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Transformation Of Marketing Systems In Tanzania
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Book Synopsis The Soft Budget Constraint — The Emergence, Persistence and Logic of an Institution by : Gun Eriksson Skoog
Download or read book The Soft Budget Constraint — The Emergence, Persistence and Logic of an Institution written by Gun Eriksson Skoog and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-18 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a story of the soft budget constraint. It seeks an answer to a paradox: the prevalence of the soft budget constraint in spite of the tremendous inefficiencies that it gives rise to, and its persistence in spite of reform of the system of which it is an integral part. The story aims at increasing our understanding of why the phenomenon exists. By studying the case of state in Tanzania before, during and after socialism, an explanation of the owned enterprises emergence, persistence and logic of the soft budget constraint is suggested. This introductory chapter presents an argument showing why this story is worth telling. It discusses the research topic and how the problem it presents is attacked. THE SOFT BUDGET CONSTRAINT The soft budget constraint is today a popular metaphor. Originally it was seen as a characteristic of the socialist system. It refers to the tendency of primarily state-owned enterprises to have their liquidity gaps or losses accommodated by the state, or some other external funding body, and to the resulting expectations of such bail-out. The concept was coined by the Hungarian economist Hmos Kornai. ' He distinguishes between four major forms of external financial assistance that contribute to the soft budget constraint: soft subsidies, soft taxation, soft credit and soft 2 administrative pricing.
Book Synopsis Retailing Environments in Developing Countries by : John Dawson
Download or read book Retailing Environments in Developing Countries written by John Dawson and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-07-08 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Containing a broad cross section of case studies, this volume explores some of the factors which explain the variety of retail structures and modes of consumer behaviour that characterise retailing in developing countries.
Download or read book Tanzania written by Christopher Adam and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2017 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines key policy challenges facing Tanzania over the coming decades in the areas of agriculture, trade, urbanization, employment, finance, and natural investment.
Book Synopsis Marketing and Development by : Erdoğan Kumcu
Download or read book Marketing and Development written by Erdoğan Kumcu and published by Elsevier Limited. This book was released on 1988 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems by : Ellen B. McCullough
Download or read book The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems written by Ellen B. McCullough and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2012 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'There should be a good market for this book. The topic is very timely and a major theme of the new World Development Report 2008. The editors and contributors are world class.'Derek Byerlee, World Bank'This is a topic of wide interest and high policy importance. The depth of coverage and excellent synthesis should ensure that the book will have a substantial market in high-level undergraduate and graduate courses in agricultural development. It will have a solid readership among development economists and policy makers as well.'Mark Rosegrant, International Food Policy Research InstituteThe driving forces of income growth, demographic shifts, globalization and technical change have led to a reorganization of food systems from farm to plate. The characteristics of supply chains - particularly the role of supermarkets - linking farmers have changed, from consumption and retail to wholesale, processing, procurement and production. This has had a dramatic effect on smallholder farmers, particularly in developing countries. This book presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the impacts of changing agri-food systems on smallholder farmers, recognizing the importance of heterogeneity between developing countries as well as within them. The book includes a number of case studies from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe, which are used to illustrate differences in food systems' characteristics and trends. The country case studies explore impacts on the small farm sector across different countries, local contexts and farm types.Published with FAO
Book Synopsis The Transformation of Agri-food Systems by : Ellen B. McCullough
Download or read book The Transformation of Agri-food Systems written by Ellen B. McCullough and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2008 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The driving forces of income growth, demographic shifts, globalisation and technical change have led to a reorganisation of food systems from farm to plate. The characteristics of supply chains - particularly the role of supermarkets - linking farmers have changed, from consumption and retail to wholesale, processing, procurement and production. This has had a dramatic effect on smallholder farmers, particularly in developing countries. This book presents a comprehensive framework for assessing the impacts of changing agri-food systems on smallholder farmers, recognising the importance of heterogeneity between developing countries as well as within them. The book includes a number of case studies from Asia, Africa, Latin America and Eastern Europe, which are used to illustrate differences in food systems' characteristics and trends. The country case studies explore impacts on the small farm sector across different countries, local contexts and farm types
Book Synopsis Beyond Capitalism versus Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania by : Joel D. Barkan
Download or read book Beyond Capitalism versus Socialism in Kenya and Tanzania written by Joel D. Barkan and published by East African Publishers. This book was released on 1994 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Transafrican Journal of History by :
Download or read book Transafrican Journal of History written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 660 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Tanzania in Transition by : Kjell Havnevik
Download or read book Tanzania in Transition written by Kjell Havnevik and published by African Books Collective. This book was released on 2010-08-01 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first comprehensive contribution to understanding the character of important societal transitions in Tanzania during Benjamin Mkapa's presidency (1995- 2005). The analyses of the trajectory of these transitions are conducted against the background of the development model of Tanzanian's first president, Julius Nyerere (1961-1985), a model with lasting influence on the country. This approach enables an understanding of continuities and discontinuities in Tanzania over time in areas such as development strategy an ideology, agrarian-land, gender and forestry issues, economic liberalization, development assistance, corruption and political change. The period of Mkapa's presidency is particularly important because it represents the first phase of Tanzania's multi- party political system. Mkapa's government initially faced a gloomy economic situation. Although Mkapa's crusade against corruption lost direction, his presidency was characterised by relatively high growth rates and a stable macro-economy. Rural and agrarian transitions were dominated by diversification rather than productivity growth and transformation. Rural attitudes in favour of land markets emerged only slowly but formal land disputes showed more respect for women's rights. Some space emerged for widening local participation in forest management, but rural dynamics was mainly found in trading settlements feeding on economic liberalization and artisanal mining. The transitions documented and analysed of Mkapa's presidency, however, indicate only limited transformational change. Rural poverty is therefore likely to remain deep and the sustainability of economic development to be at risk in the future. Mkapa was, however, able to protect the legacy of peace and political stability of Nyerere, but there were nevertheless important challenges to the first multiparty elections and governance, and particularly in Zanzibar. The post- script (covering 2005 2010), indicates that the incumbent president, Jakaya Kikwete, has yet to prove that he can change this legacy of Mkapa. Co-published with the Nordic Africa Institute and the Sokoine University of Agriculture, the contributions to the eleven chapters of this book are evenly shared between Tanzanian, Nordic and other European researchers with a long-term commitment to Tanzanian development research. he book is dedicated to the youth of Tanzania.
Book Synopsis The Tanzanian Peasantry by : Peter Glover Forster
Download or read book The Tanzanian Peasantry written by Peter Glover Forster and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An analysis of the Tanzanian peasant economy since independence, describing the development level of the economy and society there. This study also examines causes of the current general decline, focusing in conclusion on the failure to transform peasant society and agriculture.
Download or read book African Study Monographs written by and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 988 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Unpublished Research on Africa, Completed and in Progress by : United States Department of State. External Research Division
Download or read book Unpublished Research on Africa, Completed and in Progress written by United States Department of State. External Research Division and published by . This book was released on with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beginning in 1954, Apr. issue lists studies in progress, Oct. issue, completed studies.
Book Synopsis Development and Underdevelopment in Historical Perspective by : Gavin Kitching
Download or read book Development and Underdevelopment in Historical Perspective written by Gavin Kitching and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-11-26 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How do the intellectual origins and historical background of western and other theories of development affect their relevance to contemporary Third-World conditions? This is the central question behind Gavin Kitchingâe(tm)s examination of âe~development studiesâe(tm), first published in 1982, from its origins in the late 1940s through to the contemporary era. While presenting the contemporary âe~radical orthodoxyâe(tm) of development studies, Kitching argues that these theories are continuations of much older traditions of populist and neo-populist thought.
Book Synopsis Rural-urban Transformations by : Mahmoud Bah
Download or read book Rural-urban Transformations written by Mahmoud Bah and published by IIED. This book was released on 2003 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) Publisher :Intl Food Policy Res Inst ISBN 13 : Total Pages :33 pages Book Rating :4./5 ( download)
Book Synopsis The stalled transformation of food processing in Myanmar by : Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA)
Download or read book The stalled transformation of food processing in Myanmar written by Myanmar Agriculture Policy Support Activity (MAPSA) and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2023-01-23 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We assess the status and effects of the twin crises (COVID-19 and the military coup) on different segments (production, trade, and consumption) of Myanmar’s food processing sector. Since 2020, we note overall a stalled transformation in food processing in the country: 1. Production (post-farm): The food-processing sector – and especially rice milling – is shown to be very important, making up more than 80 percent of the revenue and value addition of the local industrial sector. The sector suffered substantially from the twin crises, as seen by reduced output and limited new investments in the two most recent years. 2. International trade: Myanmar is in most years a net agricultural exporter (in value terms). However, food exports are dominated by unprocessed and minimally processed products while food imports are mostly more expensive processed foods. While there was fast growth in international food trade between 2009 and 2019, new central bank regulations – focused on an import-substitution strategy to mitigate foreign exchange constraints – have altered trade substantially since. 3. Consumption: The categories of unprocessed and especially of minimally processed food products represent 64 and 23 percent of calories and food expenditures respectively, reflecting the importance of rice in Myanmar’s food economy. After the twin crises, the value of food consumption significantly decreased by 30 and 36 percent for rural and urban areas respectively between 2020 and 2022. However, consumption levels for rural residents are still lower after the crises than those of urban ones. Moreover, while real food consumption expenditures declined significantly for all income groups, the poorest suffered most from the crises as seen in the higher reduction of expenditures for the poorest quintiles (by 31 and 39 percent in rural and urban areas respectively).
Book Synopsis Sustaining and Sharing Economic Growth in Tanzania by : Robert J. Utz
Download or read book Sustaining and Sharing Economic Growth in Tanzania written by Robert J. Utz and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2008 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Far reaching macro-economic and structural reforms combined with increases in government spending have been the primary drivers of Tanzania's growth acceleration. As growth in government spending slows, the locomotive for growth will need to shift to increased demand for exports and domestically produced goods, requiring Tanzania to strengthen substantially its international competitiveness, accelerate structural change, and safeguard the environment while maintaining macroeconomic stability. For Tanzania's poor to be able to participate and benefit from important growth, a greater focus on rural development, improved governance of the management of Tanzania's natural resources, and better targeting of social services to the poor is suggested. Successful design and implementation of a shared growth strategy will also require a strengthening of policy management and coordination in Tanzania to ensure that scarce human and financial resources are effectively deployed.
Book Synopsis Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there? by : Abay, Kibrom A.
Download or read book Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there? written by Abay, Kibrom A. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-12-31 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper presents results from a framed field experiment in which participants make decisions about extraction of a common-pool resource, a community forest. The experiment was designed and piloted as both a research activity and an experiential learning intervention during 2017-2018 with 120 groups of resource users (split by gender) from 60 habitations in two Indian states, Andhra Pradesh and Rajasthan. We examine whether local beliefs and norms about community forest, gender of participants, within-experiment treatments (non-communication, communication, and optional election of institutional arrangements (rules)) and remuneration methods affect harvest behaviour and groups’ tendency to cooperate. Furthermore, we explore whether the experiment and subsequent community debriefing had learning effects. Results reveal a “weak” Nash Equilibrium in which participants harvested substantially less than the Nash prediction even in the absence of communication, a phenomenon stronger for male than female participants in both states. For male groups in both states, both communication and optional rule election are associated with lower group harvest per round, as compared to the reference non-communication game. For female groups in both states, however, communication itself did not significantly slow down resource depletion; but the introduction of optional rule election did reduce harvest amounts. For both men and women in Andhra Pradesh and men in Rajasthan, incentivized payments to individual participants significantly lowered group harvest, relative to community flat payment, suggesting a possible “crowding-in” effect on pro-social norms. Despite the generally positive memory of the activity, reported actual changes are limited. This may be due to the lack of follow-up with the communities between the experiment and the revisit. The fact that many of the communities already have a good understanding of the importance of the relationships between (not) cutting trees and the ecosystem services from forests, with rules and strong internal norms against cutting that go beyond the felling of trees in the game, may have also meant that the game did not have as much to add. Findings have methodological and practical implications for designing behavioral intervention programs to improve common-pool resource governance.
