Thermoelectric Power in Nanostructured Materials

Download Thermoelectric Power in Nanostructured Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642105718
Total Pages : 411 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Power in Nanostructured Materials by : Kamakhya Prasad Ghatak

Download or read book Thermoelectric Power in Nanostructured Materials written by Kamakhya Prasad Ghatak and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-07-20 with total page 411 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first monograph which solely investigates the thermoelectric power in nanostrcutured materials under strong magnetic field (TPSM) in quantum confined nonlinear optical, III-V, II-VI, n-GaP, n-Ge, Te, Graphite, PtSb2, zerogap, II-V, Gallium Antimonide, stressed materials, Bismuth, IV-VI, lead germanium telluride, Zinc and Cadmium diphosphides, Bi2Te3, Antimony and carbon nanotubes, III-V, II-VI, IV-VI and HgTe/CdTe superlattices with graded interfaces and effective mass superlattices under magnetic quantization, the quantum wires and dots of the aforementiond superlattices by formulating the approprate respective carrier energy spectra which in turn control the quantum processes in quantum effect devices. The TPSM in macro, quantum wire and quantum dot superlattices of optoelectronic materials in the presence of external photo-excitation have also been studied on the basis of newly formulated electron dispersion laws. This monograph contains 150 open research problems which form the very core and are useful for PhD students and researchers in the fields of materials science, solid-state sciences, computational and theoretical nanoscience and technology, nanostructured thermodynamics and condensed matter physics in general in addition to the graduate courses on modern thermoelectric materials in various academic departments of many institutes and universities.

Innovative Thermoelectric Materials

Download Innovative Thermoelectric Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1783266066
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Innovative Thermoelectric Materials by : Howard E. Katz

Download or read book Innovative Thermoelectric Materials written by Howard E. Katz and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2016 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Power generation from environmentally friendly sources has led to surging interest in thermoelectrics. There has been a move toward alternative thermoelectric materials with enhanced performance through materials and structures that utilize common and safer elements and alternative mechanistic approaches while increasing processing latitude and decreasing cost. This wide-ranging volume examines this progress and future prospects with the new technologies, ease of processing and cost as major considerations, and will benefit active researchers, students and others interested in cutting-edge work in thermoelectric materials. Innovative Thermoelectric Materials incorporates the contributions of a group of recognized experts in thermoelectric materials, many of whom were the first to introduce various materials systems into thermoelectric systems. The perspectives brought to this evolving subject will provide important insights on which those developing the field can build, and will inspire new research directions for the future."--Provided by publisher.

Nanoscale Thermoelectrics

Download Nanoscale Thermoelectrics PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3319020129
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanoscale Thermoelectrics by : Xiaodong Wang

Download or read book Nanoscale Thermoelectrics written by Xiaodong Wang and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-18 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For the efficient utilization of energy resources and the minimization of environmental damage, thermoelectric materials can play an important role by converting waste heat into electricity directly. Nanostructured thermoelectric materials have received much attention recently due to the potential for enhanced properties associated with size effects and quantum confinement. Nanoscale Thermoelectrics describes the theory underlying these phenomena, as well as various thermoelectric materials and nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes, SiGe nanowires, and graphene nanoribbons. Chapters written by leading scientists throughout the world are intended to create a fundamental bridge between thermoelectrics and nanotechnology, and to stimulate readers' interest in developing new types of thermoelectric materials and devices for power generation and other applications. Nanoscale Thermoelectrics is both a comprehensive introduction to the field and a guide to further research, and can be recommended for Physics, Electrical Engineering, and Materials Science departments.

Thermoelectric Properties of Some Nanostructured Materials

Download Thermoelectric Properties of Some Nanostructured Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mohammed Abdul Sattar
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Properties of Some Nanostructured Materials by : Chanderbhan Chotia

Download or read book Thermoelectric Properties of Some Nanostructured Materials written by Chanderbhan Chotia and published by Mohammed Abdul Sattar. This book was released on 2023-03-05 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas are consumed as a large part of the world's total energy consumption . Fossil-fuel-powered generators however produce the greenhouse gases such as CO2 or SO2 that cause environmental pollution and contribute to global warming. These problems challenge researchers to look for alternatives and sustainable energies. Thermoelectric (TE) materials are promising alternatives in this direction because they work without emissions of harmful gases or heat and without chemical waste. TE materials work noiselessly because they do not consist of any mechanical parts and convert thermal energy directly into electricity and vice versa. The conversion of thermal energy into electricity is based on the Seebeck effect and this phenomenon is also known as the thermoelectric effect or thermoelectric power, which is why the TE devices are more often referred to as thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Thermoelectric properties of some nanostructured materials refer to the study of the ability of materials at the nanoscale to convert temperature differences into electrical energy and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as the Seebeck effect, which is based on the generation of a potential difference when a temperature gradient is applied across a material. Nanostructured materials such as nanoparticles, thin films, superlattices, quantum dots, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes have unique properties that make them attractive for thermoelectric applications. These materials exhibit quantum confinement effects, which can enhance the thermoelectric performance by modifying the electronic and phononic properties of the material. The thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials are characterized by the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The figure of merit (ZT) is a measure of the efficiency of thermoelectric materials, and it is determined by the ratio of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Researchers use various techniques such as thermal annealing, band structure engineering, density functional theory, high-throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to study the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials. Thermoelectric generators based on nanostructured materials have potential applications in energy harvesting from waste heat, solar thermoelectric power generation, and cooling devices. Hence, the study of thermoelectric properties of some nanostructured materials has significant implications for the development of sustainable energy technologies.

Thermoelectrics Handbook

Download Thermoelectrics Handbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420038907
Total Pages : 1008 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectrics Handbook by : D.M. Rowe

Download or read book Thermoelectrics Handbook written by D.M. Rowe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 1008 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ten years ago, D.M. Rowe introduced the bestselling CRC Handbook of Thermoelectrics to wide acclaim. Since then, increasing environmental concerns, desire for long-life electrical power sources, and continued progress in miniaturization of electronics has led to a substantial increase in research activity involving thermoelectrics. Reflecting the latest trends and developments, the Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano is an extension of the earlier work and covers the entire range of thermoelectrics disciplines. Serving as a convenient reference as well as a thorough introduction to thermoelectrics, this book includes contributions from 99 leading authorities from around the world. Its coverage spans from general principles and theoretical concepts to material preparation and measurements; thermoelectric materials; thermoelements, modules, and devices; and thermoelectric systems and applications. Reflecting the enormous impact of nanotechnology on the field-as the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials far surpass the performance of conventional materials-each section progresses systematically from macro-scale to micro/nano-scale topics. In addition, the book contains an appendix listing major manufacturers and suppliers of thermoelectric modules. There is no longer any need to spend hours plodding through the journal literature for information. The Thermoelectrics Handbook: Macro to Nano offers a timely, comprehensive treatment of all areas of thermoelectrics in a single, unified reference.

Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology

Download Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1643681737
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (436 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology by : D. Narducci

Download or read book Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials and Nanotechnology written by D. Narducci and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The field of thermoelectricity has continued to develop rapidly in recent years and remains one of the most exciting areas of research for a materials physicist. The need for sustainable energy has added a technological momentum to the challenge of devising materials with exceptional properties such as low thermal conductivity, high electrical conductivity and a large Seebeck coefficient, and has triggered a global, interdisciplinary effort. More recently, research on thermoelectric materials has promoted and motivated a major research endeavor to clarify the factors affecting thermal conductivity in nanostructures as part of a more general effort to apply nanotechnology to enhance the performance of thermoelectric materials for use in thermoelectric generators and coolers. This book contains the lectures presented as Course 207 of the International School of Physics Enrico Fermi, Advances in Thermoelectricity: Foundational Issues, Materials, and Nanotechnology, held in Varenna, Italy from 15 – 20 July 2019. This comprehensive course aimed to provide students with a modern vision of the physics of thermoelectric phenomena, starting from the thermodynamics of thermoelectricity and from the physics of transport processes and demonstrating how material structure and nanostructure, together with defects, have been used to tailor the physical properties of advanced thermoelectrics. Special attention was also given to areas of current research – from spin-caloritronics to charge transport in polymers – and to a selected number of applications for heat recovery. Encompassing the full complexity of modern thermoelectricity and covering the most cogent themes relevant to current research, the book will be of interest to all those working in the field.

New Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Theory and Experiment

Download New Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Theory and Experiment PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9400749848
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis New Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Theory and Experiment by : Veljko Zlatic

Download or read book New Materials for Thermoelectric Applications: Theory and Experiment written by Veljko Zlatic and published by Springer. This book was released on 2012-10-17 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermoelectric devices could play an important role in making efficient use of our energy resources but their efficiency would need to be increased for their wide scale application. There is a multidisciplinary search for materials with an enhanced thermoelectric responses for use in such devices. This volume covers the latest ideas and developments in this research field, covering topics ranging from the fabrication and characterization of new materials, particularly those with strong electron correlation, use of nanostructured, layered materials and composites, through to theoretical work to gain a deeper understanding of thermoelectric behavior. It should be a useful guide and stimulus to all working in this very topical field.

Thermoelectric Nanomaterials

Download Thermoelectric Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642375375
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (423 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Nanomaterials by : Kunihito Koumoto

Download or read book Thermoelectric Nanomaterials written by Kunihito Koumoto and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently, there is an intense race throughout the world to develop good enough thermoelectric materials which can be used in wide scale applications. This book focuses comprehensively on very recent up-to-date breakthroughs in thermoelectrics utilizing nanomaterials and methods based in nanoscience. Importantly, it provides the readers with methodology and concepts utilizing atomic scale and nanoscale materials design (such as superlattice structuring, atomic network structuring and properties control, electron correlation design, low dimensionality, nanostructuring, etc.). Furthermore, also indicates the applications of thermoelectrics expected for the large emerging energy market. This book has a wide appeal and application value for anyone being interested in state-of-the-art thermoelectrics and/or actual viable applications in nanotechnology.

Nanostructured Thermoelectric Films

Download Nanostructured Thermoelectric Films PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981156518X
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanostructured Thermoelectric Films by : Zhiyu Hu

Download or read book Nanostructured Thermoelectric Films written by Zhiyu Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a range of low-dimensional superlattice thermoelectric materials based on physical vapor deposition (PVD) methods and explores various material types, thicknesses, and processing conditions. With the advances made in the performance of semiconductor thermoelectric materials and the efficiency of thermoelectric devices in recent years, thermoelectric power generation systems are likely to replace traditional mechanical heat engines, offering an environmentally friendlier alternative. The use of low-dimensional, nanostructured materials can significantly increase the density of states near the Fermi level and greatly improve the thermoelectric properties of materials. In addition, the book demonstrates that it is possible to influence thermoelectric performance, establish more accurate mathematical models through the regulation of relevant parameters, and ultimately improve the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT).

Thermoelectric Energy Conversion

Download Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527698140
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Energy Conversion by : Diana Davila Pineda

Download or read book Thermoelectric Energy Conversion written by Diana Davila Pineda and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-09-12 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest volume in the well-established AMN series, this ready reference provides an up-to-date, self-contained summary of recent developments in the technologies and systems for thermoelectricity. Following an initial chapter that introduces the fundamentals and principles of thermoelectricity, subsequent chapters discuss the synthesis and integration of various bulk thermoelectric as well as nanostructured materials. The book then goes on to discuss characterization techniques, including various light and mechanic microscopy techniques, while also summarizing applications for thermoelectric materials, such as micro- and nano-thermoelectric generators, wearable electronics and energy conversion devices. The result is a bridge between industry and scientific researchers seeking to develop thermoelectric generators.

Soft-templating of Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Power Harvesting and Catalysis

Download Soft-templating of Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Power Harvesting and Catalysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Soft-templating of Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Power Harvesting and Catalysis by : Matthew Richard Burton

Download or read book Soft-templating of Nanostructured Materials for Thermoelectric Power Harvesting and Catalysis written by Matthew Richard Burton and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Nanomaterials

Download Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Nanomaterials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527672621
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (276 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Nanomaterials by : Oliver Eibl

Download or read book Thermoelectric Bi2Te3 Nanomaterials written by Oliver Eibl and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2015-04-23 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Edited by the initiators of a priority research program funded by the German Science Foundation and written by an international team of key players, this is the first book to provide an overview of nanostructured thermoelectric materials -- putting the new developments into perspective alongside conventional thermoelectrics. As such, it reviews the current state of research on thermoelectric Bi2Te3 nanomaterials, covering advanced methods of materials synthesis, characterization of materials structures and thermoelectric properties, as well as advances in the theory and modeling of transport properties. Nanomaterials-based thermoelectric devices are also discussed with respect to their properties, their suitability for different energy generation applications, and in light of their commercialization potential. An outlook on the chances, challenges and future directions of research rounds off the book, giving a straightforward account of the fundamental and technical problems - plus ways to overcome them.

Oxide Thermoelectric Materials

Download Oxide Thermoelectric Materials PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527807543
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (278 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Oxide Thermoelectric Materials by : Yuan-Hua Lin

Download or read book Oxide Thermoelectric Materials written by Yuan-Hua Lin and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-07-12 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book of its kind?providing comprehensive information on oxide thermoelectrics This timely book explores the latest research results on the physics and materials science of oxide thermoelectrics at all scales. It covers the theory, design and properties of thermoelectric materials as well as fabrication technologies for devices and their applications. Written by three distinguished materials scientists, Oxide Thermoelectric Materials reviews: the fundamentals of electron and phonon transport; modeling of thermoelectric modules and their optimization; synthetic processes, structures, and properties of thermoelectric materials such as Bi2Te3- and skutterudite-based materials and Si-Ge alloys. In addition, the book provides a detailed description of the construction of thermoelectric devices and their applications. -Contains fundamentals and applications of thermoelectric materials and devices, and discusses their near-future perspectives -Introduces new, promising materials and technologies, such as nanostructured materials, perovskites, and composites -Paves the way for increased conversion efficiencies of oxides -Authored by well-known experts in the field of thermoelectrics Oxide Thermoelectric Materials is a well-organized guidebook for graduate students involved in physics, chemistry, or materials science. It is also helpful for researchers who are getting involved in thermoelectric research and development.

Materials for Sustainable Energy

Download Materials for Sustainable Energy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814317640
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Materials for Sustainable Energy by : Vincent Dusastre

Download or read book Materials for Sustainable Energy written by Vincent Dusastre and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The search for cleaner, cheaper, smaller and more efficient energy technologies has to a large extent been motivated by the development of new materials. The aim of this collection of articles is therefore to focus on what materials-based solutions can offer and show how the rationale design and improvement of their physical and chemical properties can lead to energy-production alternatives that have the potential to compete with existing technologies. In terms of alternative means to generate electricity that utilize renewable energy sources, the most dramatic breakthroughs for both mobile (i.e., transportation) and stationary applications are taking place in the fields of solar and fuel cells. And from an energy-storage perspective, exciting developments can be seen emerging from the fields of rechargeable batteries and hydrogen storage.

Nanomaterials for Thermoelectric Devices

Download Nanomaterials for Thermoelectric Devices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429949758
Total Pages : 319 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Nanomaterials for Thermoelectric Devices by : Yong X. Gan

Download or read book Nanomaterials for Thermoelectric Devices written by Yong X. Gan and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 319 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the increaseing global demand for energy, we are facing a huge challenge of energy sustainability. Renewable energy has attracted an immense amount of interest with regard to solving the sustainbility issue. Among the various renewable energy sources, solar heat and waste heat energy has significant advantages due to its availability. Thermoelectric nanomaterials play an indispensable role in heat-to-electricity energy conversion. A high energy conversion efficiency is critical for practical applications of thermoelectric energy conversion systems, and understanding the fundamentals of energy conversion mechanisms is essential. This book details thermoelectric energy conversion nanomaterials and the related manufacturing processes. It also introduces the latest research progress in thermoelectric energy conversion nanomaterials. It is a great reference for readers from both academia and industry.

The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion

Download The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1681746425
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (817 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion by : Julian Goldsmid

Download or read book The Physics of Thermoelectric Energy Conversion written by Julian Goldsmid and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2017-05-02 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book outlines the principles of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration from the discovery of the Seebeck and Peltier effects in the nineteenth century through the introduction of semiconductor thermoelements in the mid-twentieth century to the more recent development of nanostructured materials. It is shown that the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator and the coefficient of performance of a thermoelectric refrigerator can be related to a quantity known as the figure of merit. The figure of merit depends on the Seebeck coefficient and the ratio of the electrical to thermal conductivity. It is shown that expressions for these parameters can be derived from the band theory of solids. The conditions for favourable electronic properties are discussed. The methods for selecting materials with a low lattice thermal conductivity are outlined and the ways in which the scattering of phonons can be enhanced are described. The application of these principles is demonstrated for specific materials including the bismuth telluride alloys, bismuth antimony, alloys based on lead telluride, silicon-germanium and materials described as phonon-glass electron-crystals. It is shown that there can be advantages in using the less familiar transverse thermoelectric effects and the transverse thermomagnetic effects. Finally, practical aspects of thermoelectric generation and refrigeration are discussed. The book is aimed at readers who do not have a specialised knowledge of solid state physics.

Thermoelectric Micro / Nano Generators, Volume 1

Download Thermoelectric Micro / Nano Generators, Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1789451442
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (894 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Thermoelectric Micro / Nano Generators, Volume 1 by : Hiroyuki Akinaga

Download or read book Thermoelectric Micro / Nano Generators, Volume 1 written by Hiroyuki Akinaga and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2024-01-11 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores a key technology regarding the importance of connections via an Internet of Things network and how this helps us to easily communicate with others and gather information. Namely, what would happen if this suddenly became unavailable due to a shortage of power or electricity? Using thermoelectric generators is a viable solution as they use the heat around us to generate the much-needed electricity for our technological needs. This first volume explores the computational and data-driven development of these thermoelectric generators, as well as the use of various abundant materials such as copper and silver chalcogenides and nanocarbons. It also offers reviews on universal property enhancement principles and the case of strongly correlated oxides, and goes on to explore the metrology of the thermal properties of thermoelectric generators, detailing methods of how to measure the absolute Seebeck coefficient using the Thomson effect and the thermal diffusivity of thin films using the ultrafast laser flash method.