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Using Dictionaries
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Book Synopsis High Performance Python by : Micha Gorelick
Download or read book High Performance Python written by Micha Gorelick and published by O'Reilly Media. This book was released on 2020-04-30 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Your Python code may run correctly, but you need it to run faster. Updated for Python 3, this expanded edition shows you how to locate performance bottlenecks and significantly speed up your code in high-data-volume programs. By exploring the fundamental theory behind design choices, High Performance Python helps you gain a deeper understanding of Python’s implementation. How do you take advantage of multicore architectures or clusters? Or build a system that scales up and down without losing reliability? Experienced Python programmers will learn concrete solutions to many issues, along with war stories from companies that use high-performance Python for social media analytics, productionized machine learning, and more. Get a better grasp of NumPy, Cython, and profilers Learn how Python abstracts the underlying computer architecture Use profiling to find bottlenecks in CPU time and memory usage Write efficient programs by choosing appropriate data structures Speed up matrix and vector computations Use tools to compile Python down to machine code Manage multiple I/O and computational operations concurrently Convert multiprocessing code to run on local or remote clusters Deploy code faster using tools like Docker
Book Synopsis Oxford English Dictionary by : John A. Simpson
Download or read book Oxford English Dictionary written by John A. Simpson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2002-04-18 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford English Dictionary is the internationally recognized authority on the evolution of the English language from 1150 to the present day. The Dictionary defines over 500,000 words, making it an unsurpassed guide to the meaning, pronunciation, and history of the English language. This new upgrade version of The Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM offers unparalleled access to the world's most important reference work for the English language. The text of this version has been augmented with the inclusion of the Oxford English Dictionary Additions Series (Volumes 1-3), published in 1993 and 1997, the Bibliography to the Second Edition, and other ancillary material. System requirements: PC with minimum 200 MHz Pentium-class processor; 32 MB RAM (64 MB recommended); 16-speed CD-ROM drive (32-speed recommended); Windows 95, 98, Me, NT, 200, or XP (Local administrator rights are required to install and open the OED for the first time on a PC running Windows NT 4 and to install and run the OED on Windows 2000 and XP); 1.1 GB hard disk space to run the OED from the CD-ROM and 1.7 GB to install the CD-ROM to the hard disk: SVGA monitor: 800 x 600 pixels: 16-bit (64k, high color) setting recommended. Please note: for the upgrade, installation requires the use of the OED CD-ROM v2.0.
Book Synopsis Using Dictionaries by : B.T. Sue Atkins
Download or read book Using Dictionaries written by B.T. Sue Atkins and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2015-02-06 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume draws together highly detailed studies of how dictionaries are used by different types of users, from school students to senior professors, working with a foreign language with the help of different types of dictionaries, from monolingual dictionaries for native speakers of the foreign language, through bilingual dictionaries, to monolingual dictionaries in the language of the user. The tasks being carried out include L2-L1 translation, L1-L2 translation, L2 comprehension, self-expression in L2, and various project-specific linguistic exercises. The authors have tried to include enough detail to allow readers to replicate the tests, and adapt them to serve their own interests.
Book Synopsis Mastering the American Accent with Online Audio by : Lisa Mojsin
Download or read book Mastering the American Accent with Online Audio written by Lisa Mojsin and published by Barrons Educational Services. This book was released on 2016-09-15 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mastering the American Accent is an easy-to-follow approach for reducing the accent of non-native speakers of English. Well-sequenced lessons in the book correspond over eight hours of audio files covering the entire text. The audio program provides clear models (both male and female) to help coach a standard American accent. The program is designed to help users speak Standard American English with clarity, confidence, and accuracy. The many exercises in the book concentrate on topics such as vowel sounds, problematic consonants such as V, W, TH, the American R and T and others. Correct lip and tongue positions for all sounds are discussed in detail. Beyond the production of sounds, the program provides detailed instruction in prosodic elements such as syllable stress, emphasis, intonation, linking words for smoother speech flow, common word contractions, and much more. Additional topics that often confuse ESL students are also discussed and explained. They include distinguishing between casual and formal speech, homophones (e.g., they're and there), recognizing words with silent letters (e.g., comb, receipt), and avoiding embarrassing pronunciation mistakes, such as mixing up "pull" and "pool." Students are familiarized with many irregular English spelling rules and exceptions, and are shown how such irregularities can contribute to pronunciation errors. A native language guide references problematic accent issues for 13 different language backgrounds. Publisher's Note: Products purchased from Third Party sellers are not guaranteed by the publisher for quality, authenticity, or access to any online entitlements included with the product.
Book Synopsis Using Online Dictionaries by : Carolin Müller-Spitzer
Download or read book Using Online Dictionaries written by Carolin Müller-Spitzer and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2014-02-27 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Until now, there has been very little research into the use of online dictionaries. In contrast, the market for online dictionaries is increasing both for academic lexicography and for commercial lexicography, with sales figures for printed reference works in continual decline. This has led to a demand for reliable empirical information on how online dictionaries are actually being used and how they could be made more user-friendly. The volume Using Online Dictionaries makes a substantial contribution to closing this research gap. It is divided into four parts: The first part contains articles on fundamental issues: a research review of the empirical studies on digital dictionaries which have already been carried out, and a brief methodological guideline for lexicographical researchers who are interested in conducting their own empirical research. The second part contains the results of two studies that focus on general questions about the use of online dictionaries. It presents empirical data on contexts of dictionary use, on expectations and demands regarding online dictionaries. Furthermore, innovative features, such as the use of multimedia elements or the option of a user-adaptive interface and questions of design were assessed empirically. The third part of this volume comprises more specific studies of online dictionaries: an eye-tracking study evaluating the new web design of the dictionary portal OWID and a log file study which tries to get to the bottom of the following question: Do dictionary users look up frequent words, or put differently, is there a connection between how often a word is looked up and how often it appears in a corpus? In the last chapter of this thematic section, the question of how users judge the combination of a written paraphrase and an additional illustration in illustrated online dictionaries is addressed. The last part focuses on the use of monolingual dictionaries, in particular the German online dictionary elexiko. In this context, two online questionnaire-based studies were carried out. The empirical studies were conducted in the form of online surveys combining questionnaires and experimental elements and in the form of laboratory studies using eye-tracking technology as well as using observational methods such as log file analyses. Regarding the comprehensive research framework, this volume can be relevant to lexicographers, metalexicographers and linguists who are interested in the use of (online) dictionaries and in the development and exploration of lexicographical data for the internet, as well as linguists interested in empirical methods. It addresses a broad expert audience by presenting an academic subject which is currently the focus of much discussion.
Book Synopsis The Use and Abuse of EFL Dictionaries by : Hilary Nesi
Download or read book The Use and Abuse of EFL Dictionaries written by Hilary Nesi and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-02-14 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book begins with a review of research into dictionary use. A number of experimental design problems are discussed, in particular the unreliability of questionnaire responses, and the need for detailed accounts of individual dictionary consultations whilst sampling in numbers sufficient to represent specified populations. The experiments reported in subsequent chapters investigate issues raised in the review. The first two studies find that dictionary use during a reading comprehension test affected completion speed but not test scores. The apparent failure of dictionary use to improve comprehension is attributed to the test itself, the dictionaries, and the users' choice of look-up words. The ability of users to interpret dictionary entries is investigated in three further studies which use computers to gather data on large numbers of individual consultations. The findings indicate that there is little difference between three major EFL dictionaries in terms of speed of consultation and overall productive success. They also indicate that Malaysian ESL subjects, who have higher vocabulary scores, are slower in their reading and less successfull in their interpretation of entries than Portuguese EFL subjects. Finally, the findings suggest that overall productive success is unaffected by the presence or absence of examples. The experimental findings lead to the conclusion that dictionary consultation is a process in which users match pre-existing beliefs about word meaning and behaviour against segments in the dictionary entry. Such segments are often selected because they are familiar-sounding and conceptually accessible, but may contain only incomplete or non-essential information. Where pre-existing beliefs and dictionary information conflict, dictionary information is sometimes overridden. Thus word knowledge acquired from a single consultation is often insufficient to ensure productive success. Although it is probably inevitable that word knowledge will be acquired slowly, through multiple encounters, modifications to the dictionary entry and the training of users might help to avoid serious misinterpretation of dictionary information.
Book Synopsis Lexical collocations in bilingual dictionaries by : Barbara Berti
Download or read book Lexical collocations in bilingual dictionaries written by Barbara Berti and published by Mimesis. This book was released on 2018-10-23T00:00:00+02:00 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elusive yet intuitive at the same time, the concept of collocation has attracted the attention of different branches of linguistics for many a year, owing to the proven pervasiveness of such combinations in languages. Although a universally accepted definition of collocation has not been reached as each attempted description is inextricably related to the linguist’s standpoint, the development of a series of very workable ideas on the nature of these combinations has led to the production of worthy linguistic commodities. While English lexicography has kept pace with the development in lexicology and corpus linguistics, Italian lexicography has only recently started to look in that direction. The author investigates the treatment of lexical collocations in the major bilingual English-Italian dictionaries, looking closely at the lexicographers’ choices while keeping the end users and their heuristics in mind.
Book Synopsis Python Programming Fundamentals by : Kent D. Lee
Download or read book Python Programming Fundamentals written by Kent D. Lee and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-07 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This easy-to-follow and classroom-tested textbook guides the reader through the fundamentals of programming with Python, an accessible language which can be learned incrementally. Features: incudes numerous examples and practice exercises throughout the text, with additional exercises, solutions and review questions at the end of each chapter; highlights the patterns which frequently appear when writing programs, reinforcing the application of these patterns for problem-solving through practice exercises; introduces the use of a debugger tool to inspect a program, enabling students to discover for themselves how programs work and enhance their understanding; presents the Tkinter framework for building graphical user interface applications and event-driven programs; provides instructional videos and additional information for students, as well as support materials for instructors, at an associated website.
Book Synopsis User-friendliness of verb syntax in pedagogical dictionaries of English by : Anna Dziemianko
Download or read book User-friendliness of verb syntax in pedagogical dictionaries of English written by Anna Dziemianko and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2012-02-14 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study examines the user-friendliness of sources of verb syntax in monolingual English learners' dictionaries. It is both theoretical and empirical in nature. The theoretical part is based on an analysis of consecutive editions of major pedagogical dictionaries of English in paper form. The empirical part relies on statistical analyses of numerical data yielded by comprehensive research, which was based, in the main, on the experimental method. In the experiment, the user-friendliness of sources of verb syntax in learners' dictionaries was measured by the frequency with which the properly identified and useful syntactic information was located in particular entry components. The sources of syntactic information in the entries compiled especially for the purpose of the experiment were the ones which featured in the major pedagogical dictionaries most recent at the time of the study. 606 subjects, divided into two groups of different proficiency in English, underlined in the manipulated entries the syntactic information which they considered helpful in answering multiple choice questions. The most user-friendly solutions, both coded and uncoded ones, are recommended in the final part of the book.
Book Synopsis Lexicography: Dictionaries, compilers, critics, and users by : R. R. K. Hartmann
Download or read book Lexicography: Dictionaries, compilers, critics, and users written by R. R. K. Hartmann and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Mariusz Piotr Kamiński Publisher :John Benjamins Publishing Company ISBN 13 :9027260001 Total Pages :344 pages Book Rating :4.0/5 (272 download)
Book Synopsis Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries by : Mariusz Piotr Kamiński
Download or read book Defining with Simple Vocabulary in English Dictionaries written by Mariusz Piotr Kamiński and published by John Benjamins Publishing Company. This book was released on 2021-04-15 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book investigates an important but under-researched aspect of dictionary making: the use of a controlled vocabulary in definitions. The main concern of the author is the role of a definition vocabulary in how foreign learners understand and perceive dictionary definitions. The author takes the reader through a detailed historical account of controlled vocabularies and examines definitions in a range of English dictionaries with respect to their vocabulary loads. He performs a series of experiments with university students to reveal merits and shortcomings of restricted vocabularies. This monograph has been written with the aim to fill a gap in the literature on defining vocabulary. It is intended for lexicographers, dictionary editors, course designers, teachers, and students, as well as anyone who wishes to explain words in an intelligible way.
Book Synopsis Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography by : Rufus Gouws
Download or read book Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography written by Rufus Gouws and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-12-18 with total page 1592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The basis for this additional volume are the three volumes of the handbooks Dictionaries. An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography (HSK 5.1–5.3), published between 1989 and 1991. An updating has been perceived as an important desideratum for a considerable time. In the present Supplementary Volume the premises and subjects of HSK 5.1–5.3 are complemented by new articles that take account of the practice-internal and theoretical developments of the last 15 years. Special attention has been given to the following topics: the status and function of lexicographic reference works, the history of lexicography, the theory of lexicography, lexicographic processes, lexicographic training and lexicographic institutions, new metalexicographic methods, electronic and, especially, computer-assisted lexicography.
Book Synopsis A Primer for Computational Biology by : Shawn T. O'Neil
Download or read book A Primer for Computational Biology written by Shawn T. O'Neil and published by . This book was released on 2017-12-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A Primer for Computational Biology aims to provide life scientists and students the skills necessary for research in a data-rich world. The text covers accessing and using remote servers via the command-line, writing programs and pipelines for data analysis, and provides useful vocabulary for interdisciplinary work. The book is broken into three parts: Introduction to Unix/Linux: The command-line is the "natural environment" of scientific computing, and this part covers a wide range of topics, including logging in, working with files and directories, installing programs and writing scripts, and the powerful "pipe" operator for file and data manipulation. Programming in Python: Python is both a premier language for learning and a common choice in scientific software development. This part covers the basic concepts in programming (data types, if-statements and loops, functions) via examples of DNA-sequence analysis. This part also covers more complex subjects in software development such as objects and classes, modules, and APIs. Programming in R: The R language specializes in statistical data analysis, and is also quite useful for visualizing large datasets. This third part covers the basics of R as a programming language (data types, if-statements, functions, loops and when to use them) as well as techniques for large-scale, multi-test analyses. Other topics include S3 classes and data visualization with ggplot2.
Book Synopsis Words in Dictionaries and History by : Olga Timofeeva
Download or read book Words in Dictionaries and History written by Olga Timofeeva and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 2011-05-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together fifteen articles by scholars in Europe and North America, this collection aims to represent and advance studies in historical lexis. It highlights the significance of the understanding of dictionary-making and language-making as important socio-cultural phenomena. With its general focus on England and English, the book investigates the reception and development of historical and modern English vocabulary and culture in different periods, social and professional strata, geographical varieties of English, and other national cultures. The volume is based on individual (meta)lexicographical, etymological, lexicosemantic and corpus studies, representing two large areas of research: the first part focuses on the history of dictionaries, analysing them in diachrony from the first professional dictionaries of the Baroque period via Enlightenment and Romanticism to exploring the possibilities of the new online lexicographical publications; and the second part looks at the interfaces between etymology, semantic development and word-formation on the one hand, and changes in society and culture on the other.
Book Synopsis Grammatical Information in ESL Dictionaries by : Edward Scott McCorduck
Download or read book Grammatical Information in ESL Dictionaries written by Edward Scott McCorduck and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lexicographica. Series Maior features monographs and edited volumes on the topics of lexicography and meta-lexicography. Works from the broader domain of lexicology are also included, provided they strengthen the theoretical, methodological and empirical basis of lexicography and meta-lexicography. The almost 150 books published in the series since its founding in 1984 clearly reflect the main themes and developments of the field. The publications focus on aspects of lexicography such as micro- and macrostructure, typology, history of the discipline, and application-oriented lexicographical documentation.
Book Synopsis Adventuring in Dictionaries by : John Considine
Download or read book Adventuring in Dictionaries written by John Considine and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2010-10-12 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adventuring in Dictionaries: New Studies in the History of Lexicography brings together seventeen papers on the making of dictionaries from the sixteenth century to the present day. The first five treat English and French lexicography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Heberto Fernandez and Monique Cormier discuss the outside matter of French–English bilingual dictionaries; Kusujiro Miyoshi re-assesses the influence of Robert Cawdrey; John Considine uncovers the biography of Henry Cockeram; Antonella Amatuzzi discusses Pierre Borel’s use of his predecessors; and Fredric Dolezal investigates multi-word units in the dictionary of John Wilkins and William Lloyd. Linda Mitchell’s account of dictionaries as behaviour guides in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries leads on to Giovanni Iamartino’s presentation of words associated with women in the dictionary of Samuel Johnson, and Thora Van Male’s of the ornaments in the Encyclopédie. Nineteenth-century and subsequent topics are treated by Anatoly Liberman on the growth of the English etymological dictionary; Julie Coleman on dictionaries of rhyming slang; Laura Pinnavaia on Richardson’s New Dictionary and the changing vocabulary of English; Peter Gilliver on early editorial decisions and reconsiderations in the making of the Oxford English Dictionary; Anne Dykstra on the use of Latin as the metalanguage in Joost Halbertsma’s Lexicon Frisicum; Laura Santone on the “Dictionnaire critique” serialized in Georges Bataille’s Surrealist review Documents; Sylvia Brown on the stories of missionary lexicography behind the Eskimo–English Dictionary of 1925; and Michael Adams on the legacies of the Early Modern English Dictionary project. The diverse critical perspectives of the leading lexicographers and historians of lexicography who contribute to this volume are united by a shared interest in the close reading of dictionaries, and a shared concern with the making and reading of dictionaries as human activities, which cannot be understood without attention to the lives of the people who undertook them.
Book Synopsis The Effectiveness of Different Learner Dictionaries by : Ursula Wingate
Download or read book The Effectiveness of Different Learner Dictionaries written by Ursula Wingate and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-11-07 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines two questions: firstly, which dictionary type, bilingual or monolingual, is most effective for intermediate learners of German, and secondly, which features make monolingual dictionary definitions more effective. Using Chinese students from Hong Kong and Shanghai as the subjects of research, the effectiveness of the different dictionary types for reading comprehension and incidental vocabulary learning was measured experimentally and by the think-aloud method. The only monolingual learner dictionary for German available at that time proved linguistically too difficult for the intermediate proficiency level. Therefore, new definitions were developed based on findings from the think-aloud study and on principles promoted as user-friendly in lexicographic literature. Comparison of the two definition types revealed several features that determine their effectiveness for intermediate learners. Findings have theoretical and pedagogical implications. In the theoretical field, some lexicographic principles were recommended that are, unlike previous principles, based on empirical insights into user needs. In the pedagogical field, the findings provide an empirical basis for the evaluation and recommendation of suitable dictionaries for intermediate learners.
