Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Download Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 1789857651
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens by : Muhammad Abubakar

Download or read book Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens written by Muhammad Abubakar and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-03-13 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is vital to understand ticks and tick-borne pathogens as well as their impact on humans. This book is intended for students in parasitology, biologists, parasitologists involved in molecular diagnostics of tick-borne diseases, practicing veterinarians, and for others who may require information on ticks and tick-borne diseases. Here we have put together a collection of chapters focused on different aspects of ticks and tick-borne diseases mainly to provide the reader with novel information in the field, but not the basic generalised information provided by many textbooks. This book includes topics such as high-throughput technologies in diagnosis, discovery of novel tick vaccines, identification of new pathogens transmitted by ticks, and new epidemiological information of certain well-known ticks and tick-borne diseases. These chapters were authored by parasitologists from all over the world, giving an insight to the reader about significant ticks and tick-borne diseases prevalent in those particular geographical regions with the local expert's point of view. Each of the chapters has separate reference lists, making it easier for the reader to find additional reading material related to their topic of interest.

Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases

Download Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309377595
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2016-10-21 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases â€" including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague â€" together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.

Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases

Download Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309211093
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases by : Institute of Medicine

Download or read book Critical Needs and Gaps in Understanding Prevention, Amelioration, and Resolution of Lyme and Other Tick-Borne Diseases written by Institute of Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2011-07-01 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A single tick bite can have debilitating consequences. Lyme disease is the most common disease carried by ticks in the United States, and the number of those afflicted is growing steadily. If left untreated, the diseases carried by ticks-known as tick-borne diseases-can cause severe pain, fatigue, neurological problems, and other serious health problems. The Institute of Medicine held a workshop October 11-12, 2010, to examine the state of the science in Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases.

Ticks of Trinidad and Tobago - an Overview

Download Ticks of Trinidad and Tobago - an Overview PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128097515
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks of Trinidad and Tobago - an Overview by : Asoke Kumar Basu

Download or read book Ticks of Trinidad and Tobago - an Overview written by Asoke Kumar Basu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-01-04 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ticks of Trinidad and Tobago: An Overview explores tick species prevalent in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T), their distribution, associated pathogens, their effects on the host, and control methods. The book also reviews the basic biology of ticks. Ticks are known to parasitize a wide range of hosts including mammals, reptiles and birds. These parasites are of veterinary and public health significance since they are responsible for the spread of a number of pathogens to humans and animals. Worldwide, ticks are responsible for billions of dollars in losses in the livestock industry annually due to the effects of these pathogens. Based on review of the literature from more than five decades, twenty-three species of both hard and soft tick have been discovered on the twin-island republic with a greater number of species in Trinidad. Tick genera observed and recorded included Argas, Ornithodoros, Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Ixodes, and Rhipicephalus species. The tick species found in Trinidad and Tobago parasitize both wild and domestic species. Hosts include bats, fowl, equids, wild and domestic ruminants, birds, rodents, marsupials, and a variety of reptiles such as toads, tortoises, and snakes. Based on geographical location, most tick species discovered in T&T have also been recorded in other Caribbean islands in the archipelago, North, Central and South America. Both soft and hard tick species found in T&T have also been implicated in a number of blood-borne pathogens including Borrelia, Ehrlichia, Babesia, Hepatozoon, Rickettsia, and Anaplasma. Examines the biology of tick species on hosts endemic to Trinidad and Tobago Provides pictorial keys Facilitates identification, prevention, and control of tick-borne diseases in the tropical region Assists with diagnosing tick-borne diseases

Ticks

Download Ticks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107321076
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (21 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks by : Alan S. Bowman

Download or read book Ticks written by Alan S. Bowman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-12-04 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Widespread and increasing resistance to most available acaracides threatens both global livestock industries and public health. This necessitates better understanding of ticks and the diseases they transmit in the development of new control strategies. Ticks: Biology, Disease and Control is written by an international collection of experts and covers in-depth information on aspects of the biology of the ticks themselves, various veterinary and medical tick-borne pathogens, and aspects of traditional and potential new control methods. A valuable resource for graduate students, academic researchers and professionals, the book covers the whole gamut of ticks and tick-borne diseases from microsatellites to satellite imagery and from exploiting tick saliva for therapeutic drugs to developing drugs to control tick populations. It encompasses the variety of interconnected fields impinging on the economically important and biologically fascinating phenomenon of ticks, the diseases they transmit and methods of their control.

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

Download Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 1845938534
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (459 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases by : Mowafak Dauod Salman

Download or read book Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases written by Mowafak Dauod Salman and published by CABI. This book was released on 2013 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is comprised of 7 chapters covering the geographical distribution and control of ticks and tickborne diseases in the Euro-Asia region. Chapter 1 focuses on the factors behind the emergence and reemergence of tickborne diseases, highlighting the theme of environmental and climatic change and also the renewed interest in ticks and the diseases they transmit, which has been stimulated by an increased awareness of tickborne zoonoses. Chapter 2 describes the basic biology of a total of 25 important tick species endemic to part or all of the geographical region under consideration, and also includes short accounts of their life cycles, geographical distributions and significance as vectors. The factors responsible for the spread and distribution of ticks are considered in chapter 3, which include climate, land use, animal movement (both wild and domestic) and importation of exotic vertebrates. Tickborne infections are reviewed in chapter 4. The geographical distribution of tickborne pathogens is the focus of Chapter 5, in the form of maps with accompanying qualifying and illustrative comments. Chapter 6 addresses the distributions of the vector ticks. Chapter 7 addresses the surveillance and control of ticks and tickborne diseases. It includes a brief description of tick sampling methods, an introduction to the principles of surveillance and monitoring and control options for both ixodids and argasids.

Arthropods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases

Download Arthropods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642288421
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Arthropods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases by : Heinz Mehlhorn

Download or read book Arthropods as Vectors of Emerging Diseases written by Heinz Mehlhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-05 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming and globalization are the buzzwords of our time. They have nearly reached a religious status and those who deny their existence are considered modern heretics. Nevertheless, the earth has become an overcrowded village, traversable within a single day. Thus it is hardly surprising that besides persons and goods also agents of disease are easily transported daily from one end of the world to the other, threatening the health and lives of billions of humans and their animals. Agents of diseases (prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites) are not only transmitted by body contact or direct exchange of bodily fluids, but also by means of vectors which belong to the groups of licking or blood-sucking arthropods (mites, ticks, insects) that live close to humans and their houses. Without a doubt the recently accelerating globalization supports the import of agents of disease into countries where they never had been or where they had long since been eradicated, leading to a false sense of living on a “safe island.” These newly imported or reintroduced diseases – called “emerging diseases” – may lead to severe outbreaks in cases where the countries are not prepared to combat them, or in cases where viruses are introduced that cannot be controlled by medications or vaccines. Arthropods are well known vectors for the spread of diseases. Thus their invasion from foreign countries and their spreading close to human dwellings must be blocked everywhere (in donor and receptor countries) using safe and effective measures. This book presents reviews on examples of such arthropod-borne emerging diseases that lurk on the fringes of our crowded megacities. The following topics show that there is an ongoing invasion of potential vectors and that control measures must be used now in order to avoid disastrous outbreaks of mass diseases.

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Download Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402014505
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (145 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens by : Frans Jongejan

Download or read book Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens written by Frans Jongejan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2003-09-30 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Biology of Ticks Volume 1

Download Biology of Ticks Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019974405X
Total Pages : 557 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Biology of Ticks Volume 1 by : Daniel E. Sonenshine

Download or read book Biology of Ticks Volume 1 written by Daniel E. Sonenshine and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2013-12 with total page 557 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spanning two volumes, this is the most comprehensive work on tick biology and tick-borne diseases.

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Download Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401735263
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens by : Frans Jongejan

Download or read book Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens written by Frans Jongejan and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume contains the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens (TTP-4), held in Banff, Alberta, Canada, from 21 to 26 July 2002. TTP-4 continues an important tradition established in 1992 at the first Conference in St. Paul, Minnesota, USA, and developed subsequently at the Kruger National Park, South Africa (1995) and the High Tatra Mountains, Slovakia (1999). The 31 papers published in this special issue are divided between six sessions, with a keynote address as an introduction. The first session, which deals with biosystematics, genomics and proteomics of ticks, contains the most recent world list of valid tick names. The papers deal with a broad range of tick-host-pathogen interactions, including remote sensing and mapping of ticks and tick-borne pathogens as well as practical aspects of tick control. It is recommended reading for anyone working on ticks and tick-borne pathogens, which are of increasing medical and veterinary importance worldwide.

Preventing Lyme & Other Tick-Borne Diseases

Download Preventing Lyme & Other Tick-Borne Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Storey Publishing, LLC
ISBN 13 : 1635862108
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (358 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Preventing Lyme & Other Tick-Borne Diseases by : Alexis Chesney

Download or read book Preventing Lyme & Other Tick-Borne Diseases written by Alexis Chesney and published by Storey Publishing, LLC. This book was released on 2020-03-03 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Disease-carrying ticks are found in all 50 states in the U.S. and, as their numbers rise and their ranges increase, so, too, do cases of tick-borne illnesses. Alexis Chesney, a naturopathic physician specializing in the treatment of diseases transmitted through tick bites, offers a comprehensive strategy for reducing exposure to disease-causing organisms and boosting the effectiveness of standard treatment protocols. With an overview of the tick species present in the U.S. and profiles of Lyme and other top diagnosed tick-borne diseases, including anaplasmosis and babesiosis, this guide gives concerned readers and medical professionals alike a deeper understanding of how tick populations — and associated illnesses — spread, and how to combat them naturally. In addition to covering landscape-management methods for dramatically reducing tick populations around the home, Chesney outlines prophylactic herbal tinctures that provide an additional layer of protection against tick-borne illnesses — an important strategy for those living in high-risk regions, especially in the event of an undetected bite. Chesney also provides options for treating acute tick-borne diseases, if symptoms develop, as well as herbs that can be used in combination with antibiotics to augment their efficacy. This publication conforms to the EPUB Accessibility specification at WCAG 2.0 Level AA.

Rickettsial Diseases

Download Rickettsial Diseases PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 142001997X
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rickettsial Diseases by : Didier Raoult

Download or read book Rickettsial Diseases written by Didier Raoult and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-04-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only available reference to comprehensively discuss the common and unusual types of rickettsiosis in over twenty years, this book will offer the reader a full review on the bacteriology, transmission, and pathophysiology of these conditions. Written from experts in the field from Europe, USA, Africa, and Asia, specialists analyze specific patho

Ticks and Host Immunity – New Strategies for Controlling Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Download Ticks and Host Immunity – New Strategies for Controlling Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889740188
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Host Immunity – New Strategies for Controlling Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens by : Ala E. Tabor

Download or read book Ticks and Host Immunity – New Strategies for Controlling Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens written by Ala E. Tabor and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-01-10 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ticks of Europe and North Africa

Download Ticks of Europe and North Africa PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783030097042
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks of Europe and North Africa by : Agustín Estrada-Peña

Download or read book Ticks of Europe and North Africa written by Agustín Estrada-Peña and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-11 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book includes descriptive keys for identifying every stage of all the species of ticks reported in Europe and northern Africa. It includes descriptive texts on the ecology and prominent features of each species, together with ink illustrations and distribution maps of more than 60 species of hard and soft ticks. The text for each species was prepared by specialists, the illustrations were made especially for this book and the maps were compiled on the basis of more than 40 years of records. This book is the first to offer keys for more than 60 species of ticks (both immature and adult) in the target territory. It also includes supplementary information with bibliographical details for each species. This book is based upon work from COST Action TD1303, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology)

Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens

Download Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781789857665
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (576 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens by : Piyumali K. Perera

Download or read book Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens written by Piyumali K. Perera and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is vital to understand ticks and tick-borne pathogens as well as their impact on humans. This book is intended for students in parasitology, biologists, parasitologists involved in molecular diagnostics of tick-borne diseases, practicing veterinarians, and for others who may require information on ticks and tick-borne diseases. Here we have put together a collection of chapters focused on different aspects of ticks and tick-borne diseases mainly to provide the reader with novel information in the field, but not the basic generalised information provided by many textbooks. This book includes topics such as high-throughput technologies in diagnosis, discovery of novel tick vaccines, identification of new pathogens transmitted by ticks, and new epidemiological information of certain well-known ticks and tick-borne diseases. These chapters were authored by parasitologists from all over the world, giving an insight to the reader about significant ticks and tick-borne diseases prevalent in those particular geographical regions with the local expert's point of view. Each of the chapters has separate reference lists, making it easier for the reader to find additional reading material related to their topic of interest.

The biology and ecology of ticks shape the potential for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens.

Download The biology and ecology of ticks shape the potential for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 288919406X
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The biology and ecology of ticks shape the potential for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. by : Agustín Estrada-Peña

Download or read book The biology and ecology of ticks shape the potential for the transmission of zoonotic pathogens. written by Agustín Estrada-Peña and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-02-24 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ticks are noticeable by the high diversity of pathogens they can transmit, most of them with implications in human and animal health. Ticks are arachnids, meaning that they do not share the biological and ecological features of the mosquitoes and other parasitic Diptera. The natural foci of tick-borne pathogens may be as large as a continent, or be restricted to small portions of a country, without apparently too many similar features. The life cycle of the ticks involved three developing instars. The precise relationships of ticks and their hosts, the specific seasonal pattern of activity of ticks, and the still poorly known molecular relationships between ticks and the pathogens they can transmit, make these vectors a specially fecund field of research. Importantly, extensive studies on the biological and ecological relationships of ticks and abiotic (climate and vegetation) conditions have revealed the fine-tuning of the ticks and the pathogens they transmit, together with the biological effects of host and the driving features by the climate. The studies on tick-transmitted pathogens have been on the rise in the last years. There is a growing interest in understand the somewhat complex relationships between the landscape, the climate, the vectors and the pathogens, because the concerns of spread, probably driven by subtle changes in climate and man made alterations of the landscape. Studies on Lyme borreliosis are addressing the interesting issue of the relationships between the climate, the tick activity patterns, and the selection of strains according to the reservoir availability. Furthermore, the expanding field of habitat suitability modeling has been applied with different degrees of success to evaluate and quantify the risk of disease transmission. In such exponentially growing field, revisionary books are clearly welcome additions to the bibliographical tools of researchers. It is however necessary the compilation of works devoted to explore the tip of the iceberg in the field of research. In this Research Topic, we wish to summarize and review the studies on ecology, molecular biology, and tick-host-pathogens interactions, provided to resolve the important issues of ticks and pathogens. We want not only the results obtained by newly developed molecular tools, but rigorous reviews of the most recent advances in these issues. This Topic will cover aspects of both human and animal health, with special interest on zoonoses. Aspects of the biology of the ticks, as affecting the transmission of pathogens, are of special interest in this Topic. Studies on ticks of the poorly known family Argasidae, as related to their involvement on pathogen transmission, are especially welcome. We also wish to describe the perspective of the field in the future. Finally, the presentation of ongoing original works is greatly encouraged.

Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis

Download Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Brill Wageningen Academic
ISBN 13 : 9789086862931
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (629 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis by : Marieta A. H. Braks

Download or read book Ecology and Prevention of Lyme Borreliosis written by Marieta A. H. Braks and published by Brill Wageningen Academic. This book was released on 2016-11-28 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How can nature be protected and biodiversity be preserved while the threats of zoonotic diseases are minimised? Expanding nature areas and creating ecological networks across Europe is not only beneficial for wildlife, but also for the pathogens they carry. A prominent case is Lyme borreliosis, which has risen from relative obscurity to become a major public health problem in Europe. The Dutch research program 'Shooting the messenger' took a 'One Health' approach aiming at the development of sustainable measures for the prevention of Lyme borreliosis. An interdisciplinary network of researchers, public health experts, and nature managers gained and shared knowledge in the ecological processes of ticks, Lyme spirochaetes and their vertebrate hosts as well as in the human epidemiology of tick bites and Lyme borreliosis. These new insights, together with new intervention methods and strategies, are described in this book.