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Trade Costs And Markups
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Book Synopsis Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs by : Natalie Chen
Download or read book Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs written by Natalie Chen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2020-02-21 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We investigate theoretically and empirically how exporters adjust their markups across destinations depending on bilateral distance, tariffs, and the quality of their exports. Under the assumption that trade costs are both ad valorem and per unit, our model predicts that markups rise with distance and fall with tariffs, but these effects are heterogeneous and are smaller in magnitude for higher quality exports. We find strong support for the predictions of the model using a unique data set of Argentinean firm-level wine exports combined with experts wine ratings as a measure of quality.
Book Synopsis Trade Costs and Markups by : Alexander McQuoid
Download or read book Trade Costs and Markups written by Alexander McQuoid and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs by :
Download or read book Markups, Quality, and Trade Costs written by and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Prices, Markups and Trade Reform by :
Download or read book Prices, Markups and Trade Reform written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines how prices, markups and marginal costs respond to trade liberalization. We develop a framework to estimate markups from production data with multi-product firms. This approach does not require assumptions on the market structure or demand curves faced by firms, nor assumptions on how firms allocate their inputs across products. We exploit quantity and price information to disentangle markups from quantity-based productivity, and then compute marginal costs by dividing observed prices by the estimated markups. We use India's trade liberalization episode to examine how firms adjust these performance measures. Not surprisingly, we find that trade liberalization lowers factory-gate prices and that output tariff declines have the expected pro-competitive effects. However, the price declines are small relative to the declines in marginal costs, which fall predominantly because of the input tariff liberalization. The reason for this incomplete cost pass-through to prices is that firms offset their reductions in marginal costs by raising markups. Our results demonstrate substantial heterogeneity and variability in markups across firms and time and suggest that producers benefited relative to consumers, at least immediately after the reforms.
Download or read book Markup & Profit written by Michael Stone and published by Craftsman Book Co. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to succeed in a construction business you have to be able to mark up the price of your jobs to cover overhead expenses and make a decent profit. The problem is how much to mark it up. You don't want to lose jobs because you charge too much, and you don't want to work for free because you've charged too little. If you know how much to mark up you can apply it to your job costs and arrive at the right sales price for your work. This book gives you the background and the calculations necessary to easily figure the markup that is right for your business. Includes a CD-ROM with forms and checklists for your use.
Book Synopsis Understanding Markups in the Open Economy Under Bertrand Competition by : Beatriz de Blas
Download or read book Understanding Markups in the Open Economy Under Bertrand Competition written by Beatriz de Blas and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The purpose of this paper is to understand the effects of endogenous markups and trade costs on the pricing behavior of exporters when firms are heterogeneous in productivity. Using new analytical distributions for markups under Bertrand competition, we uncover Ricardian patterns of export pricing that generate higher markups and export price volatility when industrialized countries sell to developing countries. These Ricardian patterns dissipate when developing countries move from bilateral to multilateral trade liberalization. The results arise from a form of price rigidity for exports that arises endogenously due to cut-throat competition, even though prices are otherwise perfectly flexible.
Book Synopsis Constant Versus Variable Markups by : Hakan Yilmazkuday
Download or read book Constant Versus Variable Markups written by Hakan Yilmazkuday and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pass-Through of Trade Costs to U.S. Import Prices by : HAKAN YILMAZKUDAY
Download or read book Pass-Through of Trade Costs to U.S. Import Prices written by HAKAN YILMAZKUDAY and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper measures the pass-through of trade costs into U.S. import prices by using actual data on duties/tariffs and freight-related costs. The key innovation is to decompose the indirect effects of trade costs (on prices) into the effects on markups, quality and productivity while measuring/interpreting the pass-through of trade costs into welfare. Robust to the consideration of variable versus constant markups, there is evidence for incomplete pass-through, mostly due to the negative indirect effects of trade costs on marginal costs, suggesting that lower trade costs are associated with imports that have higher marginal costs; markups are affected relatively less. When the effects of trade costs on marginal costs are further decomposed into their components, the positive contribution of quality dominates in all cases, followed by the negative effects of productivity, suggesting that lower trade costs are associated with higher-quality imports that have been produced with lower productivity.
Book Synopsis Mark-ups, Entry Regulation and Trade by : Bernard M. Hoekman
Download or read book Mark-ups, Entry Regulation and Trade written by Bernard M. Hoekman and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Country size matters in determining the effectiveness of domestic and foreign competition on pricing behavior in manufacturing. Removing barriers to entry of new firms reduces markups more in large countries, while removing barriers to imports reduces markups more in small countries.
Book Synopsis Pricing Made Easy by : Mitesh Maheshwari
Download or read book Pricing Made Easy written by Mitesh Maheshwari and published by Mindpop. This book was released on 2019-11-16 with total page 63 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pricing Made Easy helps you understand What is pricing, Current market pricing scenario, Various pricing strategy, Pricing problem & mistakes in today’s business and Pricing objective. This book teaches you how to Price your product focusing on two main strategies Markup & Markdown with real-time examples and different ways to calculate them. Markdown strategy helps you price your product during a seasonal sale or create a plan before going to the next selling season to keep all products moving through the store as quickly as possible. This strategy is most effective for stores whose customers visit frequently because the store needs to maintain an image of always having exciting new products available. One more reason to use this strategy is Poor performance of the product or reduction of the price because of a product’s inability to sell at its original price. Markup strategy helps you save lots of time by pricing products quickly. If you do not keep up with the prices of your competitors though, you can end up losing lots of money. This will happen if your prices are over or underpriced. In one case you will lose your customers and in the other, you will have lower profit margins. It also helps the vendor to easily calculate profit and Fair price of the product can be easily found. This strategy is mainly used by manufacturers and retailers to calculate their selling price. This book helps you choose prices that maximize profits and shareholder value while considering consumer and market demand.
Book Synopsis Markups, Entry Regulation, and Trade by : Bernard Hoekman
Download or read book Markups, Entry Regulation, and Trade written by Bernard Hoekman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 37 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Country size matters in determining the effectiveness of domestic and foreign competition on pricing behavior in manufacturing. Removing barriers to the entry of new firms reduces markups more in large countries, while removing barriers to imports reduces markups more in small countries.Actual and potential competition is a powerful source of discipline on the pricing behavior of firms with market power. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga develop a simple model that shows that the effects of new entry and import competition on industry price-cost markups depend on country size.The authors predicted that barriers to domestic entry would have a stronger anti-competitive effect in large countries, while barriers to foreign entry (imports) would have a stronger effect in small countries. After estimating markups for manufacturing sectors in 41 industrial and developing countries, they test these hypotheses and find that the hypotheses cannot be rejected by the data. For example, although Indonesia and Italy impose the same number of regulations on the entry of new firms, the effect of the regulations on manufacturing markups is 20 percent greater in Italy because of its larger size. Similarly, while Chile and Zimbabwe have the same import penetration ratio, the market discipline effect of imports is 13 percent greater in Zimbabwe because of its smaller size.This paper - a product of Trade, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the department to understand the links between trade and competition policy. It was prepared as a background paper for the World Bank's World Development Report 2002: Building Institutions for Markets. The authors may be contacted at [email protected], [email protected], or [email protected].
Book Synopsis Pricing-to-market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices by : Andrew Atkeson
Download or read book Pricing-to-market, Trade Costs, and International Relative Prices written by Andrew Atkeson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Trade, Markup Heterogeneity and Misallocations by : Paolo Epifani
Download or read book Trade, Markup Heterogeneity and Misallocations written by Paolo Epifani and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Technology, Market Structure and the Gains from Trade by : Giammario Impullitti
Download or read book Technology, Market Structure and the Gains from Trade written by Giammario Impullitti and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 43 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the gains from trade in an economy with oligopolistic competition, firm heterogeneity, and innovation. Oligopolistic competition together with free entry make markups responsive to firm productivity and trade costs. Lowering trade costs reduces markups on domestic sales but increases markups on export sales, as firms do not pass the entire reduction in trade costs onto foreign consumers. Nevertheless, the downward pressure dominates and the average markup declines, deterring firms from entering the market and leading to higher market concentration. Neither the increased concentration nor the incomplete pass-through of trade costs to export markups are strong enough to compensate for the increase in competition on domestic sales. Thus the overall effect of trade on markups is pro competitive and a key source of the associated welfare gains. In addition to markups, selection and innovation provide additional channels through which the trade-induced effect on competition impacts welfare. In a quantitative exercise, we decompose the total gains from trade into these three contributing channels; we find that innovation plays a small but non-negligible role, while the main component is equally split between the pro-competitive and the selection channel.
Book Synopsis Quality, Trade, and Exchange Rate Pass-Through by : Natalie Chen
Download or read book Quality, Trade, and Exchange Rate Pass-Through written by Natalie Chen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2014-03-12 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates theoretically and empirically the heterogeneous response of exporters to real exchange rate fluctuations due to product quality. Our model shows that the elasticity of demand perceived by exporters decreases with a real depreciation and with quality, leading to more pricing-to-market and to a smaller response of export volumes to a real depreciation for higher quality goods. We test the proposed theory using a highly disaggregated Argentinean firm-level wine export dataset between 2002 and 2009 combined with experts wine rankings as a measure of quality. The model predictions find strong support in the data and the results are robust to different measures of quality, samples, specifications, and to the potential endogeneity of quality.
Book Synopsis Global Declining Competition by : Mr.Federico J Diez
Download or read book Global Declining Competition written by Mr.Federico J Diez and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-04-26 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using a new firm-level dataset on private and listed firms from 20 countries, we document five stylized facts on market power in global markets. First, competition has declined around the world, measured as a moderate increase in average firm markups during 2000- 2015. Second, the markup increase is driven by already high-markup firms (top decile of the markup distribution) that charge increasing markups. Third, markups increased mostly among advanced economies but not in emerging markets. Fourth, there is a non-monotonic relation between firm size and markups that is first decreasing and then increasing. Finally, the increase is mostly driven by increases within incumbents and also by market share reallocation towards high-markup entrants.
Book Synopsis Competition, Markups, and the Gains from International Trade by : Chris Edmond
Download or read book Competition, Markups, and the Gains from International Trade written by Chris Edmond and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We study the gains from trade in a model with endogenously variable markups. We show that the pro-competitive gains from trade are large if the economy is characterized by (i) extensive misallocation, i.e., large inefficiencies associated with markups, and (ii) a weak pattern of cross-country comparative advantage in individual sectors. We find strong evidence for both of these ingredients using producer-level data for Taiwanese manufacturing establishments. Parameterizations of the model consistent with this data thus predict large pro-competitive gains from trade, much larger than those in standard Ricardian models. In stark contrast to standard Ricardian models, data on changes in trade volume are not sufficient for determining the gains from trade.
