Thermoelectrics

Download Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319963414
Total Pages : 126 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectrics by : N. M. Ravindra

Download or read book Thermoelectrics written by N. M. Ravindra and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-29 with total page 126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a concise but comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals and current state of the art in thermoelectrics. Addressing an audience of materials scientists and engineers, the book covers theory, materials selection, and applications, with a wide variety of case studies reflecting the most up-to-date research approaches from the past decade, from single crystal to polycrystalline form and from bulk to thin films to nano dimensions. The world is facing major challenges for finding alternate energy sources that can satisfy the increasing demand for energy consumption while preserving the environment. The field of thermoelectrics has long been recognized as a potential and ideal source of clean energy. However, the relatively low conversion efficiency of thermoelectric devices has prevented their utility on a large scale. While addressing the need for thermal management in materials, device components, and systems, thermoelectrics provides a fundamental solution to waste heat recovery and temperature control. This book summarizes the global efforts that have been made to enhance the figure of merit of various thermoelectric materials by choosing appropriate processes and their influence on properties and performance. Because of these advances, today, thermoelectric devices are found in mainstream applications such as automobiles and power generators, as opposed to just a few years ago when they could only be used in niche applications such as in aeronautics, infrared imaging, and space. However, the continued gap between fundamental theoretical results and actual experimental data of figure of merit and performance continues to challenge the commercial applications of thermoelectrics. This book presents both recent achievements and continuing challenges, and represents essential reading for researchers working in this area in universities, industry, and national labs.

Thermoelectrics

Download Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118848950
Total Pages : 450 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectrics by : HoSung Lee

Download or read book Thermoelectrics written by HoSung Lee and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-11-14 with total page 450 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectrics: Design and Materials HoSung Lee, Western Michigan University, USA A comprehensive guide to the basic principles of thermoelectrics Thermoelectrics plays an important role in energy conversion and electronic temperature control. The book comprehensively covers the basic physical principles of thermoelectrics as well as recent developments and design strategies of materials and devices. The book is divided into two sections: the first section is concerned with design and begins with an introduction to the fast developing and multidisciplinary field of thermoelectrics. This section also covers thermoelectric generators and coolers (refrigerators) before examining optimal design with dimensional analysis. A number of applications are considered, including solar thermoelectric generators, thermoelectric air conditioners and refrigerators, thermoelectric coolers for electronic devices, thermoelectric compact heat exchangers, and biomedical thermoelectric energy harvesting systems. The second section focuses on materials, and covers the physics of electrons and phonons, theoretical modeling of thermoelectric transport properties, thermoelectric materials, and nanostructures. Key features: Provides an introduction to a fast developing and interdisciplinary field. Includes detailed, fundamental theories. Offers a platform for advanced study. Thermoelectrics: Design and Materials is a comprehensive reference ideal for engineering students, as well as researchers and practitioners working in thermodynamics. Cover designed by Yujin Lee

Thermoelectric Materials and Devices

Download Thermoelectric Materials and Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128184140
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Materials and Devices by : Lidong Chen

Download or read book Thermoelectric Materials and Devices written by Lidong Chen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-09-25 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectric Materials and Devices summarizes the latest research achievements over the past 20 years of thermoelectric material and devices, most notably including new theory and strategies of thermoelectric materials design and the new technology of device integration. The book's author has provided a bridge between the knowledge of basic physical/chemical principles and the fabrication technology of thermoelectric materials and devices, providing readers with research and development strategies for high performance thermoelectric materials and devices. It will be a vital resource for graduate students, researchers and technologists working in the field of energy conversion and the development of thermoelectric devices. Discusses the new theory and methods of thermoelectric materials design Combines scientific principles, along with synthesis and fabrication technologies in thermoelectric materials Presents the design optimization and interface technology for thermoelectric devices Introduces thermoelectric polymers and organic-inorganic thermoelectric composites

Thermoelectrics

Download Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662045699
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectrics by : G.S. Nolas

Download or read book Thermoelectrics written by G.S. Nolas and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth analysis of thermoelectric theory, an overview of present day thermoelectric materials and devices, and updated information on the most studied thermoelectric materials development. The main emphasis is on a basic understanding of the concepts as well as experimental techniques needed to propel researchers towards new and novel classes of thermoelectric materials with enhanced properties.

Thermoelectricity

Download Thermoelectricity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Courier Corporation
ISBN 13 : 0486174387
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (861 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectricity by : D. K. C. MacDonald

Download or read book Thermoelectricity written by D. K. C. MacDonald and published by Courier Corporation. This book was released on 2013-02-21 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory treatment provides an understanding of the fundamental concepts and principles involved in the study of thermoelectricity in solids and of conduction in general. Aimed at graduate-level students and those interested in basic theory, it will be especially valuable to experimental physicists working in fields connected with electron transport and to theoreticians seeking a survey of thermoelectricity and related questions. Chronicling the early history of thermoelectricity from its discovery to modern times, this text features a considerable amount of experimental data and discusses these findings at length wherever they bear a particular relevance to theory. The author, a well-known authority in this field, draws heavily from his own work on thermoelectrical phenomena as they are observed in the study of metals. Numerous illustrative figures appear throughout the text.

The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion

Download The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1681746425
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (817 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion by : Julian Goldsmid

Download or read book The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion written by Julian Goldsmid and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2017-05-02 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book outlines the principles of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration from the discovery of the Seebeck and Peltier effects in the nineteenth century through the introduction of semiconductor thermoelements in the mid-twentieth century to the more recent development of nanostructured materials. It is shown that the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator and the coefficient of performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator can be related to a quantity known as the figure of merit. The figure of merit depends on the Seebeck coefficient and the ratio of the electrical to thermal conductivity. It is shown that expressions for these parameters can be derived from the band theory of solids. The conditions for favourable electronic properties are discussed. The methods for selecting materials with a low lattice thermal conductivity are outlined and the ways in which the scattering of phonons can be enhanced are described. The application of these principles is demonstrated for specific materials including the bismuth telluride alloys, bismuth antimony, alloys based on lead telluride, silicon-germanium and materials described as phonon-glass electron-crystals. It is shown that there can be advantages in using the less familiar transverse thermoelectric effects and the transverse thermomagnetic effects. Finally, practical aspects of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration are discussed. The book is aimed at readers who do not have a specialised knowledge of solid state physics.

CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics

Download CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429956673
Total Pages : 720 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics by : D.M. Rowe

Download or read book CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics written by D.M. Rowe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-12-07 with total page 720 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectrics is the science and technology associated with thermoelectric converters, that is, the generation of electrical power by the Seebeck effect and refrigeration by the Peltier effect. Thermoelectric generators are being used in increasing numbers to provide electrical power in medical, military, and deep space applications where combinations of their desirable properties outweigh their relatively high cost and low generating efficiency. In recent years there also has been an increase in the requirement for thermoelectric coolers (Peltier devices) for use in infrared detectors and in optical communications. Information on thermoelectrics is not readily available as it is widely scattered throughout the literature. The Handbook centralizes this information in a convenient format under a single cover. Sixty of the world's foremost authorities on thermoelectrics have contributed to this Handbook. It is comprised of fifty-five chapters, a number of which contain previously unpublished material. The contents are arranged in eight sections: general principles and theoretical considerations, material preparation, measurement of thermoelectric properties, thermoelectric materials, thermoelectric generation, generator applications, thermoelectric refrigeration, and applications of thermoelectric cooling. The CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics has a broad-based scope. It will interest researchers, technologists, and manufacturers, as well as students and the well-informed, non-specialist reader.

Introduction to Thermoelectricity

Download Introduction to Thermoelectricity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642007163
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Thermoelectricity by : H. Julian Goldsmid

Download or read book Introduction to Thermoelectricity written by H. Julian Goldsmid and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-10-03 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction to Thermoelectricity is the latest work by Professor Julian Goldsmid drawing on his 55 years experience in the field. The theory of the thermoelectric and related phenomena is presented in sufficient detail to enable researchers to understand their observations and develop improved thermoelectric materials. The methods for the selection of materials and their improvement are discussed. Thermoelectric materials for use in refrigeration and electrical generation are reviewed. Experimental techniques for the measurement of properties and for the production of thermoelements are described. Special emphasis is placed on nanotechnology which promises to yield great improvements in the efficiency of thermoelectric devices. Chapters are also devoted to transverse thermoelectric effects and thermionic energy conversion, both techniques offering the promise of important applications in the future.

Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials

Download Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128204397
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials by : Ranjan Kumar

Download or read book Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials written by Ranjan Kumar and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-06-03 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectricity and Advanced Thermoelectric Materials reviews emerging thermoelectric materials, including skutterudites, clathrates, and half-Heusler alloys. In addition, the book discusses a number of oxides and silicides that have promising thermoelectric properties. Because 2D materials with high figures of merit have emerged as promising candidates for thermoelectric applications, this book presents an updated introduction to the field of thermoelectric materials, including recent advances in materials synthesis, device modeling, and design. Finally, the book addresses the theoretical difficulties and methodologies of computing the thermoelectric properties of materials that can be used to understand and predict highly efficient thermoelectric materials. This book is a key reference for materials scientists, physicists, and engineers in energy. Reviews the most relevant, emerging thermoelectric materials, including 2D materials, skutterudites, clathrates and half-Heusler alloys Focuses on how electronic structure engineering can lead to improved materials performance for thermoelectric energy conversion applications Includes the latest advances in the synthesis, modeling and design of advanced thermoelectric materials

Thermoelectric Materials and Devices

Download Thermoelectric Materials and Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 178262323X
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (826 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Materials and Devices by : Iris Nandhakumar

Download or read book Thermoelectric Materials and Devices written by Iris Nandhakumar and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2017 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Authoritative account of recent developments in thermoelectric materials and devices for power energy harvesting applications, ideal for researchers and industrialists in materials science.

Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology

Download Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1643681737
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (436 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology by : D. Narducci

Download or read book Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology written by D. Narducci and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of thermoelectricity has continued to develop rapidly in recent years and remains one of the most exciting areas of research for a materials physicist. The need for sustainable energy has added a technological momentum to the challenge of devising materials with exceptional properties such as low thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity and a large Seebeck coefficient, and has triggered a global, interdisciplinary effort. More recently, research on thermoelectric materials has promoted and motivated a major research endeavor to clarify the factors affecting thermal conductivity in nanostructures as part of a more general effort to apply nanotechnology to enhance the performance of thermoelectric materials for use in thermoelectric generators and coolers. This book contains the lectures presented as Course 207 of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials, and Nanotechnology, held in Varenna, Italy from 15 – 20 July 2019. This comprehensive course aimed to provide students with a modern vision of the physics of thermoelectric phenomena, starting from the thermodynamics of thermoelectricity and from the physics of transport processes and demonstrating how material structure and nanostructure, together with defects, have been used to tailor the physical properties of advanced thermoelectrics. Special attention was also given to areas of current research – from spin-caloritronics to charge transport in polymers – and to a selected number of applications for heat recovery. Encompassing the full complexity of modern thermoelectricity and covering the most cogent themes relevant to current research, the book will be of interest to all those working in the field.

Thermoelectrics Handbook

Download Thermoelectrics Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420038907
Total Pages : 1008 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectrics Handbook by : D.M. Rowe

Download or read book Thermoelectrics Handbook written by D.M. Rowe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ten years ago, D.M. Rowe introduced the bestselling CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics to wide acclaim. Since then, increasing environmental concerns, desire for long-life electrical power sources, and continued progress in miniaturization of electronics has led to a substantial increase in research activity involving thermoelectrics. Reflecting the latest trends and developments, the Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano is an extension of the earlier work and covers the entire range of thermoelectrics disciplines. Serving as a convenient reference as well as a thorough introduction to thermoelectrics, this book includes contributions from 99 leading authorities from around the world. Its coverage spans from general principles and theoretical concepts to material preparation and measurements; thermoelectric materials; thermoelements, modules, and devices; and thermoelectric systems and applications. Reflecting the enormous impact of nanotechnology on the field-as the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials far surpass the performance of conventional materials-each section progresses systematically from macro-scale to micro/nano-scale topics. In addition, the book contains an appendix listing major manufacturers and suppliers of thermoelectric modules. There is no longer any need to spend hours plodding through the journal literature for information. The Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano offers a timely, comprehensive treatment of all areas of thermoelectrics in a single, unified reference.

Modules, Systems, and Applications in Thermoelectrics

Download Modules, Systems, and Applications in Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439874727
Total Pages : 585 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Modules, Systems, and Applications in Thermoelectrics by : David Michael Rowe

Download or read book Modules, Systems, and Applications in Thermoelectrics written by David Michael Rowe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2012-04-25 with total page 585 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprising two volumes, Thermoelectrics and Its Energy Harvesting reviews the dramatic improvements in technology and application of thermoelectric energy with a specific intention to reduce and reuse waste heat and improve novel techniques for the efficient acquisition and use of energy. This volume, Modules, Systems and Applications in Thermoelectrics, discusses the practical, novel, and truly groundbreaking applications of thermoelectrics in a range of markets. The book details the U.S. interest in alternative energy and energy harvesting, specifically, the current efforts to use thermoelectric generators (TGs) to reduce emissions. Internationally, it expounds on the strong interest in Japan, Korea and Europe to incorporate TGs in cars to reduce fuel consumption and meet EU carbon dioxide emission targets; the European plans to build an isotopic powered thermoelectric generator; and India’s use of TG s in converting hot water from steel mills into electricity.

Thermoelectric Materials

Download Thermoelectric Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9814463531
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Materials by : Enrique Maciá

Download or read book Thermoelectric Materials written by Enrique Maciá and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-05-05 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental and economic concerns have significantly spurred the search for novel, high-performance thermoelectric materials for energy conversion in small-scale power generation and refrigeration devices. This quest has been mainly fueled by the introduction of new designs and the synthesis of new materials. In fact, good thermoelectric materials must simultaneously exhibit extreme properties: they must have very low thermal conductivity values and both electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient high values as well. Since these transport coefficients are interrelated, the required task of optimization is a formidable one. Thus, thermoelectric materials provide a full-fledged example of interdisciplinary research connecting fields such as solid-state physics, materials science engineering, and structural chemistry and raise the need of gaining proper knowledge of the role played by the electronic structure in the thermal and electrical transport properties of solid matter. This book presents a detailed, updated introduction to the field of thermoelectric materials in a tutorial way, focusing on both basic notions and fundamental questions and illustrating the abstract concepts with suitable application examples. It discusses thermoelectric effects, the transport coefficients and their mutual relations, the efficiency of thermoelectric devices, and some notions on the characterization and related industry standards. It also reviews the two basic strategies for optimizing the thermoelectric performance of materials: the control of thermal conductivity and the power factor enhancement. It discusses structural complexity approach, focusing on complex enough lattice structures with heavy atoms in the unit-cell or nanostructured systems characterized by low-dimensional effects, and introducing different kinds of bulk materials of growing chemical and structural complexity. It also discusses the electronic structure engineering approach that focuses on obtaining a guiding principle, in terms of an electronic band structure tailoring process, and describes the role played by the electronic structure in the thermoelectric performance of different materials.

Nanoscale Thermoelectrics

Download Nanoscale Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319020129
Total Pages : 519 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscale Thermoelectrics by : Xiaodong Wang

Download or read book Nanoscale Thermoelectrics written by Xiaodong Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-18 with total page 519 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the efficient utilization of energy resources and the minimization of environmental damage, thermoelectric materials can play an important role by converting waste heat into electricity directly. Nanostructured thermoelectric materials have received much attention recently due to the potential for enhanced properties associated with size effects and quantum confinement. Nanoscale Thermoelectrics describes the theory underlying these phenomena, as well as various thermoelectric materials and nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, SiGe nanowires, and graphene nanoribbons. Chapters written by leading scientists throughout the world are intended to create a fundamental bridge between thermoelectrics and nanotechnology, and to stimulate readers' interest in developing new types of thermoelectric materials and devices for power generation and other applications. Nanoscale Thermoelectrics is both a comprehensive introduction to the field and a guide to further research, and can be recommended for Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Materials Science departments.

Thermoelectric Power of Metals

Download Thermoelectric Power of Metals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461342686
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Power of Metals by : J. Blatt

Download or read book Thermoelectric Power of Metals written by J. Blatt and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectric and related transport properties of metals have been a source of information and, also, exasperation to physicists for over a century. Perhaps the principal reasons for interest in these phenomena are their sensitivity to composition, structure and external fields and, until fairly recently, the distressing fact that often even gross experimental features such as the sign of the thermopower eluded theoretical understanding. During the past two decades many of the previously perplexing aspects of thermoelectricity have yielded to more sophisticated theoretical treat ment. As a result of this effort and concomitant experimental work using advanced measurement techniques, there is now good reason to believe that thermoelectric phenomena can shed much light on the interactions between electrons and phonons, impurities, and other defects. The last few years have witnessed new and fascinating developments that promise to stimulate new activity in this field. In contrast to the more conventional transport properties, second-and high-order contributions in electron scattering theory appear to play a profound role in thermoelectricity-the controversy surrounding ordinary and "phony" phonon drag is far from resolved; the startlingly large effect of magnetic fields on the thermopower of metals appears to be linked intimately to scattering anisotropy; quantum oscillations of thermopower are orders of magnitude larger than corresponding oscillations of the magnetoresistance; a new approach to thermoelectric studies allows extension of thermopower measurements into the millikelvin region of temperature; finally, the advent of superconducting detection devices permits the precise measurement of extremely small voltages, an essential requirement in this field.

Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science of Thermoelectric Materials

Download Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science of Thermoelectric Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441992782
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science of Thermoelectric Materials by : M.G. Kanatzidis

Download or read book Chemistry, Physics, and Materials Science of Thermoelectric Materials written by M.G. Kanatzidis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume: Chemistry, Physics and Materials Science of Thermoelectric Materials: Beyond Bismuth Telluride contains a series of topical articles that were presented as invited lectures by prominent leaders in this field at a workshop held in Traverse City, Michigan in the summer of 2002. These articles place the state of the art, regarding design principles, candidate materials and systems and current advances in context and should serve as a useful source of insights into this field for both beginning students and practitioners alike.