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Third Party Certification And The Effectiveness Of Voluntary Pollution Abatement Programs
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Book Synopsis Third-Party Certification and the Effectiveness of Voluntary Pollution Abatement Programs by : Martina Vidovic
Download or read book Third-Party Certification and the Effectiveness of Voluntary Pollution Abatement Programs written by Martina Vidovic and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We analyze whether third-party certification has been successful in improving the performance of voluntary pollution abatement in the Responsible Care (RC) program which made certification mandatory from 2005 onward. We use facility-level panel data from 821 plants between 1996 and 2010, and exploit the change in the program requirements to estimate the causal impact of third-party certification on participating facility emissions compared to non-RC plants in the U.S. chemical industry. We address endogenous selection into RC via instrumental variables, and explore heterogeneity in the treatment effect. We find that, on average, there is no statistically discernible effect of third-party certification on facility emissions, and that this result is robust to a variety of models that correspond to different assumptions related to identification.
Book Synopsis Voluntary Environmental Programs by : Peter DeLeon
Download or read book Voluntary Environmental Programs written by Peter DeLeon and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2010 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting the environment is often not the primary objective of businesses. As the world has become more environmentally aware, the necessity of environmental regulations becomes apparent. Voluntary Environmental Programs: A Policy Perspective examines different approaches to environmental protection in business. Typically, environmental improvements on the part of industry result from government regulations that command certain action from industry and then control how well it performs. An alternative approach is voluntary environmental agreements, where firms voluntarily commit to make certain environmental improvements individually, as part of an industry association, or under the guidance of a government entity. For example, many new initiatives targeting climate change originate from companies that voluntarily commit to reduce their carbon output or footprint.
Book Synopsis Industry Self-Regulation and Voluntary Environmental Compliance by : Jr., Al Iannuzzi
Download or read book Industry Self-Regulation and Voluntary Environmental Compliance written by Jr., Al Iannuzzi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Why self-regulation? With the advent of such concepts as design for the environment, industrial ecology, and the recognized enlightened self-interest that voluntary compliance brings, it is in any company's best interest to avoid fines, liabilities, and bad publicity. Consumer concern and pressure from the marketplace give a competitive advantage t
Book Synopsis The Effects of Voluntary Pollution Control Programs on Firm Performance by : Xiaoliu Xu (Ph. D. in applied economics)
Download or read book The Effects of Voluntary Pollution Control Programs on Firm Performance written by Xiaoliu Xu (Ph. D. in applied economics) and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Governments around the world increasingly emphasize voluntary environmental overcompliance as a viable approach of pollution control. This shift in paradigm led the United States to pass the Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) in 1990, which created a national policy to have pollution prevented or reduced at the source wherever possible. Similarly, the United Nations reached an agreement to protect the environment during the ``Earth Summit'' in Rio de Janeiro in 1992. Four years later, in 1996, the International Standardization Organization (ISO) published an international voluntary standard, ISO 14001, to set out the requirements for an environmental management system (EMS), which is defined as ``part of the management system used to manage environmental aspects, fulfill compliance obligations, and address risks and opportunities''. My dissertation seeks to increase the understanding of how these voluntary pollution control programs affects firm financial and environmental performance heterogeneously. The first chapter investigates the heterogeneous effects of ISO 14001 adoption on firm financial performance. A voluntary pollution program can affect firm financial performance through two main ways: improved market performance and reduced costs/improved production efficiency. However, firms with different characteristics may response differently to the ISO adoption. For instance, larger firms are usually associated with superior financial resources and are therefore more resilient regarding operational changes like the implementation of ISO 14001. Accordingly, we argue that ISO 14001 adoption affects firm financial performance heterogeneously and aim to uncover this heterogeneity in this chapter. Based on a panel of 5,245 South Korean manufacturing firms, we utilize the machine learning approaches, namely causal tree and causal forest, to reveal the heterogeneous effects successfully. Specifically, our results indicate that all groups of firms are able to increase their sales revenue with the certification, on average. When it comes to profitability, we notice a significant heterogeneity in the certification's effects. Specifically, older firms that have a lower debt-to-equity ratio, with higher advertising investment, and are located outside the electronic component industry are able to increase their profitability by about 5\%. The second chapter examines how 43 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)-based voluntary pollution prevention (P2) activites affects firm total toxic releases heterogeneously. We compile a panel of 1286 U.S. firms over 1988-2015 and employ both conventional and novel approaches in this study. Our regression results indicate that the adoption of P2 practices can significantly reduce firm toxic pollution on average. However, the effectiveness of P2 practices vary by their functional characteristics. Specifically, our principal component analysis results indicate that P2 practices that involves changes in procedure and input are most effective, conversely, P2 practices related to changes in equipment increase the toxic releases. Our machine learning analysis confirms the theory that firms investing more in research and development (i.e., greater than 1 billion dollars), selling final goods to the market, or involving more chemicals (i.e., more than 25 types of chemicals) in their operation processes are more likely to achieve greater pollution reduction through P2 adoption. The third chapter explores how P2 adoption affects firm financial performance. The analysis is undertaken based on a panel of 1,611 US firms in the S\&P Compustat database over the period 1988-2015. Our results indicate that the average impact on financial indicators is insignificant, which is in consistent with the finding in the first chapter. However, unlike the first chapter, we couldn't identify a boost effect of P2 adoption on firm total sales revenue. This is a plausible result since firms adopt P2 for different purposes. For ISO 14001, as identified by many previous studies, one of the main motivations of being certified is to attract ``green'' customers, fulfill the requests by foreign markets and boost sales (A li et al., 2020; Sam & Song, 2022). As for P2 adoption in the U.S. context, many companies implement EPA-based pollution prevention practices with the main intention to reduce TRI chemical releases and relax potential regulatory scrutiny \shortcite{innes2008voluntary}, and the financial benefits are often not a primary concern. Therefore, with the associated P2 implementation costs and no significant boost in sales, firms profitability will more likely be negatively affected.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics by :
Download or read book Encyclopedia of Energy, Natural Resource, and Environmental Economics written by and published by Newnes. This book was released on 2013-03-29 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Every decision about energy involves its price and cost. The price of gasoline and the cost of buying from foreign producers; the price of nuclear and hydroelectricity and the costs to our ecosystems; the price of electricity from coal-fired plants and the cost to the atmosphere. Giving life to inventions, lifestyle changes, geopolitical shifts, and things in-between, energy economics is of high interest to Academia, Corporations and Governments. For economists, energy economics is one of three subdisciplines which, taken together, compose an economic approach to the exploitation and preservation of natural resources: energy economics, which focuses on energy-related subjects such as renewable energy, hydropower, nuclear power, and the political economy of energy resource economics, which covers subjects in land and water use, such as mining, fisheries, agriculture, and forests environmental economics, which takes a broader view of natural resources through economic concepts such as risk, valuation, regulation, and distribution Although the three are closely related, they are not often presented as an integrated whole. This Encyclopedia has done just that by unifying these fields into a high-quality and unique overview. The only reference work that codifies the relationships among the three subdisciplines: energy economics, resource economics and environmental economics. Understanding these relationships just became simpler! Nobel Prize Winning Editor-in-Chief (joint recipient 2007 Peace Prize), Jason Shogren, has demonstrated excellent team work again, by coordinating and steering his Editorial Board to produce a cohesive work that guides the user seamlessly through the diverse topics This work contains in equal parts information from and about business, academic, and government perspectives and is intended to serve as a tool for unifying and systematizing research and analysis in business, universities, and government
Book Synopsis The Voluntary Environmentalists by : Aseem Prakash
Download or read book The Voluntary Environmentalists written by Aseem Prakash and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2006-06-29 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Can businesses voluntarily adopt progressive environmental policies? Most environmental regulations are based on the assumption that the pursuit of profit leads firms to pollute the environment, and therefore governments must impose mandatory regulations. However, new instruments such as voluntary programs are increasingly important. Drawing on the economic theory of club goods, this book offers a theoretical account of voluntary environmental programs by identifying the institutional features that influence conditions under which programs can be effective. By linking program efficacy to club design, it focuses attention on collective action challenges faced by green clubs. Several analytic techniques are used to investigate the adoption and efficacy of ISO 14001, the most widely recognized voluntary environmental program in the world. These analyses show that, while the value of ISO 14001's brand reputation varies across policy and economic contexts, on average ISO 14001 members pollute less and comply better with governmental regulations.
Book Synopsis Chemical Risk Governance by : Adam D.K. Abelkop
Download or read book Chemical Risk Governance written by Adam D.K. Abelkop and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2023-03-20 with total page 651 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This incisive volume of the Elgar Encyclopedia of Environmental Law offers a broad analysis of the foundations, main concepts, and substantive and procedural requirements of selected chemical law regimes as they pertain to the environment. Featuring contributions from more than 40 expert scholars and practitioners in the field, the volume focuses on chemical regulatory systems from representative jurisdictions, including the EU and the US, to provide a coherent overview of this expansive and often fragmented area of law. Divided into five thematic parts, the volume first examines the fundamental concepts of chemical law, addressing topics including risk assessment, nomenclature, environmental justice and animal testing. Entries then discuss types of chemicals and exposures, regulation of chemicals in products and manufacturing, and waste and contamination, as well as covering liability rules as they apply to chemicals. This volume will be an essential resource for scholars and students looking for a clear understanding of chemicals regulation and governance from environmental and public health perspectives at both national and international levels. Its insights into policy developments and liability issues will also be of interest to policymakers and practitioners.
Book Synopsis Certifiably Sustainable? by : National Research Council
Download or read book Certifiably Sustainable? written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-07-17 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consumption of goods and services represents a growing share of global economic activity. In the United States, consumption accounts for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product. This trend of increasing consumption has brought with it negative consequences for the environment and human well-being. Global demand for energy, food, and all manner of goods is on the rise, putting strains on the natural and human capital required to produce them. Extractive industries and production processes are prominent causes of species endangerment. Modern economies are underpinned by substantial energy consumption, a primary contributor to the current climate crisis. Expanding international trade has led to many economic opportunities, but has also contributed to unfair labor practices and wealth disparities. While certain processes have improved or become more efficient, and certain practices have been outlawed or amended, the sheer scale of global consumption and its attendant impacts continue to be major challenges we face in the transition to sustainability. Third-party certification systems have emerged over the last 15 years as a tool with some promise. There has been anecdotal evidence of success, but to date the overall impact of certified goods and services has been small. Moreover, definitions of sustainable vary across sectors and markets, and rigorous assessments of these programs have been few and far between. In order to take a step in learning from this field of practice, the National Academies' Science and Technology for Sustainability Program held a workshop to illuminate the decision making process of those who purchase and produce certified goods and services. It was also intended to help clarify the scope and limitations of the scientific knowledge that might contribute to the economic success of certified products. The workshop, summarized in this volume, involved presentations and discussions with approximately 40 invited experts from academia, business, government, and nongovernmental organizations.
Download or read book Federal Register written by and published by . This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Pollution Prevention by : Ryan Dupont
Download or read book Pollution Prevention written by Ryan Dupont and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-11-18 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new edition has been revised throughout, and adds several sections, including: lean manufacturing and design for the environment, low impact development and green infrastructure, green science and engineering, and sustainability. It presents strategies to reduce waste from the source of materials development through to recycling, and examines the basic concepts of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of different pollutants. It includes case studies from several industries, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, metals, electronics, petrochemicals, refineries, and more. It also addresses the economic considerations for each pollution prevention approach.
Book Synopsis Voluntary Programs by : Matthew Potoski
Download or read book Voluntary Programs written by Matthew Potoski and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2009-09-18 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A conceptual framework and empirical case studies of the policy effect of voluntary programs sponsored by industry, government, and nongovernmental organizations. The recent growth of voluntary programs has attracted the attention of policymakers, nongovernmental organizations, and scholars. Thousands of firms around the world participate in these programs, in which members agree to undertake socially beneficial actions that go beyond the requirements of government regulations, such as following labor codes in the apparel industry, adhering to international accounting standards, and adopting internal environmental management systems. This book analyzes the efficacy of a variety of voluntary programs using a club theory, political-economy framework. It examines how programs' design influences their effectiveness as policy tools. It finds that voluntary programs have achieved uneven success because of their varying standards and enforcement procedures. The club theory framework views voluntary programs as institutions that create incentives for firms to incur the costs of taking progressive action beyond what is required by law in exchange for benefits that nonmembers do not enjoy (such as enhanced standing with stakeholders). Voluntary Programs develops this theoretical framework and applies it to voluntary programs sponsored by industry associations, governments, and nongovernmental organizations, organized around policy issues such as “blood diamonds,” shipping, sweatshops, and the environment. The wide diversity of cases—across sectors, sponsoring organizations, and objectives—provides valuable applications of the club framework, generates new insights for future research, and offers practical guidance for designing effective programs. Contributors David P. Baron, Tim Bartley, Tim Büthe, Cary Coglianese, Elizabeth R. DeSombre, Daniel W. Drezner, Daniel Fiorino, Mary Kay Gugerty, Virginia Haufler, Matthew J. Kotchen, Mimi Lu, Jennifer Nash, Matthew Potoski, Aseem Prakash, Klaas van 't Veld
Book Synopsis Myths and Realities of Business Environmentalism by : Kurt A. Strasser
Download or read book Myths and Realities of Business Environmentalism written by Kurt A. Strasser and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2011-01-01 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many businesses profess to be voluntarily taking steps to protect the environment, and going beyond compliance with environmental regulations to do so. Kurt Strasser evaluates these claims in this timely and cuttingedge inquiry.
Book Synopsis Corporate Environmentalism and Public Policy by : Thomas P. Lyon
Download or read book Corporate Environmentalism and Public Policy written by Thomas P. Lyon and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2004-12-13 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first book to provide a hard-headed economic view of the voluntary approaches to environmental issues, especially toxic chemicals, waste disposal and global warming, that have become prominent in recent years. Corporate environmental initiatives are seen as a tool for influencing the behaviour of environmental activists, legislators, and regulators, though they may have ancillary benefits such as attracting 'green' consumers or reducing costs. Equally, government voluntary programs are seen as a way to achieve modest environmental results when political resistance to mandatory policies is high. Rigorous analysis is illustrated with numerous case studies drawn from the US, Europe, and Japan, while technical details are relegated to appendices, and each chapter highlights implications for corporate strategy and public policy. Although rooted in economic theory, this book will appeal to business strategists and policy practitioners, as well as scholars and researchers.
Book Synopsis Certifiably Sustainable? by : National Research Council
Download or read book Certifiably Sustainable? written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-06-17 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Consumption of goods and services represents a growing share of global economic activity. In the United States, consumption accounts for more than two-thirds of gross domestic product. This trend of increasing consumption has brought with it negative consequences for the environment and human well-being. Global demand for energy, food, and all manner of goods is on the rise, putting strains on the natural and human capital required to produce them. Extractive industries and production processes are prominent causes of species endangerment. Modern economies are underpinned by substantial energy consumption, a primary contributor to the current climate crisis. Expanding international trade has led to many economic opportunities, but has also contributed to unfair labor practices and wealth disparities. While certain processes have improved or become more efficient, and certain practices have been outlawed or amended, the sheer scale of global consumption and its attendant impacts continue to be major challenges we face in the transition to sustainability. Third-party certification systems have emerged over the last 15 years as a tool with some promise. There has been anecdotal evidence of success, but to date the overall impact of certified goods and services has been small. Moreover, definitions of sustainable vary across sectors and markets, and rigorous assessments of these programs have been few and far between. In order to take a step in learning from this field of practice, the National Academies' Science and Technology for Sustainability Program held a workshop to illuminate the decision making process of those who purchase and produce certified goods and services. It was also intended to help clarify the scope and limitations of the scientific knowledge that might contribute to the economic success of certified products. The workshop, summarized in this volume, involved presentations and discussions with approximately 40 invited experts from academia, business, government, and nongovernmental organizations.
Book Synopsis International Environmental Standards Handbook by : Scott S. Olson
Download or read book International Environmental Standards Handbook written by Scott S. Olson and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-02-10 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lack of knowledge about, and noncompliance with, international standards can result in loss of sales and partnership opportunities as well as possible legal action. The International Environmental Standards Handbook provides the necessary historical background to understand the current status of international environmental standards. It contains copies of available treaties and provides coverage of laws and standards. The book offers strategies for designing and implementing environmental systems that will be internationally accepted. It includes a list of information sources and a directory of international environmental organizations.
Book Synopsis Industrial Pollution Prevention by : Thomas T. Shen
Download or read book Industrial Pollution Prevention written by Thomas T. Shen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "...This book is the best I have read on this subject of increasing importance in the past five years. Therefore, I recommend it strongly to a broad audience which is interested in and responsible for pollution prevention: students on environmental management courses, their lecturers, government administrators, industrial decision-makers and employees, consultants and members of NGOs. The honest impulse toward sustainable development underlying the work as a whole is encouraging for all of them." (Int. Journal of Environment and Pollution) "...Although this book necessarily focuses on many aspects of environmental law and industrial production in the USA, it contains much detailed information on pollution issued in the pulp and paper, pharmaceutical, electronics and commercial printing industries which will be of wider interest. It should prove useful to industrial chemists and engineers and indeed to all those with an interest in protecting our increasingly threatened environment." (Environmental Engineering)
Book Synopsis The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation by : Craig E. Carroll
Download or read book The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation written by Craig E. Carroll and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2016-05-31 with total page 1049 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What creates corporate reputations and how should organizations respond? Corporate reputation is a growing research field in disciplines as diverse as communication, management, marketing, industrial and organizational psychology, and sociology. As a formal area of academic study, it is relatively young with roots in the 1980s and the emergence of specialized reputation rankings for industries, products/services, and performance dimensions and for regions. Such rankings resulted in competition between organizations and the alignment of organizational activities to qualify and improve standings in the rankings. In addition, today’s changing stakeholder expectations, the growth of advocacy, demand for more disclosures and greater transparency, and globalized, mediatized environments create new challenges, pitfalls, and opportunities for organizations. Successfully engaging, dealing with, and working through reputational challenges requires an understanding of options and tools for organizational decision-making and stakeholder engagement. For the first time, the vast and important field of corporate reputation is explored in the format of an encyclopedic reference. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Corporate Reputation comprehensively overviews concepts and techniques for identifying, building, measuring, monitoring, evaluating, maintaining, valuing, living up to and/or changing corporate reputations. Key features include: 300 signed entries are organized in A-to-Z fashion in 2 volumes available in a choice of electronic or print formats Entries conclude with Cross-References and Further Readings to guide students to in-depth resources. Although organized A-to-Z, a thematic “Reader’s Guide” in the front matter groups related entries by broad areas A Chronology provides historical perspective on the development of corporate reputation as a discrete field of study. A Resource Guide in the back matter lists classic books, key journals, associations, websites, and selected degree programs of relevance to corporate reputation. A General Bibliography will be accompanied by visual maps noting the relationships between the various disciplines touching upon corporate reputation studies. The work concludes with a comprehensive Index, which—in the electronic version—combines with the Reader’s Guide and Cross-References to provide thorough search-and-browse capabilities
