Uncertainty of Global Precipitation Datasets and Its Propagation in Hydrological Simulations

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Uncertainty of Global Precipitation Datasets and Its Propagation in Hydrological Simulations by : Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan

Download or read book Uncertainty of Global Precipitation Datasets and Its Propagation in Hydrological Simulations written by Md Abul Ehsan Bhuiyan and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Accurate estimates of precipitation at the global scale are vital for a variety of hydrometeorological applications. Quantification of the error sources along with characterization of the error propagation in hydrological simulations are required for promoting use of satellite and reanalysis precipitation estimates in hydrological applications.In this study we address the remotely-sensed precipitation products uncertainty characterization based ona machine learning tree-based model, Quantile Regression Forests (QRF). We first apply the model to satellitepassive microwave estimates from the TRMM satellite. Reference precipitation was based on high-resolution (5 min/1 km) rainfall fields derived from the NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory multi-radar multi-sensor system. The model was evaluated using a K-fold validation experiment using systematic and random error statistics of the model-adjusted TRMM passive microwave rainfall point estimates, and ensemble verification statistics of the corresponding prediction intervals. Then, this framework was utilized to combine dynamic and static land surface variables together with multiple global precipitation sources to stochastically generate improved precipitation ensembles (combined product) over complex terrain. Input to the model included multiple global satellite precipitation products; an atmospheric reanalysis precipitation product; and other auxiliary variables including a daily soil moisture dataset, specific humidity and a terrain elevation dataset. The model performance was demonstrated over three mountainous study areas (Peruvian and Colombian Andes and the Blue Nile in East Africa) based on 13 years (2000-2012) ofreference rainfall data derived from in situ rain gauge networks. Results showed that the proposed blending framework could significantly reduce the error andadequately characterize the uncertainty of the combined product. In the last section of this study we investigate the impact of the combined product in hydrological simulations. The Iberian Peninsula was chosen as the study area, which has precipitation and climate variability due to complex orography influenced by both Atlantic and Mediterranean climates.Comparisons of the precipitation product-driven hydrological simulations by a distributed hydrological model against reference-driven streamflow simulations by the same model showed that the magnitude of systematic and random errors for the combined product was significantly lower than those for the individual precipitation products. Moreover, this blending framework rendered a detailed investigation of the precipitation error propagation into multi-hydrologic model simulations, which was accomplished using four global-scale land surface models (JULES, ORCHIDEE, HTESSEL and SURFEX) and one global hydrologic model (WaterGAP3). Through this analysis we investigated the error characteristics of different precipitation forcing datasets (satellite, reanalysis, and combined product) and their error propagation in different hydrologic variables (surface/subsurface runoff, evapotranspiration).

Improving Regional Hydrological Simulations by Accounting for Climate Forcing Uncertainty and Human Impacts

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (795 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Regional Hydrological Simulations by Accounting for Climate Forcing Uncertainty and Human Impacts by : Tamanna Kabir

Download or read book Improving Regional Hydrological Simulations by Accounting for Climate Forcing Uncertainty and Human Impacts written by Tamanna Kabir and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advancing the understanding of the changes in various water budget components is crucial for improved water resource assessment and management at the global, continental, and river basin scales. This is important, especially because the intensified hydrologic dynamics due to climate change and accelerated human activities are altering the terrestrial water cycle in unprecedented ways and over a range of scales. Land surface models (LSMs) are widely used to investigate the changes in water resources resulting from natural and human-induced alterations. However, these models are subject to inherent uncertainties, including those associated with climate forcing and model parameterizations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address climate forcing induced uncertainties in hydrological simulations using process based LSMs. In addition, representing human impacts such as irrigation and groundwater pumping in LSMs is critical for improving hydrological simulations. This dissertation advances regional hydrological simulation, addressing climate forcing uncertainty, by leveraging the potential of emerging satellite data and using an advanced LSM. A comprehensive analysis is conducted using a fully-process based LSM to examine the propagation of precipitation uncertainty into hydrological simulations over the Mekong River Basin (MRB). The Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) at a relatively high spatial resolution of 0.05℗ʻ (8́ơ5 km) and without any parameter calibration is implemented. Simulations conducted using different precipitation datasets are compared to investigate the discrepancies in streamflow, terrestrial water storage (TWS), soil moisture, and evapotranspiration (ET). Furthermore, this dissertation advances the simulation of basin wide groundwater dynamics in the MRB, providing key insights on the evolving groundwater system and improving process-based groundwater modeling capabilities by implementing CLM5 with groundwater and irrigation parameterizations. An in-depth analysis is℗ conducted to examine groundwater mechanisms in the MRB, focusing on groundwater flow processes that are modulated by climate variability and physiographic features, and primary drivers of groundwater-surface water interactions. Further, the influence of extensive irrigation and groundwater pumping on groundwater dynamics is quantified. Finally, global drought recovery and its drivers across different climate zones and biodiversity hotspots are investigated using multi-model hydrological simulations, enhancing the understanding of future drought risk and ecosystem resilience. The key findings from the aforementioned multi-scale analyses are: (1) precipitation is a key determinant of simulated streamflow and peak flow is particularly sensitive to precipitation input; notable differences are also found among TWS, soil moisture, and ET simulated using different precipitation products. (2) Precipitation data with a higher spatial resolution did not improve the simulations, contrary to the common perception that using meteorological forcing with higher spatial resolution would improve hydrological simulations. (3) High spatial heterogeneity in groundwater recharge and discharge across the MRB is governed by climate and subsurface characteristics; a pronounced seasonality is found in groundwater recharge; with substantial carryover to the consecutive dry season that alleviates soil moisture. (4) Groundwater discharge is a dominant source of streamflow all year round, and irrigation pumping is directly altering groundwater flows and storages. (5) Climate variability smoothens pumping effects over long times, but the model simulates region-wide groundwater depletion in the Mekong Delta during dry years. (6) The drought recovery time varies considerably across different climate regions globally, and there has been a notable increase in drought recovery time over the last few decades. This dissertation provides crucial insights on precipitation-induced uncertainties in hydrological modeling, also advancing process-based groundwater modeling capabilities for regional scale application.

Performance Assessment of Satellite Rainfall Products for Hydrologic Modeling

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (95 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Assessment of Satellite Rainfall Products for Hydrologic Modeling by : Hojjat Seyyedi

Download or read book Performance Assessment of Satellite Rainfall Products for Hydrologic Modeling written by Hojjat Seyyedi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Rainfall

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Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118671546
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Rainfall by : Firat Y. Testik

Download or read book Rainfall written by Firat Y. Testik and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-05-02 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 191. Rainfall: State of the Science offers the most up-to-date knowledge on the fundamental and practical aspects of rainfall. Each chapter, self-contained and written by prominent scientists in their respective fields, provides three forms of information: fundamental principles, detailed overview of current knowledge and description of existing methods, and emerging techniques and future research directions. The book discusses Rainfall microphysics: raindrop morphodynamics, interactions, size distribution, and evolution Rainfall measurement and estimation: ground-based direct measurement (disdrometer and rain gauge), weather radar rainfall estimation, polarimetric radar rainfall estimation, and satellite rainfall estimation Statistical analyses: intensity-duration-frequency curves, frequency analysis of extreme events, spatial analyses, simulation and disaggregation, ensemble approach for radar rainfall uncertainty, and uncertainty analysis of satellite rainfall products The book is tailored to be an indispensable reference for researchers, practitioners, and graduate students who study any aspect of rainfall or utilize rainfall information in various science and engineering disciplines.

Hydrological Modelling and the Water Cycle

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540778438
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrological Modelling and the Water Cycle by : Soroosh Sorooshian

Download or read book Hydrological Modelling and the Water Cycle written by Soroosh Sorooshian and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-07-18 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is a collection of a selected number of articles based on presentations at the 2005 L’Aquila (Italy) Summer School on the topic of “Hydrologic Modeling and Water Cycle: Coupling of the Atmosphere and Hydrological Models”. The p- mary focus of this volume is on hydrologic modeling and their data requirements, especially precipitation. As the eld of hydrologic modeling is experiencing rapid development and transition to application of distributed models, many challenges including overcoming the requirements of compatible observations of inputs and outputs must be addressed. A number of papers address the recent advances in the State-of-the-art distributed precipitation estimation from satellites. A number of articles address the issues related to the data merging and use of geo-statistical techniques for addressing data limitations at spatial resolutions to capture the h- erogeneity of physical processes. The participants at the School came from diverse backgrounds and the level of - terest and active involvement in the discussions clearly demonstrated the importance the scienti c community places on challenges related to the coupling of atmospheric and hydrologic models. Along with my colleagues Dr. Erika Coppola and Dr. Kuolin Hsu, co-directors of the School, we greatly appreciate the invited lectures and all the participants. The members of the local organizing committee, Drs Barbara Tomassetti; Marco Verdecchia and Guido Visconti were instrumental in the success of the school and their contributions, both scienti cally and organizationally are much appreciated.

Global Precipitations and Climate Change

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642792700
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (927 download)

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Book Synopsis Global Precipitations and Climate Change by : Michel Desbois

Download or read book Global Precipitations and Climate Change written by Michel Desbois and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-03-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In regard to global change, emphasis is generally placed on the increase in global temperature, but large changes in the distribution of precipitation are also likely to occur. Such changes have been redorded in the past by paleoclimatological studies or in the field of climatology. Different approaches to monitoring and forecasting the evolution of climate-scale precipitation are reviewed by paleoclimatologists, hydrologists, satellite meteorologists, and climate modellers.

Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 904812915X
Total Pages : 327 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)

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Book Synopsis Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology by : Mekonnen Gebremichael

Download or read book Satellite Rainfall Applications for Surface Hydrology written by Mekonnen Gebremichael and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-02 with total page 327 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from a panel of researchers from a wide range of fields, the chapters of this book focus on evaluating the potential, utility and application of high resolution satellite precipitation products in relation to surface hydrology.

Characterization and Modeling of Satellite-Based Precipitation Uncertainty Over Complex Terrain

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Characterization and Modeling of Satellite-Based Precipitation Uncertainty Over Complex Terrain by : Yagmur Derin

Download or read book Characterization and Modeling of Satellite-Based Precipitation Uncertainty Over Complex Terrain written by Yagmur Derin and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The availability and quality of precipitation estimates is essential to the accuracy and reliability of hydrological modeling studies. Difficulties in the representation of high rainfall variability over mountainous areas using ground-based sensors make satellite-based precipitation products (SPPs) attractive for hydrological studies over such regions, since these products are quasi-global and available at high spatial resolution. Evaluation of several SPPs using rain gauge networks over ten mountainous regions across the globe has shown their performance is highly dependent on advancing the quality of primary data sources, one of which is passive microwave (PMW) retrievals. The evaluation of PMW retrievals is challenging, since it requires reference datasets with high temporal and spatial resolution. This difficulty can be overcome through the use of experimental ground radar (GR) X-band polarimetric radar observations. The Self-Consistent Optimal Parameterization-Microphysics Estimation (SCOP-ME), an algorithm that uses best-fitted functions of specific attenuation coefficients and backscattering differential phase shifts is used to retrieve rainfall rates and microphysical characteristics from GR. GR deployments over mountainous regions are used to evaluate the error characteristics of SCOP-ME retrieval and provide high-resolution estimates of the 4D rainfall variability. These estimates represented the benchmark precipitation dataset, which are then used in the error characterization and modeling of the PMW retrievals. To understand the source of uncertainties, a sampling volume-matching methodology is implemented between PMW and GR. The PMW retrievals showed weaker covariation than GR, with magnitude-dependent systematic error going from overestimation of light precipitation to, mainly, underestimation of heavier precipitation. Overall, these investigations indicated that PMW retrievals have uncertainties that necessitate the use of error characterization and correction procedures, especially over complex terrain. This called for error modeling of the PMW retrievals, which is conducted with quantile regression forests (QRF), a nonparametric tree-based model. The ensembles generated through the QRF model are validated by independent matchups of PMW and GR data from four complex terrains. Validation of the error model is conducted in two ways, the k-fold and leave-one region out cross validation techniques. The study showed that the error model significantly reduces both mean relative error and the random component of the error compared to the original PMW products. Moreover, it demonstrated transferability of this error model among complex terrain regions around the globe, which will allow algorithm developers to integrate it to produce Level 3 products.

Precipitation: Advances in Measurement, Estimation and Prediction

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540776559
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Precipitation: Advances in Measurement, Estimation and Prediction by : Silas C. Michaelides

Download or read book Precipitation: Advances in Measurement, Estimation and Prediction written by Silas C. Michaelides and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-27 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the outcome of contributions from 51 scientists who were invited to expose their latest findings on precipitation research and in particular, on the measurement, estimation and prediction of precipitation. The reader is presented with a blend of theoretical, mathematical and technical treatise of precipitation science but also with authentic applications, ranging from local field experiments and country-scale campaigns to multinational space endeavors.

Hydrological Drought

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Publisher : Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9780444516886
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis Hydrological Drought by : Lena M. Tallaksen

Download or read book Hydrological Drought written by Lena M. Tallaksen and published by Gulf Professional Publishing. This book was released on 2004 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The majority of the examples are taken from regions where the rivers run most of the year.

Evaluation of High-resolution Satellite Precipitation Products in Hydrologic Simulations of Northern Latitude River Basins

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (956 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of High-resolution Satellite Precipitation Products in Hydrologic Simulations of Northern Latitude River Basins by : Muhammet Omer Dis

Download or read book Evaluation of High-resolution Satellite Precipitation Products in Hydrologic Simulations of Northern Latitude River Basins written by Muhammet Omer Dis and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Investigating Error Propagation in Flood Prediction Based on Remotely-sensed Rainfall

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (566 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating Error Propagation in Flood Prediction Based on Remotely-sensed Rainfall by : Faisal Hossain

Download or read book Investigating Error Propagation in Flood Prediction Based on Remotely-sensed Rainfall written by Faisal Hossain and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Environmental Modelling

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1482288575
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (822 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Modelling by : Keith Beven

Download or read book Environmental Modelling written by Keith Beven and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-09-03 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncertainty in the predictions of science when applied to the environment is an issue of great current relevance in relation to the impacts of climate change, protecting against natural and man-made disasters, pollutant transport and sustainable resource management. However, it is often ignored both by scientists and decision makers, or interpreted as a conflict or disagreement between scientists. This is not necessarily the case, the scientists might well agree, but their predictions would still be uncertain and knowledge of that uncertainty might be important in decision making. Environmental Modelling: An Uncertain Future? introduces students, scientists and decision makers to: the different concepts and techniques of uncertainty estimation in environmental prediction the philosophical background to different concepts of uncertainty the constraint of uncertainties by the collection of observations and data assimilation in real-time forecasting techniques for decision making under uncertainty. This book will be relevant to environmental modellers, practitioners and decision makers in hydrology, hydraulics, ecology, meteorology and oceanography, geomorphology, geochemistry, soil science, pollutant transport and climate change. A companion website for the book can be found at www.uncertain-future.org.uk

Remote Sensing of Precipitation

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039212850
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis Remote Sensing of Precipitation by : Silas Michaelides

Download or read book Remote Sensing of Precipitation written by Silas Michaelides and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-23 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Precipitation is a well-recognized pillar in global water and energy balances. An accurate and timely understanding of its characteristics at the global, regional, and local scales is indispensable for a clearer understanding of the mechanisms underlying the Earth’s atmosphere–ocean complex system. Precipitation is one of the elements that is documented to be greatly affected by climate change. In its various forms, precipitation comprises a primary source of freshwater, which is vital for the sustainability of almost all human activities. Its socio-economic significance is fundamental in managing this natural resource effectively, in applications ranging from irrigation to industrial and household usage. Remote sensing of precipitation is pursued through a broad spectrum of continuously enriched and upgraded instrumentation, embracing sensors which can be ground-based (e.g., weather radars), satellite-borne (e.g., passive or active space-borne sensors), underwater (e.g., hydrophones), aerial, or ship-borne.

Wadi Flash Floods

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811629048
Total Pages : 559 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Wadi Flash Floods by : Tetsuya Sumi

Download or read book Wadi Flash Floods written by Tetsuya Sumi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-11 with total page 559 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book brings together research studies, developments, and application-related flash flood topics on wadi systems in arid regions. The major merit of this comprehensive book is its focus on research and technical papers as well as case study applications in different regions worldwide that cover many topics and answer several scientific questions. The book chapters comprehensively and significantly highlight different scientific research disciplines related to wadi flash floods, including climatology, hydrological models, new monitoring techniques, remote sensing techniques, field investigations, international collaboration projects, risk assessment and mitigation, sedimentation and sediment transport, and groundwater quality and quantity assessment and management. In this book, the contributing authors (engineers, researchers, and professionals) introduce their recent scientific findings to develop suitable, applicable, and innovative tools for forecasting, mitigation, and water management as well as society development under seven main research themes as follows: Part 1. Wadi Flash Flood Challenges and Strategies Part 2. Hydrometeorology and Climate Changes Part 3. Rainfall–Runoff Modeling and Approaches Part 4. Disaster Risk Reduction and Mitigation Part 5. Reservoir Sedimentation and Sediment Yield Part 6. Groundwater Management Part 7. Application and Case Studies The book includes selected high-quality papers from five series of the International Symposium on Flash Floods in Wadi Systems (ISFF) that were held in 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2020 in Japan, Egypt, Oman, Morocco, and Japan, respectively. These collections of chapters could provide valuable guidance and scientific content not only for academics, researchers, and students but also for decision-makers in the MENA region and worldwide.

A Statistical Model for the Uncertainty Analysis of Satellite Precipitation Products

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ISBN 13 : 9781321854725
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (547 download)

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Book Synopsis A Statistical Model for the Uncertainty Analysis of Satellite Precipitation Products by : Sepideh Sarachi

Download or read book A Statistical Model for the Uncertainty Analysis of Satellite Precipitation Products written by Sepideh Sarachi and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earth observing satellites provide a method to measure precipitation from space with good spatial and temporal coverage. These estimates have a high degree of uncertainty associated with them. Understanding and quantifying the uncertainty of the satellite estimates can be very beneficial when using these precipitation products in hydrological applications given that these uncertainties will propagate throughout the hydrologic cycle. In this study a generalized uncertainty distribution is introduced to model the probability distribution of the Stage IV Multi-sensor Precipitation Estimates (MPE) as the reference measurement given the PERSIANN satellite-based precipitation product (Precipitation estimation from remotely sensed information using Artificial Neural Network). The model is calibrated for an area of 50 x 50, over the southeastern United States for both summer and winter seasons separately from 2004-2009. The uncertainty model parameters are further extended across various rainfall rates and spatial and temporal resolutions. The method is evaluated for the period of 2006-2008 over the Illinois River watershed south of Siloam Springs, Arkansas. Results show that, using the proposed method, the estimation of the precipitation is improved in terms of percent bias and root mean squared error. To further study the hydrological response of the satellite precipitation uncertainty; this uncertainty model is propagated as an input into the SAC-SMA (Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting) hydrology model over the same case study watershed. The results shows that the proposed uncertainty model improves the simulated streamflow from the PERSIANN satellite precipitation product with regards to its, percent bias by more than 90% and the root mean squared error by more than 30%. The uncertainty model is also applied to for the new GPM satellite precipitation product using the IMERG algorithm and results shows improvement in estimating the precipitation.

Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Satellite Precipitation Error Propagation in Hydrologic Simulations

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Satellite Precipitation Error Propagation in Hydrologic Simulations by : Yiwen Mei

Download or read book Numerical and Analytical Investigation of Satellite Precipitation Error Propagation in Hydrologic Simulations written by Yiwen Mei and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overarching goal of the research described in this dissertation is to understand the hydrologic implications of error propagation from satellite precipitation products to hydrologic simulations. The complex interaction between precipitation error and corresponding hydrologic response is examined following a numerical- and an analytical-based method. The application of a hydrologic model forced by various satellite precipitation products is adopted as the numerical-based framework that was used to identify the properties of error propagation with respect to a number of factors (e.g. basin scale, seasonality, severity of rainfall and flow). Results show better consistency between gauges for events occurred over larger scale basins during warm season months that are associated with moderate intensity of rain and flow rate. In addition to the numerical investigation, an analytical framework is developed to decompose the error propagation into space-time components. This essentially allows to assess the relative contribution of the different processes of catchment flood response on error propagation. It is shown that error in timing of flood event is equally attributed to due to error in runoff generation and routing time. Error in hydrograph shape is mainly controlled by the error in the variability of runoff generation time while error in flood volume is predominantly controlled by the error in rainfall volume. Overall, these investigations provide important information for the hydrologic modelers to choose the appropriate precipitation products for the hydrologic-related practice. It also serves as a guidance for the product developers on the designs of more advance retrieval algorithms.