read book Mechanisms of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rosanna Sammons and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During development, newly established cortical circuits are undergoing a period of experience dependent refinement. Visual deprivation during this time leads to the induction of plasticity mechanisms, including homeostatic plasticity measures. These are a distinct set of plasticity mechanisms thought to play a role in maintaining stability within networks, and preventing large perturbations in overall activity levels. Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms can be divided into synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms. While details of individual mechanisms are reasonably well understood, details of how these different mechanisms are linked to one another are much less clear. In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between structural and functional forms of synaptic and intrinsic plasticity in layer 2/3 neurons in the monocular visual cortex, before and after induction of plasticity via monocular enucleation. I find that while axon initial segment (AIS) plasticity takes place following deprivation, in both pyramidal neurons, and a subset of inhibitory neurons, it does not correlate with functional measures of excitability. However, in control conditions, I do find a relationship between the synaptic inputs of a neuron, and its intrinsic excitability. Following deprivation, this relationship is altered. Specifically, I find that the activity status of the neuron affects the level of intrinsic excitability, and to some extent, the synaptic input to the cell. Putatively inactive neurons show increased excitability, and trend towards stronger synaptic input in comparison to their active counterparts. These differences between active and inactive cells may reflect the engagement of homeostatic mechanisms in inactive cells, in order to restore their activity levels.
Author : Marina Moric
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)
Download or read book Input Areas to Mouse Visual Cortex and Role of Striatum in Cortical Plasticity written by Marina Moric and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Dustin Jared Hayden
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)
Download or read book Passive Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Dustin Jared Hayden and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stimulus-selective response plasticity (SRP) is a form of experience-dependent plasticity readily measured in primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. Chronic local field potential (LFP) recordings in layer 4 (L4) of V1 allow for the tracking of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to phase-reversing sinusoidal grating stimuli. As a given visual stimulus becomes familiar to the mouse, the VEP magnitude increases. This increase in VEP magnitude is highly selective to stimulus features, such as the orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast of the grating. Previous work has shown that SRP requires synaptic mechanisms that are not only hallmarks of Hebbian synaptic plasticity, but also the engagement of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons. Herein we build upon this foundational work and show that SRP expression can be explained as the engagement of two different interneuron subclasses: somatostatin-positive (SOM+) and PV+ cells. Familiar visual stimuli induce an increase in low-frequency (10-30 Hz) oscillations and an increase in SOM+ cell activity in L4. Conversely, novel visual stimuli induce an increase in high-frequency (60-80 Hz) oscillations and an increase in PV+ cell activity in L4. These differences in oscillations and cell activities to familiar and novel stimuli emerge in the seconds after the start of a block of stimuli. Finally, we show using laminar recordings in V1 that familiar stimuli cause elevated peak firing throughout most layers compared to novel stimuli, but reduced overall activity due to quick attenuation of the evoked signal. Together, these data further develop our understanding of experience-dependent plasticity.
Author : Taekeun Kim (Ph. D.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)
Download or read book Understanding Experience-dependent Plasticity of Cellular and Network Activity in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Taekeun Kim (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensory experiences in daily life modulates corresponding primary sensory cortices and eventually alter our behavior in a befitting manner. One of the most impactful sensory modules is vision. Primary visual cortex (V1) in mammals is particularly malleable during a juvenile critical period, but this plasticity lasts even in adulthood. A representative form of visual cortical plasticity is ocular dominance (OD) plasticity following temporary monocular deprivation (MD). Here, we used a mouse model of amblyopia and revealed that juvenile OD plasticity, which manifests as depression of response to the deprived eye, requires expression of an immediate early gene, Arc. Also, the juvenile OD shift requires the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in layer 4 excitatory principal neurons in V1. Another simple but powerful phenomenon of an adult form of visual cortical plasticity is stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP). SRP is induced simply through experience to the same gratings visual stimulus over days, resulting in potentiation of visually-evoked potentials (VEPs) in layer 4 of V1. Due to the lack of studies regarding the cellular and network activity changes coincident with the induction of SRP, we have used calcium indicator expressing mice to visualize cellular activity across days of SRP training. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we found that there is indeed no significant net change in the population of active neurons during presentation of the familiar (trained) visual stimulus. Follow-up endoscopic calcium imaging revealed that rather, there is a significant reduction of somatic calcium responses selectively for the familiar visual stimulus on the test day following 5 days of SRP induction. Interestingly, the cellular calcium response to the first presentation of the familiar visual stimulus in each block was substantially similar to the response to those of a novel, yet unseen visual stimulus. However, calcium responses to the familiar visual stimulus dramatically decreased as stimulation was repeated in each presentation block within, and across days of SRP training, whereas the response to the novel visual stimulus on the test day was maintained. The findings that short-latency VEP responses are potentiated, while the slower responses revealed by calcium imaging are depressed suggest that feedback inhibition in V1 is strongly recruited by visual recognition of familiar stimulus. A number of previous studies have suggested that deficits in experience-dependent sensory cortical plasticity and perceptual learning are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome and schizophrenia. Our results, therefore, may contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders and may help inform ways of intervention and treatments.
Author : Rosa Garcia-Verdugo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (92 download)
Download or read book Single-cell Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex Following Retinal Lesions written by Rosa Garcia-Verdugo and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Sven Schuett
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 77 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (248 download)
Download or read book Imaging Plasticity and Structure of Cortical Maps in Cat and Mouse Visual Cortex written by Sven Schuett and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 77 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Henry Kennedy
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319277774
Total Pages : 173 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)
Download or read book Micro-, Meso- and Macro-Connectomics of the Brain written by Henry Kennedy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-10 with total page 173 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has brought together leading investigators who work in the new arena of brain connectomics. This includes ‘macro-connectome’ efforts to comprehensively chart long-distance pathways and functional networks; ‘micro-connectome’ efforts to identify every neuron, axon, dendrite, synapse, and glial process within restricted brain regions; and ‘meso-connectome’ efforts to systematically map both local and long-distance connections using anatomical tracers. This book highlights cutting-edge methods that can accelerate progress in elucidating static ‘hard-wired’ circuits of the brain as well as dynamic interactions that are vital for brain function. The power of connectomic approaches in characterizing abnormal circuits in the many brain disorders that afflict humankind is considered. Experts in computational neuroscience and network theory provide perspectives needed for synthesizing across different scales in space and time. Altogether, this book provides an integrated view of the challenges and opportunities in deciphering brain circuits in health and disease.
Author : Jesus Avila
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 288919261X
Total Pages : 114 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)
Download or read book Tau oligomers written by Jesus Avila and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-08-18 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of intracellular aggregates of tau protein are a key neuropathological feature of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases, collectively termed tauopathies. The abundance of NFTs has been reported to correlate positively with the severity of cognitive impairment in AD. However, accumulating evidences derived from studies of experimental models have identified that NFTs themselves may not be neurotoxic. Now, many of tau researchers are seeking a “toxic” form of tau protein. Moreover, it was suggested that a “toxic” tau was capable to seed aggregation of native tau protein and to propagate in a prion-like manner. However, the exact neurotoxic tau species remain unclear. Because mature tangles seem to be non-toxic component, “tau oligomers” as the candidate of “toxic” tau have been investigated for more than one decade. In this topic, we will discuss our consensus of “tau oligomers” because the term of “tau oligomers” [e.g. dimer (disulfide bond-dependent or independent), multimer (more than dimer), granular (definition by EM or AFM) and maybe small filamentous aggregates] has been used by each researchers definition. From a biochemical point of view, tau protein has several unique characteristics such as natively unfolded conformation, thermo-stability, acid-stability, and capability of post-translational modifications. Although tau protein research has been continued for a long time, we are still missing the mechanisms of NFT formation. It is unclear how the conversion is occurred from natively unfolded protein to abnormally mis-folded protein. It remains unknown how tau protein can be formed filaments [e.g. paired helical filament (PHF), straight filament and twisted filament] in cells albeit in vitro studies confirmed tau self-assembly by several inducing factors. Researchers are still debating whether tau oligomerization is primary event rather than tau phosphorylation in the tau pathogenesis. Inhibition of either tau phosphorylation or aggregation has been investigated for the prevention of tauopathies, however, it will make an irrelevant result if we don’t know an exact target of neurotoxicity. It is a time to have a consensus of definition, terminology and methodology for the identification of “tau oligomers”.
