Trade Facilitation And Regional Cooperation In Asia

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Trade Facilitation and Regional Cooperation in Asia

Author : Douglas H. Brooks
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1849806527
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (498 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade Facilitation and Regional Cooperation in Asia by : Douglas H. Brooks

Download or read book Trade Facilitation and Regional Cooperation in Asia written by Douglas H. Brooks and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2010-01-01 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an important contribution to the policy debate on the future of regional integration around the world, and in Asia in particular. The complex linkages between regional integration and regional cooperation, soft and hard integration, trade facilitation and regional infrastructure are all addressed competently in different chapters of this publication, which should be read by all of those concerned with the future of regional integration and cooperation in Asia. Antoni Estevadeordal, Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) As we emerge from the worst global economic setback in two generations, the momentum of Asian economies suggests that this region will redefine the geography of trade and growth even more quickly and decisively than expected. Because Asia offers the largest emerging markets, superior growth rates, and new patterns of trade diversification, this region is becoming the leading edge of the global economy for the next generation. This volume addresses the essential issues related to Asian trade and regionalism with intellectual authority and essential timeliness. Brooks and Stone have assembled leading experts, distilled evidence, and synthesized policy lessons on the salient issues and trends that will drive the world s most dynamic economic region. Their book should be a desk reference for policy-makers and leading private sector players who want to respond effectively to the momentous challenges and opportunities presented by the Asian century. David Roland-Holst, University of California, Berkeley, US This insightful book collects empirical analyses and case studies to clarify issues and draw policy recommendations for facilitating greater regional trade through increased cooperation. Asia s rapid development has been heavily dependent on markets external to the region. However, given the unlikely timely recovery of the United States or Europe there is an urgent need to develop domestic and regional markets. While greater integration has long been a regional goal, its importance has never been more pressing. To facilitate trade and promote growth and regional integration, and to counteract declining markets in other regions, Asian countries have announced large expenditures for developing infrastructure. Thus, a look at how investment in regional infrastructure promotes and supports interregional trade growth has never been timelier. While the focus is on informing policy-making in Asia, the findings also have relevance for other regions. The detailed studies in this book will be of particular interest to academic economists, policy-makers, and the broader development community.

Trade Facilitation for a More Inclusive and Connected Asia and Pacific Region

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789292578718
Total Pages : 32 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (787 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade Facilitation for a More Inclusive and Connected Asia and Pacific Region by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Trade Facilitation for a More Inclusive and Connected Asia and Pacific Region written by Asian Development Bank and published by . This book was released on 2017-07 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication provides an overview of assessments from the 2017 global survey on trade facilitation and paperless trade in the Asia and Pacific region. The survey uses the final list of provisions included in the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement (WTO TFA) and the draft text of the regional United Nations (UN) treaty on cross-border paperless trade facilitation under negotiation at Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP). Implementation levels of 44 countries in Asia and the Pacific were calculated based on 31 trade facilitation and paperless trade measures. This study also describes trade facilitation projects that promote development through deepening regional cooperation and integration. It also discusses digital trade as a major opportunity for SMEs to better access international markets and global supply chains, giving them the chance to growth both quickly and sustainably. The progress and challenges in the regional and subregional trade facilitation efforts being made to streamline trade procedures are also presented. ADB and UNESCAP jointly prepared this publication.

New Frontiers in Asia–Latin America Integration

Author : Antoni Estevadeordal
Publisher : SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited
ISBN 13 : 9788132109761
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (97 download)

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Book Synopsis New Frontiers in Asia–Latin America Integration by : Antoni Estevadeordal

Download or read book New Frontiers in Asia–Latin America Integration written by Antoni Estevadeordal and published by SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 2015-01-12 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic ties between Asia and Latin America are growing as a part of a global shift toward more South–South cooperation. Yet trade costs remain high, which may impede future interregional trade and integration. Furthermore, an emerging trans-Pacific trade architecture based on free trade agreements (FTAs) carries risks of a noodle bowl effect. This book examines new frontiers in Asia–Latin America integration through interregional comparative studies in three key areas: trade facilitation, logistics, and infrastructure; production networks, supply chains, and small and medium-sized enterprises; and FTAs. The chapters contributed by Asian, Latin American, and international experts provide new insights on regional integration, impediments, and policy issues.

Future of Regional Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific

Author : Bambang Susantono
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292624938
Total Pages : 536 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Future of Regional Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific by : Bambang Susantono

Download or read book Future of Regional Cooperation in Asia and the Pacific written by Bambang Susantono and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2020-11-01 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book reviews progress with regional cooperation and integration in Asia and the Pacific and explores how it can be reshaped to achieve a more resilient, sustainable, and inclusive future. Consisting of papers contributed by renowned scholars and Asian Development Bank staff, the book covers four major areas: public goods, trade and investment, financial cooperation, and regional health cooperation. The book emphasizes how the region can better leverage regional integration to realize its vast potential as well as overcome challenges such as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.

Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade

Author : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Publisher : United Nations
ISBN 13 : 9210581385
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade by : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Download or read book Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade written by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book features the results of the 2015 UNRC Joint Survey on Trade Facilitation and Paperless Trade Implementation for the Asia-Pacific Region and incorporates them into an econometric analysis estimating the impact of trade facilitation on trade costs. It shows that there is a strong, negative relationship between Asia-Pacific countries’ international trade costs and their level of trade facilitation implementation. Reducing trade costs is essential for developing economies to participate in international production networks and effectively use trade as an engine of growth and sustainable development. One effective way to reduce trade costs is to tackle non-tariff barriers and address regulatory procedures and documentation requirements. Trade facilitation, including paperless trade, has taken increasing importance as evidenced by the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement reached in December 2013, as well as the growing number of regional and subregional initiatives aimed at facilitating the electronic exchange of trade related information and documents along international supply chains.

Trade Facilitation and Better Connectivity for an Inclusive Asia and Pacific

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292579347
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade Facilitation and Better Connectivity for an Inclusive Asia and Pacific by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Trade Facilitation and Better Connectivity for an Inclusive Asia and Pacific written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2017-09-01 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Trade facilitation increases trade flows, lowers trade cost, and ultimately contributes to sustainable and inclusive growth. This publication, jointly prepared by the Asian Development Bank and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, reviews the state of play of trade facilitation and paperless trade in Asia and the Pacific. It investigates the evolution of trade costs in the region, examines trade facilitation and paperless trade implementation, and highlights the key initiatives and efforts in Central Asia, the Greater Mekong Subregion, South Asia, and the Pacific. It includes impact assessments of trade facilitation implementation and corridor performance on reducing trade costs and increasing trade.

Asian Free Trade Agreements and WTO Compatibility

Author : Shintaro Hamanaka
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814460427
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Asian Free Trade Agreements and WTO Compatibility by : Shintaro Hamanaka

Download or read book Asian Free Trade Agreements and WTO Compatibility written by Shintaro Hamanaka and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2014-01-13 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is an appropriate time to rethink the relationship between trade regionalism and multilateralism in the Asian context as we witness the proliferation of free trade agreements (FTAs) in Asia. In the 1980s and 1990s, many scholars and policymakers believed that Asian integration was market-based, rather than legal-based, and that Asian integration would never be codified through agreements. Yet today, there are a large number of FTAs signed and under negotiation in Asia. This book investigates the appropriate relationship between regionalism and multilateralism, with a special reference to recent FTAs in Asia. It is undeniable that past trade multilateralism–regionalism debates centered on the trade-in-goods aspect. However, the majority of recent FTAs in Asia cover issues beyond trade-in-goods and tariff liberalization, such as trade facilitation, services, and economic cooperation. While the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XXIV governs regional integration initiatives in trade in goods, there is no (or at most a thin) World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement that stipulates the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism in issue areas other than goods. Thus, this study carefully considers the meaning of “WTO-compatible FTAs” by distinguishing “WTO consistency” and “WTO friendliness”, going beyond GATT Article XXIV debates and proposes a general framework for examining the openness of regionalism in various issue areas by identifying tree-type questions to distinguish several types of exclusiveness. It then specifically asks the following questions: Can Asian FTAs that cover several issues be considered multilateralism friendly? How does the relationship between regionalism and multilateralism differ between trade-in-goods and non-goods issue areas? What are policies that might reduce the exclusiveness of regional initiatives? The study concludes by listing counterintuitive policy suggestions to make FTAs truly WTO compatible. The book also includes a comprehensive list of FTAs in Asia and several WTO Agreements relating to trade regionalism. Contents:Introduction: Conceptualizing the WTO Compatibility of FTAsAnalytical Framework for WTO Friendliness of FTAs: How to Check If They are Real “Friends” of WTO?Free Trade Agreements in Goods: Is Trade Bilateralism in Asia Consistent with WTO Rules and Norms?Regional Approaches to Trade Facilitation: Are Regional Trade Facilitation Measures Discriminatory Against Non-Members?Regional Services Agreements: What is the Value of GATS-Plus Regional Services Commitments?Economic Cooperation Under FTAs: Do FTAs Impose WTO-Plus Technical Assistance Obligations on Members?Conclusion: Counter-Intuitive Policy Implications for WTO-Compatible FTAs Readership: Researchers, professionals, undergraduate and graduate students interested in Free Trade Agreements, World Trade Organization, Regionalism, Trade in Services and Trade Facilitation. Keywords:Free Trade Agreement (FTA);World Trade Organization (WTO);Regionalism;Trade in Services;Trade FacilitationKey Features:Chapters first present the methodology relevant to analyze FTA's WTO compatibility in a particular area and then present case studies of Asian FTAs to examine their WTO compatibility, which is followed by the policy discussions on how to make FTAs more WTO-friendlyThe book is interdisciplinary covering economics, political science and international economic lawAuthored by ADB Economist specializing in FTA issues, the book provides readers with theoretically sound and empirically rich discussion on FTAs. The author knows both theory and practice of FTAs and WTO (served as negotiator at the Japanese Mission to the WTO; involved in the regional economic integration issues at the Office of Regional Economic Integration at ADB)Reviews: “Shintaro Hamanaka has written an interesting and important book on Asian Free Trade Agreements and WTO Compatibility. The first major contribution is to distinguish between the narrowly legal concept of WTO-consistency and the broader concept of WTO-friendliness. That distinction underpins the book's analysis, in which Hamanaka identifies examples of agreements that are WTO-consistent but not in the spirit of the WTO or likely to promote future multilateralism; as he points out, non-violation of rules is not the same as harmony. The book's second major contribution is in-depth analysis of 21st. Century trade agreements in Asia, covered in four substantive chapters on trade in goods, trade facilitation, services agreements, and economic cooperation. The author's detailed knowledge of more than a hundred agreements is used to support analysis in which the big picture is kept impressively in focus.” Prof. Richard Pomfret University of Adelaide

Towards Regional Integration in South Asia

Author : Mustafizur Rahman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789843399038
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Towards Regional Integration in South Asia by : Mustafizur Rahman

Download or read book Towards Regional Integration in South Asia written by Mustafizur Rahman and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Enhancing Regional Connectivity

Author : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific
Publisher : United Nations
ISBN 13 : 9210581334
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (15 download)

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Book Synopsis Enhancing Regional Connectivity by : United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

Download or read book Enhancing Regional Connectivity written by United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and published by United Nations. This book was released on 2016-05-17 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Current implementation of paperless trade systems in the Asia-Pacific region focuses on application to domestic parts of trade processes, while international trade inherently requires trade information to flow across borders along internal supply chains. With current practices of paperless trade implementation limited predominately to the national level, the flow of trade information does not continue along an international supply chain; thus, it is being disrupted at the borders and results in traders turning to conventional paper-based trade practices. Yet given the fact that those countries in the region that are benefiting from implementing paperless trade only at domestic level, it is not difficult to see that efficiency gains will be considerably greater when the flow of trade information is facilitated across borders. This will, in turn, undoubtedly lead to major improvements in regional connectivity. Comprising three chapters and three annexes, this publication comprehensively assesses the current status of paperless trade in the region and beyond, elaborates on the need for having regional arrangements to facilitate cross-border paperless trade, and provides specific direction and details for putting a practical regional arrangement in place.

Regional Cooperation and Free Trade Agreements in Asia

Author : Jiaxiang Hu
Publisher : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9004279903
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Regional Cooperation and Free Trade Agreements in Asia by : Jiaxiang Hu

Download or read book Regional Cooperation and Free Trade Agreements in Asia written by Jiaxiang Hu and published by Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of Asia and the dynamics of Asian economic development have impacted global trade relationships and regional cooperation tremendously. While the WTO integrating national economies into global trade regulations has further liberalized trade relationships between developed and developing nations and amongst the emerging economies in particular in Asia, proliferation of free trade agreements in Asia has raised growing concerns regarding the fragmentation of the world economic order. World-renowned experts have here answered a variety of trade related issues ranging from China’s free trade agreements in its neighbourhood, the Tripartite Relationship between China, Japan and Korea, the Trans-Pacific Economic Partnership, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation as well human rights and environmental implications of free trade agreements. Contributors are: Jean-Marc F. Blanchard, Jianfu Chen, Won-Mog Choi, Ming Du, Henry Gao, Liyu Han, Jiaxiang Hu, Robert Irish, Tomoko Ishikawa, Md. Rizwanul Islam, Kwangkug Kim, Qingjiang Kong, Yong-Shik Lee, Wei Liang, Kuei-Jung Ni, Delei Peng, Yasuhei Taniguchi, Kim Van der Borght, Matthias Vanhullebusch, and Richard N. Watanabe, Shengxing Yu

Regional Integration in South Asia: What Role for Trade Facilitation?

Author : Tsunehiro Otsuki
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 37 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Regional Integration in South Asia: What Role for Trade Facilitation? by : Tsunehiro Otsuki

Download or read book Regional Integration in South Asia: What Role for Trade Facilitation? written by Tsunehiro Otsuki and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The trade performance of countries in South Asia over the past two decades has been poor relative to other regions. Exports from South Asia have doubled over the past 20 years to approximately USD 100 billion. In contrast, East Asia's exports grew ten times over the same period. The low level of intraregional trade has contributed to weak export performance in South Asia. The empirical analysis in this paper demonstrates gains to trade in the region from reform and capacity building in trade facilitation at the regional level. When considering intraregional trade, if countries in South Asia raise capacity halfway to East Asia's average, trade is estimated to rise by USD 2.6 billion. This is approximately 60 percent of the total intraregional trade in South Asia. Countries in the region also have a stake in the success of efforts to promote capacity building outside its borders. If South Asia and the rest of the world were to raise their levels of trade facilitation halfway to the East Asian average, the gains to the region would be estimated at USD 36 billion. Out of those gains, about 87 percent of the total would be generated from South Asia's own efforts (leaving the rest of the world unchanged). In summary, we find that the South Asian region's expansion of trade can be substantially advanced with programs of concrete action to address barriers to trade facilitation to advance regional goals.

Borders Without Barriers

Author : Marwa Abdou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789292618681
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (186 download)

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Book Synopsis Borders Without Barriers by : Marwa Abdou

Download or read book Borders Without Barriers written by Marwa Abdou and published by . This book was released on 2019-12 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an analysis of the state of trade facilitation in member countries of the South Asia Subregional Economic Cooperation (SASEC) program. It includes country-level studies and identifies four common trade facilitation priorities among SASEC countries: (i) implementation of the Trade Facilitation Agreement and other international conventions; (ii) logistics and infrastructure development, and related regulatory reforms; (iii) coordinated border management; and (iv) institutions and capacity building.

Infrastructure and Trade in Asia

Author : Douglas H. Brooks
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1848442734
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (484 download)

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Book Synopsis Infrastructure and Trade in Asia by : Douglas H. Brooks

Download or read book Infrastructure and Trade in Asia written by Douglas H. Brooks and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: . . . this is a timely and useful collection of regional studies. Ben Shepherd, Asian Pacific Economic Literature Analysis of infrastructure s role in facilitating international trade and consequently regional economic integration is still rudimentary. This original book fills that knowledge gap by exploring relevant concepts, measurement issues, aspects of the implementation of trade-related infrastructure facilities and their impacts on poverty, trade, investment and macroeconomic balances. Continuing the series of books produced in association with the Asian Development Bank Institute, this study explores the virtuous cycle of infrastructure investment, trade expansion and economic growth in developing Asia. Issues relating infrastructure, both hard and soft, to trade facilitation and trade costs are defined and examined, and the role of infrastructure in regional cooperation to enhance intraregional trade is analysed. Empirical estimates of trade costs in Asia suggest there is significant room for infrastructure to lower those costs further. By approaching the infrastructure trade nexus at the regional level through cooperative activities, this study shows it is possible to increase the range of policy options and risk management opportunities. Infrastructure and Trade in Asia will be of interest to trade and infrastructure policymakers, academics at graduate and above levels involved in economic development and Asian studies as well as those in the development community interested in regional cooperation and integration.

Integrated Trade Facilitation Support for Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Integrated Trade Facilitation Support for Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Integrated Trade Facilitation Support for Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation written by Asian Development Bank and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Trade and Regional Integration in South Asia

Author : Selim Raihan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811539324
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Trade and Regional Integration in South Asia by : Selim Raihan

Download or read book Trade and Regional Integration in South Asia written by Selim Raihan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-27 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gathering contributions from leading academics and international trade experts from South Asia, this book is dedicated to the late Dr. Saman Kelegma, whose untimely death in June 2017 left a huge void in the field of regional economic cooperation. Keeping in mind his enduring legacy regarding regional cooperation in South Asia, it covers issues related to the challenges of deeper regional integration in South Asia and proposes strategies to address these challenges. It also offers an up-to-date, rigorous academic analysis of various issues related to low intra-regional trade in South Asia; prevalence of tariff barriers; incidence of a range of non-tariff measures; challenges of weak-trade-related infrastructure and the need for trade facilitation; the political economics of regional integration, highlighting how bilateral political relations affect the integration process; low level of intra-regional investment; South Asia’s pattern of integration with the global and regional value chains; pattern and dominance of informal trade; and alternative regional integration initiatives in South Asia, such as the bilateral, regional, and sub-regional trade agreements within and countries outside this region. Intended primarily for researchers and students of international trade, and policymakers from South Asia and beyond, the book is also a valuable supplementary reference resource for researchers and students. Furthermore, the pragmatic analysis of the policy options presented offers guidance for policymakers in South Asia wanting to implement effective policies and strategies for deeper regional integration.

Transparency, Trade Costs, and Regional Integration in the Asia Pacific

Author : Matthias Helble Ben Shepherd John S. Wilson
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 39 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Transparency, Trade Costs, and Regional Integration in the Asia Pacific by : Matthias Helble Ben Shepherd John S. Wilson

Download or read book Transparency, Trade Costs, and Regional Integration in the Asia Pacific written by Matthias Helble Ben Shepherd John S. Wilson and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2007 with total page 39 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: The authors show in this paper that increasing the transparency of the trading environment can be an important complement to traditional liberalization of tariff and non-tariff barriers. Our definition of transparency is grounded in a transaction cost analysis. The authors focus on two dimensions of transparency: predictability (reducing the cost of uncertainty) and simplification (reducing information costs). Using the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) member economies as a case study, the authors construct indices of importer and exporter transparency for the region from a wide range of sources. Our results from a gravity model suggest that improving trade-related transparency in APEC could hold significant benefits by raising intra-APEC trade by proximately USD 148 billion or 7.5 pecent of baseline trade in the region.

Asia-Pacific Trade Facilitation Report 2021

Author : Asian Development Bank
Publisher : Asian Development Bank
ISBN 13 : 9292690639
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (926 download)

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Book Synopsis Asia-Pacific Trade Facilitation Report 2021 by : Asian Development Bank

Download or read book Asia-Pacific Trade Facilitation Report 2021 written by Asian Development Bank and published by Asian Development Bank. This book was released on 2021-10-01 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Supply chain disruptions caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic have underscored the need for digital and paperless trade procedures to facilitate trade. This report reviews the impact of trade facilitation initiatives on trade costs in Asia and the Pacific since the pandemic began. A special chapter examines the pandemic’s impact on the supply chains of critical goods such as vaccines, personal protective equipment, and food, and provides policy suggestions toward enhancing supply chain resilience along with trade facilitation. This is the third biennial progress report on trade facilitation implementation in Asia and the Pacific jointly prepared by the Asian Development Bank and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.