Understanding Experience Dependent Plasticity Of Cellular And Network Activity In The Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

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Understanding Experience-dependent Plasticity of Cellular and Network Activity in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Author : Taekeun Kim (Ph. D.)
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (126 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Experience-dependent Plasticity of Cellular and Network Activity in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex by : Taekeun Kim (Ph. D.)

Download or read book Understanding Experience-dependent Plasticity of Cellular and Network Activity in the Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Taekeun Kim (Ph. D.) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sensory experiences in daily life modulates corresponding primary sensory cortices and eventually alter our behavior in a befitting manner. One of the most impactful sensory modules is vision. Primary visual cortex (V1) in mammals is particularly malleable during a juvenile critical period, but this plasticity lasts even in adulthood. A representative form of visual cortical plasticity is ocular dominance (OD) plasticity following temporary monocular deprivation (MD). Here, we used a mouse model of amblyopia and revealed that juvenile OD plasticity, which manifests as depression of response to the deprived eye, requires expression of an immediate early gene, Arc. Also, the juvenile OD shift requires the activity of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in layer 4 excitatory principal neurons in V1. Another simple but powerful phenomenon of an adult form of visual cortical plasticity is stimulus-selective response potentiation (SRP). SRP is induced simply through experience to the same gratings visual stimulus over days, resulting in potentiation of visually-evoked potentials (VEPs) in layer 4 of V1. Due to the lack of studies regarding the cellular and network activity changes coincident with the induction of SRP, we have used calcium indicator expressing mice to visualize cellular activity across days of SRP training. Using two-photon calcium imaging, we found that there is indeed no significant net change in the population of active neurons during presentation of the familiar (trained) visual stimulus. Follow-up endoscopic calcium imaging revealed that rather, there is a significant reduction of somatic calcium responses selectively for the familiar visual stimulus on the test day following 5 days of SRP induction. Interestingly, the cellular calcium response to the first presentation of the familiar visual stimulus in each block was substantially similar to the response to those of a novel, yet unseen visual stimulus. However, calcium responses to the familiar visual stimulus dramatically decreased as stimulation was repeated in each presentation block within, and across days of SRP training, whereas the response to the novel visual stimulus on the test day was maintained. The findings that short-latency VEP responses are potentiated, while the slower responses revealed by calcium imaging are depressed suggest that feedback inhibition in V1 is strongly recruited by visual recognition of familiar stimulus. A number of previous studies have suggested that deficits in experience-dependent sensory cortical plasticity and perceptual learning are associated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Rett syndrome and schizophrenia. Our results, therefore, may contribute to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these disorders and may help inform ways of intervention and treatments.

Passive Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Author : Dustin Jared Hayden
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)

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Book Synopsis Passive Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex by : Dustin Jared Hayden

Download or read book Passive Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Dustin Jared Hayden and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stimulus-selective response plasticity (SRP) is a form of experience-dependent plasticity readily measured in primary visual cortex (V1) of mice. Chronic local field potential (LFP) recordings in layer 4 (L4) of V1 allow for the tracking of visually evoked potentials (VEPs) in response to phase-reversing sinusoidal grating stimuli. As a given visual stimulus becomes familiar to the mouse, the VEP magnitude increases. This increase in VEP magnitude is highly selective to stimulus features, such as the orientation, spatial frequency, and contrast of the grating. Previous work has shown that SRP requires synaptic mechanisms that are not only hallmarks of Hebbian synaptic plasticity, but also the engagement of parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory interneurons. Herein we build upon this foundational work and show that SRP expression can be explained as the engagement of two different interneuron subclasses: somatostatin-positive (SOM+) and PV+ cells. Familiar visual stimuli induce an increase in low-frequency (10-30 Hz) oscillations and an increase in SOM+ cell activity in L4. Conversely, novel visual stimuli induce an increase in high-frequency (60-80 Hz) oscillations and an increase in PV+ cell activity in L4. These differences in oscillations and cell activities to familiar and novel stimuli emerge in the seconds after the start of a block of stimuli. Finally, we show using laminar recordings in V1 that familiar stimuli cause elevated peak firing throughout most layers compared to novel stimuli, but reduced overall activity due to quick attenuation of the evoked signal. Together, these data further develop our understanding of experience-dependent plasticity.

Mechanisms of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex

Author : Rosanna Sammons
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (141 download)

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Book Synopsis Mechanisms of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex by : Rosanna Sammons

Download or read book Mechanisms of Homeostatic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rosanna Sammons and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During development, newly established cortical circuits are undergoing a period of experience dependent refinement. Visual deprivation during this time leads to the induction of plasticity mechanisms, including homeostatic plasticity measures. These are a distinct set of plasticity mechanisms thought to play a role in maintaining stability within networks, and preventing large perturbations in overall activity levels. Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms can be divided into synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms. While details of individual mechanisms are reasonably well understood, details of how these different mechanisms are linked to one another are much less clear. In this thesis, I investigate the relationship between structural and functional forms of synaptic and intrinsic plasticity in layer 2/3 neurons in the monocular visual cortex, before and after induction of plasticity via monocular enucleation. I find that while axon initial segment (AIS) plasticity takes place following deprivation, in both pyramidal neurons, and a subset of inhibitory neurons, it does not correlate with functional measures of excitability. However, in control conditions, I do find a relationship between the synaptic inputs of a neuron, and its intrinsic excitability. Following deprivation, this relationship is altered. Specifically, I find that the activity status of the neuron affects the level of intrinsic excitability, and to some extent, the synaptic input to the cell. Putatively inactive neurons show increased excitability, and trend towards stronger synaptic input in comparison to their active counterparts. These differences between active and inactive cells may reflect the engagement of homeostatic mechanisms in inactive cells, in order to restore their activity levels.

Investigating Signal Cascades Promoting Activity-dependent Neuroplasticity in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex

Author : Edward Nesbitt Wilson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (841 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating Signal Cascades Promoting Activity-dependent Neuroplasticity in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex by : Edward Nesbitt Wilson

Download or read book Investigating Signal Cascades Promoting Activity-dependent Neuroplasticity in Monkey Primary Visual Cortex written by Edward Nesbitt Wilson and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primate visual system represents an ideal model for the study of neural development and activity-dependent neuroplasticity. The final disposition of the visual cortex is based on a genetically determined cellular organization programmed to become influenced by the animal's environment during a critical period in early postnatal development. Thus neural connections are shaped by the sensory experience of the animal. This plasticity of the visual system declines after the closure of the critical window, and while plasticity is still present in mature animals, its strength is greatly diminished. Cortical plasticity can be restored after the closure of the critical period, however, by altering the incoming neural activity to which the network has adapted. For example, preventing light information from reaching the visual system prompts cortical reorganization in infant and adult primates, such that deprived neurons become responsive to input to the open eye. The...

Development of the Visual System

Author : Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262121545
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of the Visual System by : Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium

Download or read book Development of the Visual System written by Retina Research Foundation (U.S.). Symposium and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1991 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Development of the Visual System presents a selection of current studies that clearly illustrate principles of visual system development. These range from retinal development in fish and frogs to the effects of abnormal visual experience on the primary visual cortex of the cat. The book is unique in addressing four specific and fundamental aspects of development: cell lineage and cell fate, specificity and targeting of axons, specification of visual cortex, and correlates of the critical period. Encompassing technical advances in cellular and molecular biology and in video imaging and microscopy, contributions in each of these areas provide new information at the cellular and molecular levels to complement the now classic descriptions of visual development previously available at the level of neural systems.ContributorsKaren L. Allendoerfer, David M. Altshuler, Antonella Antonini, Seymour Benzer, Edward M. Callaway, Constance L. Cepko, Hollis T. Cline, Max S. Cynader, N. W. Daw, Scott E. Fraser, K. Fox, Eckhard Friauf, Anirvan Ghosh, R. W. Guillery, William A. Harris, Christine E. Holt, Lawrence C. Katz, Susan McConnell, Pamela A. Raymond, Thomas A. Reh, Carla J. Shatz, Michael P. Stryker, Claudia A. 0. Stuermer, Mriganka Sur, David L. Turner, T. N. Wiesel

Plasticity of Cortical Network Dynamics

Author : Hope Amy Johnson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Plasticity of Cortical Network Dynamics by : Hope Amy Johnson

Download or read book Plasticity of Cortical Network Dynamics written by Hope Amy Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Spike-timing dependent plasticity

Author : Henry Markram
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 2889190439
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Spike-timing dependent plasticity by : Henry Markram

Download or read book Spike-timing dependent plasticity written by Henry Markram and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hebb's postulate provided a crucial framework to understand synaptic alterations underlying learning and memory. Hebb's theory proposed that neurons that fire together, also wire together, which provided the logical framework for the strengthening of synapses. Weakening of synapses was however addressed by "not being strengthened", and it was only later that the active decrease of synaptic strength was introduced through the discovery of long-term depression caused by low frequency stimulation of the presynaptic neuron. In 1994, it was found that the precise relative timing of pre and postynaptic spikes determined not only the magnitude, but also the direction of synaptic alterations when two neurons are active together. Neurons that fire together may therefore not necessarily wire together if the precise timing of the spikes involved are not tighly correlated. In the subsequent 15 years, Spike Timing Dependent Plasticity (STDP) has been found in multiple brain brain regions and in many different species. The size and shape of the time windows in which positive and negative changes can be made vary for different brain regions, but the core principle of spike timing dependent changes remain. A large number of theoretical studies have also been conducted during this period that explore the computational function of this driving principle and STDP algorithms have become the main learning algorithm when modeling neural networks. This Research Topic will bring together all the key experimental and theoretical research on STDP.

Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity

Author : Melanie A. Woodin
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441969780
Total Pages : 191 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

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Book Synopsis Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity by : Melanie A. Woodin

Download or read book Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity written by Melanie A. Woodin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-11-02 with total page 191 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume will explore the most recent findings on cellular mechanisms of inhibitory plasticity and its functional role in shaping neuronal circuits, their rewiring in response to experience, drug addiction and in neuropathology. Inhibitory Synaptic Plasticity will be of particular interest to neuroscientists and neurophysiologists.

Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex

Author : Mikhail Y. Frenkel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (549 download)

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Book Synopsis Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex by : Mikhail Y. Frenkel

Download or read book Experience-dependent Plasticity in Mouse Visual Cortex written by Mikhail Y. Frenkel and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Rodent Visual Cortex

Author : Nathaniel B. Sawtell
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (55 download)

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Book Synopsis Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Rodent Visual Cortex by : Nathaniel B. Sawtell

Download or read book Cellular and Biochemical Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Rodent Visual Cortex written by Nathaniel B. Sawtell and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Perceptual Learning

Author : Manfred Fahle
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 9780262062213
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (622 download)

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Book Synopsis Perceptual Learning by : Manfred Fahle

Download or read book Perceptual Learning written by Manfred Fahle and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2002 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perceptual learning is the specific and relatively permanent modification of perception and behaviour following sensory experience. This book presents advances made during the 1990s in this rapidly growing field.

Synaptic and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Functional Responses in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex

Author : Marta Gajowa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Synaptic and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Functional Responses in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex by : Marta Gajowa

Download or read book Synaptic and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Functional Responses in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex written by Marta Gajowa and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Feature selectivity of cortical neurons, one example of functional properties in the brain, is the ability of neurons to respond to particular stimulus attributes - e.g. the receptive field of a neuron in the primary visual cortex (V1) with respect to object movement direction. This thesis contributes to understanding how feature selectivity arises in mouse V1. It is divided into two parts, each based on distinct approaches to elucidate visual processing mechanisms, the first at a population level and the second at the single neuron level. First, on a population level, I have developed tools towards an eventual project that combines 2-photon optogenetics, 2-photon imaging and traditional whole-cell electrophysiology to map functional connectivity in V1. This map will provide a link between cell tuning (i.e. cell function) and network architecture, enabling quantitative and qualitative distinction between two extreme scenarios in which cells in mouse V1 are either randomly connected, or are associated in specialized subnetworks. Here I describe the technical validation of the method, with the main focus on finding the appropriate biological preparation and reagents. Second, based on whole-cell patch recordings of single mouse V1 neurons in vivo, I characterize the neuronal input-output (I/O) transfer function using current and conductance inputs, the latter intended to mimic the biophysical properties of synapses in a functional context. I employ a novel closed-loop in vivo protocol based on a combination of current, voltage and dynamic clamp recording modes. I first measure the basic I/O transfer function of a given neuron with current and conductance steps, under current and dynamic clamp, respectively. I then measure the visually evoked spiking output, under current clamp, and the synaptic conductance input, under voltage clamp, to that neuron. Finally, I reintroduce variations of the visually-evoked conductance input to the same cell under dynamic clamp. In that manner, I describe an I/O transfer function which allows a characterization of the mathematical operations performed by the neuron during functional processing. Furthermore, modifications of the relative scaling and the temporal characteristics of the excitatory and inhibitory components of the reintroduced synaptic input, enables dissection of each component's role in shaping the spiking output, as well as to infer overall differences between various physiological cell types (e.g. regular-adapting, presumably excitatory, versus fast-spiking, presumably inhibitory, neurons). Finally, examination of the transfer functions, in particular their dependence on temporal modifications, provides insights on the relationship between the neuronal code and the biophysical properties of neurons and their network.

Deficient Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Visual Cortex of Arc Null Mice

Author : Cortina Luann McCurry
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (449 download)

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Book Synopsis Deficient Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Visual Cortex of Arc Null Mice by : Cortina Luann McCurry

Download or read book Deficient Experience-dependent Plasticity in the Visual Cortex of Arc Null Mice written by Cortina Luann McCurry and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) 3) Open eye potentiation fails to occur after extended deprivation in the absence of Arc 4) Arc is required for stimulus response potentiation in juvenile animals. 5) Arc is not required for the synaptic scaling up of response suggesting a specific role in Hebbian plasticity. 6) Single cell analysis within the binocular zone of Arc-GFP homozygotes reveals that the distribution of Arc lacking GFP-positive cells does not display a contralateral-bias as compared to controls, and the majority of Arc-lacking GFP-positive cells receive equal input from each eye, suggesting that Arc is critical for synaptic weakening during development. Together, these experiments illustrate the essential role for Arc in experience-dependent plasticity within the visual system.

From Neurons to Neighborhoods

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309069882
Total Pages : 610 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis From Neurons to Neighborhoods by : National Research Council

Download or read book From Neurons to Neighborhoods written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-11-13 with total page 610 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.

Webvision

Author : Helga Kolb
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Webvision by : Helga Kolb

Download or read book Webvision written by Helga Kolb and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity: From Synaptic Circuit Assembly to Neurological Disorders

Author : Lorenzo A. Cingolani
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889669882
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity: From Synaptic Circuit Assembly to Neurological Disorders by : Lorenzo A. Cingolani

Download or read book Homeostatic Synaptic Plasticity: From Synaptic Circuit Assembly to Neurological Disorders written by Lorenzo A. Cingolani and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-07-08 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Structural Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex

Author : Rachel W. Schecter
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (967 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex by : Rachel W. Schecter

Download or read book Structural Mechanisms of Experience-dependent Synaptic Plasticity in the Mouse Visual Cortex written by Rachel W. Schecter and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Changes in the sensory experience of an animal shapes behavior through synaptic plasticity. Modification in the strength of synaptic drive can result from adjustments in the strength of existing synapses, creation of new synapses, or removal of existing ones and involves presynaptic, postsynaptic, and extra-synaptic mechanisms. Ocular dominance (OD) plasticity following brief periods of monocular deprivation (MD) is a classic example of experience-dependent change, which leads to a rapid weakening of cortical responsiveness to the deprived eye and a strengthening of responsiveness to the non-deprived eye. Though there is clear anatomical reorganization following long periods of lid suture, only recently has brief periods (3 days) of MD has been shown to drive structural plasticity of thalamic input to binocular visual cortex. The exact molecular and synaptic mechanisms responsible for rapid OD shifts remain unclear. In my thesis work, I address the requirement of proper microglial functioning via the fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in OD plasticity following 3 days of MD. I first identify increased lysosomal content in microglia within layer 4 (L4) of binocular visual cortex following MD, which suggests microglia participate in this structural rearrangement. As it is currently believed that a major axis of communication between neurons and microglia occurs via fractalkine and its specific receptor CX3CR1, I investigated OD plasticity within the CX3CR1 KO mouse. My experiments reveal increased lysosomal content, structural plasticity of thalamocortical synapses, and OD shifts measured with visually evoked potentials (VEPs) all occur normally in this mutant mouse as a result of 3 days of MD with only subtle differences when compared to WT mice. I conclude that, while microglia may have a role in the anatomical and functional experience-dependent cortical plasticity driven by brief lid suture, it does not require CX3CR1.