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Toxicological Profile For Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants
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Book Synopsis Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants by :
Download or read book Draft toxicological profile for phosphate ester flame retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Draft Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Draft Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 366 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by : Jewell Crawford
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by Jewell Crawford and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants by :
Download or read book Phosphate Ester Flame Retardants written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book ATSDR Toxzine written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals by : National Research Council
Download or read book Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-07-06 with total page 534 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters.
Book Synopsis Taking an Exposure History by : Arthur L. Frank
Download or read book Taking an Exposure History written by Arthur L. Frank and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids, Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids, and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids by :
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Mineral Oil Hydraulic Fluids, Organophosphate Ester Hydraulic Fluids, and Polyalphaolefin Hydraulic Fluids written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Flame Retardants:tris(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate, Tris(2-ethlyhexyl)phosphate and Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Salts by :
Download or read book Flame Retardants:tris(2-butoxyethyl) Phosphate, Tris(2-ethlyhexyl)phosphate and Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium Salts written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials by : Charles A. Wilkie
Download or read book Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials written by Charles A. Wilkie and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2024-07-29 with total page 800 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third edition of Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Materials provides a single source for all aspects of this highly challenging field of applied research. This authoritative book covers design and non-fire requirements that drive how these materials are fire protected. Detailed study and consideration of chemistry, physics, materials science, economic issues and fire safety science is necessary to address considerations of mechanical, thermal, environmental, and end-use requirements on top of fire protection means that the field requires. This thoroughly revised new edition continues to offer comprehensive coverage of the scientific approach for those developing fire safe materials. It covers new topics such as bio-based materials, regulatory issues, recycling, newer flame retardant chemical classes, and more details on how to flame retard materials for specific market applications. Written by a team of experts, this book covers the fundamentals of polymer burning and combustion and how to apply fire protection or flame-retardant chemistries to specific material classes and applications. The book is written for material scientists and fire safety scientists who seek to develop new fire safe materials or understand why materials burn in our modern environment. Features Connects fundamentals of material flammability to practical fire safety needs Covers current fire safety requirements and regulations affecting flame retardant selection Provides information on chemical structure-property relationships for flame retardancy Provides practical guidance on how to design fire safe materials for specific fire risk scenarios The new edition is expanded to 32 chapters and all chapters are updated and revised with the newest information
Book Synopsis Developmental Toxicity of Organophosphate-based Flame Retardants by : Sean P. McGee
Download or read book Developmental Toxicity of Organophosphate-based Flame Retardants written by Sean P. McGee and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture known as PentaBDE was once the primary flame retardant (FR) used in the US to comply with California's Technical Bulletin 117 (TB117) - a mandated flammability standard for polyurethane foam within upholstered furniture and baby products. In 2004, due to concerns about persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity, PentaBDE was voluntarily phased out, prompting an industry-wide shift toward the use of alternative flame retardant formulations containing at least one of the two major classes of organophosphate-based flame retardants (OPFRs) - chlorinated phosphate esters (CPEs) and aryl phosphate esters (APEs). Due to rapid adoption as PentaBDE replacements, organophosphate-based flame retardants (OPFRs) have been detected at concentrations comparable to and, in some cases, higher than total PBDE concentrations in household dust, suggesting that chronic human exposure to these alternative flame retardants following leaching from treated products is common within the United States. Despite the need for a better understanding of the potential developmental effects of OPFRs (since infants and children tend to (1) ingest more house dust than adults due to crawling and mouthing behaviors and (2) be exposed up to five times the acceptable daily OPFR intake level due to use in residential furniture), most studies to date have focused on the genotoxicity or neurotoxicity of OPFRs within adult animals. Using zebrafish as an animal model, the objective of these studies was to begin uncovering the mechanisms of developmental toxicity for OPFRs commonly detected within indoor environments. Our results demonstrate that the two major classes of OPFRs - CPEs and APEs - exhibit distinct mechanisms of toxicity during zebrafish embryogenesis. Specifically, exposure to the high-production volume CPE tris(1,3- dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) delayed zygotic genome remethylation during early embryogenesis, while exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and monoisopropylated triaryl phosphate (Mono-ITP) - two APEs that account for 49% of Firemaster 550, a major PentaBDE replacement - resulted in severe cardiac abnormalities during early vertebrate development. Overall, these results are the first to show early developmental toxicity of widely used and detected OPFRs.
Book Synopsis Toxicological Profile for Hydraulic Fluids by :
Download or read book Toxicological Profile for Hydraulic Fluids written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book EPA/744-R written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook by : Alexander B. Morgan
Download or read book The Non-halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook written by Alexander B. Morgan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-04-07 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A one-stop, practical handbook containing all of the current commercial non-halogenated flame retardant technologies as well as experimental systems near commercialization In response to the emphasis on replacing halogenated flame retardants with alternate technologies, this handbook focuses on existing non-halogenated flame retardants and the experimental close-to-production systems that are available today. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook starts with an overview of the regulations and customer perceptions driving non-halogenated flame retardant selections over older halogenated technologies. It then moves on to cover the known major classes of non-halogenated flame retardants, before concluding with the current niche-performing technologies and untried commercial contenders of the future. The Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook: Takes a practical approach to addressing the narrow subject of non-halogenated flame retardancy—placing more emphasis on flame retardant selection for specific plastics, practical considerations in flame retardant material design, and the various technologies’ strengths and limits Focuses on the proper use of non-halogenated flame retardants, rather than the mechanics of how they work Discusses important future trends in flame retardancy Features sections written by industrial and chemical experts who know how to apply the technology to polymers for fire safety needs
Book Synopsis Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology by : David M. Whitacre
Download or read book Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology written by David M. Whitacre and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-09-19 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology attempts to provide concise, critical reviews of timely advances, philosophy and significant areas of accomplished or needed endeavor in the total field of xenobiotics, in any segment of the environment, as well as toxicological implications.
Book Synopsis Combustion Emissions by : Keith Schofield
Download or read book Combustion Emissions written by Keith Schofield and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-01-10 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Combustion Emissions: Formation, Reaction, and Removal of Trace Metals in Combustion Products presents the latest scientific knowledge on combustion, with a particular focus on the behavior of elements in this high temperature method of energy generation. The book describes methods of control and establishes a solid base of understanding for future research. Encyclopedic in style and consistent in format, each chapter systematically presents a complete analysis of the combustion behavior of each element and guides the reader in resolving specific problems. This includes source levels in fuels and fuel usage, emission and pollutant release into the environment and environmental effects, and more. Societal impacts and environmental concerns are considered throughout, highlighting sustainability aspects across a diverse range of applications, such as within power plants, automobiles and propulsion. Presents the latest research in a very systematic way Includes methods of control and establishes a base of understanding for future research in energy systems Analyzes the individual behavior of 34 elements, considering their chemistry, nature and environmental impacts