Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders

Download Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Sanage Publishing House Llp
ISBN 13 : 9789395741101
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (411 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders by : Warren Buffett

Download or read book Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders written by Warren Buffett and published by Sanage Publishing House Llp. This book was released on 2022-09-09 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Warren E. Buffett first took control of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a small textile company, in April of 1965. A share changed hands for around $18 at the time. Fifty letters to shareholders later, the same share traded for $226,000, compounding investor capital at just under 21% per year-a multiplier of 12,556 times. This book compiles the full, un-edited versions of 50 years of Warren Buffett's letters to the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway. In addition to providing an astounding case study on Berkshire's success, Buffett shows an incredible willingness to share his methods and act as a teacher to his many students. There are hundreds of books about Buffett's life, advice, and methods. These are his actual letters -- word for word -- a "lesson plan" of his views on business and investing. You can find most of the letters for free on Berkshire's website, but this compiles them into a well-designed, easily readable format. Features of the book: * 50 years of Warren Buffett's letters to the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway (769 pages), including 1965-1976 letters not available on Berkshire's website * Tabulated letter years so you can easily flip to the desired letter * Topics index * Company index * Person index * Charts of: Growth in Berkshire's book value and market price relative to benchmarks, Insurance float and performance, the operating businesses of Berkshire.

The Shareholder Value Myth

Download The Shareholder Value Myth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berrett-Koehler Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1605098167
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Shareholder Value Myth by : Lynn Stout

Download or read book The Shareholder Value Myth written by Lynn Stout and published by Berrett-Koehler Publishers. This book was released on 2012-05-07 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth look at the trouble with shareholder value thinking and at better options for models of corporate purpose. Executives, investors, and the business press routinely chant the mantra that corporations are required to “maximize shareholder value.” In this pathbreaking book, renowned corporate expert Lynn Stout debunks the myth that corporate law mandates shareholder primacy. Stout shows how shareholder value thinking endangers not only investors but the rest of us as well, leading managers to focus myopically on short-term earnings; discouraging investment and innovation; harming employees, customers, and communities; and causing companies to indulge in reckless, sociopathic, and irresponsible behaviors. And she looks at new models of corporate purpose that better serve the needs of investors, corporations, and society. “A must-read for managers, directors, and policymakers interested in getting America back in the business of creating real value for the long term.” —Constance E. Bagley, professor, Yale School of Management; president, Academy of Legal Studies in Business; and author of Managers and the Legal Environment and Winning Legally “A compelling call for radically changing the way business is done... The Shareholder Value Myth powerfully demonstrates both the dangers of the shareholder value rule and the falseness of its alleged legal necessity.” —Joel Bakan, professor, The University of British Columbia, and author of the book and film The Corporation “Lynn Stout has a keen mind, a sharp pen, and an unbending sense of fearlessness. Her book is a must-read for anyone interested in understanding the root causes of the current financial calamity.” —Jack Willoughby, senior editor, Barron’s “Lynn Stout offers a new vision of good corporate governance that serves investors, firms, and the American economy.” —Judy Samuelson, executive director, Business and Society Program, The Aspen Institute

Quality Shareholders

Download Quality Shareholders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231552777
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Quality Shareholders by : Lawrence A. Cunningham

Download or read book Quality Shareholders written by Lawrence A. Cunningham and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2020-11-03 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anyone can buy stock in a public company, but not all shareholders are equally committed to a company’s long-term success. In an increasingly fragmented financial world, shareholders’ attitudes toward the companies in which they invest vary widely, from time horizon to conviction. Faced with indexers, short-term traders, and activists, it is more important than ever for businesses to ensure that their shareholders are dedicated to their missions. Today’s companies need “quality shareholders,” as Warren Buffett called those who “load up and stick around,” or buy large stakes and hold for long periods. Lawrence A. Cunningham offers an expert guide to the benefits of attracting and keeping quality shareholders. He demonstrates that a high density of dedicated long-term shareholders results in numerous comparative and competitive advantages for companies and their managers, including a longer runway to execute business strategy and a loyal cohort against adversity. Cunningham explores dozens of corporate practices and policies—such as rational capital allocation, long-term performance metrics, and a shareholder orientation—that can help shape the shareholder base and bring in committed owners. Focusing on the benefits for corporations and their investors, he reveals what draws quality shareholders to certain companies and what it means to have them in an investor base. This book is vital reading for investors, executives, and directors seeking to understand and attract the kind of shareholders that their companies need.

The Responsible Shareholder

Download The Responsible Shareholder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800373406
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Responsible Shareholder by : Bottomley, Stephen

Download or read book The Responsible Shareholder written by Bottomley, Stephen and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining the role of shareholders in modern companies, this timely book argues that more should be expected of shareholders, both morally and legally. It explores the privileged position of shareholders within the corporate law system and the unique rights and duties awarded to them in contrast to other corporate actors. Introducing the concept of shareholders as responsible agents whose actions and inactions should be judged on that basis, Stephen Bottomley unites a number of distinct corporate governance discussions including stewardship, activism and shareholder liability.

Comparative Company Law

Download Comparative Company Law PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107186358
Total Pages : 1095 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Comparative Company Law by : Andreas Cahn

Download or read book Comparative Company Law written by Andreas Cahn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-04 with total page 1095 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents in-depth, comparative analyses of German, UK and US company laws illustrated by leading cases, with German cases in English translation.

Creating Shareholder Value

Download Creating Shareholder Value PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 0684844567
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (848 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creating Shareholder Value by : Alfred Rappaport

Download or read book Creating Shareholder Value written by Alfred Rappaport and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 1999-10-13 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economist, consultant, and Wall Street Journal contributor Alfred Rappaport provides managers and investors with the practical tools and tests for a corporate strategy that creates shareholder value. The ultimate test of corporate strategy, the only reliable measure, is whether it creates economic value for shareholders. After a decade of downsizings frequently blamed on shareholder value decision making, this book presents a new and indepth assessment of the rationale for shareholder value. Further, Rappaport presents provocative new insights on shareholder value applications to: (1) business planning, (2) performance evaluation, (3) executive compensation, (4) mergers and acquisitions, (5) interpreting stock market signals, and (6) organizational implementation. Readers will be particularly interested in Rappaport's answers to three management performance evaluation questions: (1) What is the most appropriate measure of performance? (2) What is the most appropriate target level of performance? and (3) How should rewards be linked to performance? Through the lens of high-stakes case studies, like the notable acquisition of Duracell International by Gillette, Rappaport dissects the intricate decisions and risks inherent in the merger and acquisition process. The shareholder value approach presented here has been widely embraced by publicly traded as well as privately held companies worldwide. Brilliant and incisive, this is the one book that should be required reading for managers and investors who want to stay on the cutting edge of success in a highly competitive global economy.

Corporate Law and the Theory of the Firm

Download Corporate Law and the Theory of the Firm PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000061841
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Corporate Law and the Theory of the Firm by : Wm. Dennis Huber

Download or read book Corporate Law and the Theory of the Firm written by Wm. Dennis Huber and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-04-08 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dozens of judicial opinions have held that shareholders own corporations, that directors are agents of shareholders, and even that directors are trustees of shareholders’ property. Yet, until now, it has never been proven. These doctrines rest on unsubstantiated assumptions. In this book the author performs a rigorous, systematic analysis of common law, contract law, property law, agency law, partnership law, trust law, and corporate statutory law using judicial rulings that prove shareholders do not own corporations, that there is no separation of ownership and control, directors are not agents of shareholders, and shareholders are not investors in corporations. Furthermore, the author proves the theory of the firm, which is founded on the separation of ownership and control and directors as agents of shareholders, promotes an agenda that wilfully ignores fundamental property law and agency law. However, since shareholders do not own the corporation, and directors are not agents of shareholders, the theory of the firm collapses. The book corrects decades of confusion and misguided research in corporate law and the economic theory of the firm and will allow readers to understand how property law, agency law, and economics contradict each other when applied to corporate law. It will appeal to researchers and upper-level and graduate students in economics, finance, accounting, law, and sociology, as well as attorneys and accountants.

Taxation of Regulated Investment Companies and Their Shareholders

Download Taxation of Regulated Investment Companies and Their Shareholders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Warren Gorham & Lamont
ISBN 13 : 9780791337639
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (376 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Taxation of Regulated Investment Companies and Their Shareholders by : Susan A. Johnston

Download or read book Taxation of Regulated Investment Companies and Their Shareholders written by Susan A. Johnston and published by Warren Gorham & Lamont. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stakeholder Capitalism

Download Stakeholder Capitalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119756138
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (197 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stakeholder Capitalism by : Klaus Schwab

Download or read book Stakeholder Capitalism written by Klaus Schwab and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-01-27 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reimagining our global economy so it becomes more sustainable and prosperous for all Our global economic system is broken. But we can replace the current picture of global upheaval, unsustainability, and uncertainty with one of an economy that works for all people, and the planet. First, we must eliminate rising income inequality within societies where productivity and wage growth has slowed. Second, we must reduce the dampening effect of monopoly market power wielded by large corporations on innovation and productivity gains. And finally, the short-sighted exploitation of natural resources that is corroding the environment and affecting the lives of many for the worse must end. The debate over the causes of the broken economy—laissez-faire government, poorly managed globalization, the rise of technology in favor of the few, or yet another reason—is wide open. Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy that Works for Progress, People and Planet argues convincingly that if we don't start with recognizing the true shape of our problems, our current system will continue to fail us. To help us see our challenges more clearly, Schwab—the Founder and Executive Chairman of the World Economic Forum—looks for the real causes of our system's shortcomings, and for solutions in best practices from around the world in places as diverse as China, Denmark, Ethiopia, Germany, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Singapore. And in doing so, Schwab finds emerging examples of new ways of doing things that provide grounds for hope, including: Individual agency: how countries and policies can make a difference against large external forces A clearly defined social contract: agreement on shared values and goals allows government, business, and individuals to produce the most optimal outcomes Planning for future generations: short-sighted presentism harms our shared future, and that of those yet to be born Better measures of economic success: move beyond a myopic focus on GDP to more complete, human-scaled measures of societal flourishing By accurately describing our real situation, Stakeholder Capitalism is able to pinpoint achievable ways to deal with our problems. Chapter by chapter, Professor Schwab shows us that there are ways for everyone at all levels of society to reshape the broken pieces of the global economy and—country by country, company by company, and citizen by citizen—glue them back together in a way that benefits us all.

Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility

Download Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783642280351
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (83 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility by : Samuel O. Idowu

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility written by Samuel O. Idowu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2013-01-27 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of Corporate Social Responsibility in the business world has developed from a fig leaf marketing front into an important aspect of corporate behavior over the past several years. Sustainable strategies are valued, desired and deployed more and more by relevant players in many industries all over the world. Both research and corporate practice therefore see CSR as a guiding principle for business success. The “Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility” has been conceived to assist researchers and practitioners to align business and societal objectives. All actors in the field will find reliable and up to date definitions and explanations of the key terms of CSR in this authoritative and comprehensive reference work. Leading experts from the global CSR community have contributed to make the “Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility” the definitive resource for this field of research and practice.

Handbook for the Conduct of Shareholders' Meetings

Download Handbook for the Conduct of Shareholders' Meetings PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corporate Governance Committee Section of Business Can Bar A
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook for the Conduct of Shareholders' Meetings by :

Download or read book Handbook for the Conduct of Shareholders' Meetings written by and published by Corporate Governance Committee Section of Business Can Bar A. This book was released on 2000 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Little Book of Stock Market Profits

Download The Little Book of Stock Market Profits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118192419
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (181 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Little Book of Stock Market Profits by : Mitch Zacks

Download or read book The Little Book of Stock Market Profits written by Mitch Zacks and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-10-19 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A timely guide to making the best investment strategies even better A wide variety of strategies have been identified over the years, which purportedly outperform the stock market. Some of these include buying undervalued stocks while others rely on technical analysis techniques. It's fair to say no one method is fool proof and most go through both up and down periods. The challenge for an investor is picking the right method at the right time. The Little Book of Stock Market Profits shows you how to achieve this elusive goal and make the most of your time in today's markets. Written by Mitch Zacks, Senior Portfolio Manager of Zacks Investment Management, this latest title in the Little Book series reveals stock market strategies that really work and then shows you how they can be made even better. It skillfully highlights earnings-based investing strategies, the hallmark of the Zacks process, but it also identifies strategies based on valuations, seasonal patterns and price momentum. Specifically, the book: Identifies stock market investment strategies that work, those that don't, and what it takes for an individual investor to truly succeed in today's dynamic market Discusses how the performance of each strategy examined can be improved by combining into them into a multifactor approach Gives investors a clear path to integrating the best investment strategies of all time into their own personal portfolio Investing can be difficult, but with the right strategies you can improve your overall performance. The Little book of Stock Market Profits will show you how.

Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders, 2013

Download Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders, 2013 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Explorist Productions
ISBN 13 : 9780615975078
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders, 2013 by : Warren Buffett

Download or read book Berkshire Hathaway Letters to Shareholders, 2013 written by Warren Buffett and published by Explorist Productions. This book was released on 2014 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Warren E. Buffett first took control of Berkshire Hathaway Inc., a small textile company, in April of 1965. A share changed hands for around $18 at the time. Fifty letters to shareholders later, the same share traded for $226,000, compounding investor capital at just under 21% per year-a multiplier of 12,556 times. This book compiles the full, un-edited versions of 50 years of Warren Buffett's letters to the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway. In addition to providing an astounding case study on Berkshire's success, Buffett shows an incredible willingness to share his methods and act as a teacher to his many students. There are hundreds of books about Buffett's life, advice, and methods. These are his actual letters -- word for word -- a "lesson plan" of his views on business and investing. You can find most of the letters for free on Berkshire's website, but this compiles them into a well-designed, easily readable format. Features of the book: 50 years of Warren Buffett's letters to the shareholders of Berkshire Hathaway (769 pages), including 1965-1976 letters not available on Berkshire's website Tabulated letter years so you can easily flip to the desired letter Topics index Company index Person index Charts of: Growth in Berkshire's book value and market price relative to benchmarks, Insurance float and performance, the operating businesses of Berkshire

Dear Chairman

Download Dear Chairman PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : HarperCollins
ISBN 13 : 0062369849
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Dear Chairman by : Jeff Gramm

Download or read book Dear Chairman written by Jeff Gramm and published by HarperCollins. This book was released on 2016-02-23 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A sharp and illuminating history of one of capitalism’s longest running tensions—the conflicts of interest among public company directors, managers, and shareholders—told through entertaining case studies and original letters from some of our most legendary and controversial investors and activists. Recent disputes between shareholders and major corporations, including Apple and DuPont, have made headlines. But the struggle between management and those who own stock has been going on for nearly a century. Mixing never-before-published and rare, original letters from Wall Street icons—including Benjamin Graham, Warren Buffett, Ross Perot, Carl Icahn, and Daniel Loeb—with masterful scholarship and professional insight, Dear Chairman traces the rise in shareholder activism from the 1920s to today, and provides an invaluable and unprecedented perspective on what it means to be a public company, including how they work and who is really in control. Jeff Gramm analyzes different eras and pivotal boardroom battles from the last century to understand the factors that have caused shareholders and management to collide. Throughout, he uses the letters to show how investors interact with directors and managers, how they think about their target companies, and how they plan to profit. Each is a fascinating example of capitalism at work told through the voices of its most colorful, influential participants. A hedge fund manager and an adjunct professor at Columbia Business School, Gramm has spent as much time evaluating CEOs and directors as he has trying to understand and value businesses. He has seen public companies that are poorly run, and some that willfully disenfranchise their shareholders. While he pays tribute to the ingenuity of public company investors, Gramm also exposes examples of shareholder activism at its very worst, when hedge funds engineer stealthy land-grabs at the expense of a company’s long term prospects. Ultimately, he provides a thorough, much-needed understanding of the public company/shareholder relationship for investors, managers, and everyone concerned with the future of capitalism.

The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder

Download The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674972139
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder by : David Webber

Download or read book The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder written by David Webber and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-02 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Steven Burd, CEO of the supermarket chain Safeway, cut wages and benefits, starting a five-month strike by 59,000 unionized workers, he was confident he would win. But where traditional labor action failed, a novel approach was more successful. With the aid of the California Public Employees’ Retirement System, a $300 billion pension fund, workers led a shareholder revolt that unseated three of Burd’s boardroom allies. In The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder: Labor's Last Best Weapon, David Webber uses cases such as Safeway’s to shine a light on labor’s most potent remaining weapon: its multitrillion-dollar pension funds. Outmaneuvered at the bargaining table and under constant assault in Washington, state houses, and the courts, worker organizations are beginning to exercise muscle through markets. Shareholder activism has been used to divest from anti-labor companies, gun makers, and tobacco; diversify corporate boards; support Occupy Wall Street; force global warming onto the corporate agenda; create jobs; and challenge outlandish CEO pay. Webber argues that workers have found in labor’s capital a potent strategy against their exploiters. He explains the tactic’s surmountable difficulties even as he cautions that corporate interests are already working to deny labor’s access to this powerful and underused tool. The Rise of the Working-Class Shareholder is a rare good-news story for American workers, an opportunity hiding in plain sight. Combining legal rigor with inspiring narratives of labor victory, Webber shows how workers can wield their own capital to reclaim their strength.

The Cambridge Handbook of Shareholder Engagement and Voting

Download The Cambridge Handbook of Shareholder Engagement and Voting PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108913075
Total Pages : 1013 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Shareholder Engagement and Voting by : Harpreet Kaur

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Shareholder Engagement and Voting written by Harpreet Kaur and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-09-15 with total page 1013 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: All over the world, companies play an important role in the economy. Different types of stakeholders hold the reins in these companies. An important class are the shareholders that finance the activities of these companies. In return, stakeholders have a say on how these companies should be organized and structure their activities. This is primarily done through voting and engaging. These mechanisms of voting and engaging allow the shareholders to decide significant aspects of the company structure, from who governs it to how much directors are paid. However, how shareholders vote and engage and how far their rights stretch are organized differently in different countries. This pioneering book provides insights into what rights these shareholders have and how the shareholders of companies in nineteen different jurisdictions participate in corporate life through voting and engaging. Comparative and international in scope, it pays particular attention to how jurisdictions align and differ around the world.

The Myth of the Rational Market

Download The Myth of the Rational Market PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0060599030
Total Pages : 418 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (65 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Myth of the Rational Market by : Justin Fox

Download or read book The Myth of the Rational Market written by Justin Fox and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2011-02-08 with total page 418 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The financial crisis of 2008 and subsequent Great Recession demolished many cherished beliefs—most significantly, the theory that financial markets always get things right. Justin Fox's The Myth of the Rational Market explains where that idea came from, and where it went wrong. As much an intellectual whodunit as a cultural history of the perils and possibilities of risk, it also brings to life the people and ideas that forged modern finance and investing—from the formative days of Wall Street through the Great Depression and into the financial calamities of today. It's a tale featuring professors who made and lost fortunes, battled fiercely over ideas, beat the house at blackjack, wrote bestselling books, and played major roles on the world stage. It's also a story of free-market capitalism's war with itself.