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Thermodynamik Performance And Cost Analysis Of Syngas Generation Concepts In Gas To Liquids Plants
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Book Synopsis Thermodynamik Performance and Cost Analysis of Syngas Generation Concepts in Gas-to-liquids Plants by : Ramy Bittar
Download or read book Thermodynamik Performance and Cost Analysis of Syngas Generation Concepts in Gas-to-liquids Plants written by Ramy Bittar and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Iron-based Chemical Looping Gasification Technologies for Flexible Syngas Production from Fossil Fuels with Carbon-di-oxide Capture by : Mandar V. Kathe
Download or read book Iron-based Chemical Looping Gasification Technologies for Flexible Syngas Production from Fossil Fuels with Carbon-di-oxide Capture written by Mandar V. Kathe and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The following study entails process simulations and techno-economic analysis based investigations of novel chemical looping partial oxidation processes. The moving bed reactor system analyzed in this dissertation provides chemical looping technologies several intrinsic advantages over conventional energy processing schemes. Chapter 2 focusses on optimizing the counter-current moving bed chemical looping system for H2 production from natural gas. The chemical looping process for H2 production from natural gas is optimized based on isothermal thermodynamic limits of an iron-based counter-current moving bed reactor system. The iso-thermal analysis is followed by a parametric sensitivity for energy balance for satisfying the auto-thermal heat balance. This is completed by computing temperature swings based on a net heat duty calculation for individual chemical looping reactors. Overall the chemical looping process is shown to have a cold gas efficiency of 77.6% (HHV basis) and an effective thermal efficiency of 75.1% (HHV basis), both of which are significantly higher than the baseline case. Chapter 3 discusses the Shale gas to Syngas process for integration into a Gas to Liquid fuel (GTL) plant. Following the methodology for an isothermal and an adiabatic analysis from Chapter 2, Chapter 3 identifies a suitable auto-thermal operating condition for the chemical looping reactors. The process simulation model is used to derive cost estimates based on standard engineering assumptions and completes a sensitivity analysis for several important economic parameters. The STS process is shown to require significantly lower natural gas feedstock than the conventional process baseline for producing the same amount of liquid fuels. The STS process lowers the capital cost investment for the syngas production section of a GTL plant by over 50% and if commercialized can be disruptive to liquid fuel production markets. Chapter 4 discusses the Coal to syngas (CTS) process for its technical and economic performance when integrated into a 10,000 tpd methanol plant. This chapter details the equipment sizing philosophy and cost methodology used in this dissertation for calculating economic performance of the novel processes developed. Further, sensitivity studies which analyze effect of economic parameters like the capital charge factor, natural gas price are considered to identify the critical technology parameters necessary to be de-risked for pilot scale and commercial scale operation of the CTS technology. The CTS process reduced the coal consumption by 14% for the same amount of methanol production. The CTS process also reduced the methanol required selling price by 21% over the corresponding baseline case with greater than 90% carbon capture. Chapter 5 discusses the two reducer chemical looping configurations and the fixed bed chemical looping configurations. The two reducer chemical looping configurations provide the flexibility for designing two different reducer reactors, each optimized to a specific fuel feedstock. The two reducer chemical looping configurations can improve over thermodynamic performance of a single reducer chemical looping configuration by providing the flexibility to get high solids conversion with high fuel conversions. The fixed bed operating strategy opens up ways to operate iron-based chemical looping system without solids circulation for high-efficiency production of syngas.
Book Synopsis Concepts In Syngas Manufacture by : Jens Rostrup-nielsen
Download or read book Concepts In Syngas Manufacture written by Jens Rostrup-nielsen and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2011-07-21 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems./a
Book Synopsis High-pressure Natural Gas to Syngas Chemical Looping by : Peter Sandvik (Chemical engineer)
Download or read book High-pressure Natural Gas to Syngas Chemical Looping written by Peter Sandvik (Chemical engineer) and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical looping technologies can be used as an advanced reforming technology, capable of efficiently generating syngas to serve as a feedstock in a variety of important chemical industries. The pressure of the syngas feedstock to downstream chemical synthesis reactors is an important characteristic that can dictate the products and overall plant economics. While most chemical synthesis reactors, such as Fischer-Tropsch and methanol synthesis reactors, operate at high pressures, most chemical looping reforming studies have been conducted under atmospheric conditions. The high thermodynamic yields from the atmospheric chemical looping reformer run counter to the high conversion of the pressurized downstream reactors. Therefore, this study seeks to quantify the impact of the operating conditions of the chemical looping reformer on the overall system yields. Specifically, The Ohio State University methane to syngas process is analyzed, which uses a cocurrent moving bed fuel/reducer reactor and a fluidized bed air/combustor reactor. The syngas generation results are compared under a variety of operating conditions with the pressure varied between 1 and 30 atm. Initial studies are compared in an isothermal analysis to study the effect of variables, independent of operating temperature. The resulting isothermal analysis is used to guide an adiabatic reactor configuration in an attempt to develop an autothermal chemical looping system. The gas feedstocks, solid feedstocks, operating temperature, feedstock preheating conditions, and system pressure are all analyzed. The results of the autothermal chemical looping system are then integrated into a ~5000 MWth natural gas to liquid fuels plant, in which a chemical looping reformer replaces an autothermal reformer reactor. The study shows that operation of the chemical looping process allows for equivalent syngas yield compared to the autothermal reformer with a 7-13% reduction in natural gas feedstock. Lastly, a novel operating strategy is described in which the chemical looping reducer operates at higher pressure and the chemical looping combustor operates at atmospheric conditions. Such an operating strategy takes advantage of the air and natural gas feedstock pressures to the chemical looping system and is able to eliminate a significant amount of compression energy and equipment. Using the differential operating strategy allows equivalent syngas production to the baseline with a 7% decrease in natural gas usage and ~200 MWe increase in electricity production. A capital cost comparison of the equivalent pressure and differential pressure chemical looping systems indicate a 29% reduction in capital costs when using the differential pressure chemical looping system.
Book Synopsis HIGH EFFICIENCY SYNGAS GENERATION. by :
Download or read book HIGH EFFICIENCY SYNGAS GENERATION. written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project investigated an efficient and low cost method of auto-thermally reforming natural gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Reforming is the highest cost step in producing products such as methanol and Fisher Tropsch liquids (i.e., gas to liquids); and reducing the cost of reforming is the key to reducing the cost of these products. Steam reforming is expensive because of the high cost of the high nickel alloy reforming tubes (i.e., indirectly fired reforming tubes). Conventional auto-thermal or Partial Oxidation (POX) reforming minimizes the size and cost of the reformers and provides a near optimum mixture of CO and hydrogen. However POX requires pure oxygen, which consumes power and significantly increases the cost to reforming. Our high efficiency process extracts oxygen from low-pressure air with novel oxygen sorbent and transfers the oxygen to a nickel-catalyzed reformer. The syngas is generated at process pressure (typically 20 to 40 bar) without nitrogen dilution and has a 1CO to 2H2 ratio that is near optimum for the subsequent production of Fisher-Tropsch liquid to liquids and other chemicals (i.e., Gas to Liquids, GTL). Our high process efficiency comes from the way we transfer the oxygen into the reformer. All of the components of the process, except for the oxygen sorbent, are commonly used in commercial practice. A process based on a longlived, regenerable, oxygen transfer sorbent could substantially reduce the cost of natural gas reforming to syngas. Lower cost syngas (CO + 2H2) that is the feedstock for GTL would reduce the cost of GTL and for other commercial applications (e.g., methanol, other organic chemicals). The vast gas resources of Alaska's North Slope (ANS) offer more than 22 Tcf of gas and GTL production in this application alone, and could account for as much as 300,000 to 700,000 bpd for 20 to 30+ years. We developed a new sorbent, which is an essential part of the High Efficiency Oxygen Process (HOP). We tested the sorbent and observed that it has both a good oxygen capacity and operates as a highly effective reforming catalyst. We conducted a long duration tests of the sorbent (1,500 hours of continuous operation in the HOP cycle). Although the sorbent lost some oxygen capacity with cycling, the sorbent oxygen capacity stabilized after 1,000 hours and remained constant to the end of the test, 1,500 hour. The activity of the catalyst to reform methane to a hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture was unchanged through the oxidation/reduction cycling. Our cost and performance analyses indicated a significant reduction in the cost of GTL production when using the HOP process integrated into a GTL plant.
Book Synopsis Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes by : Peter M. Maitlis
Download or read book Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes written by Peter M. Maitlis and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greener Fischer-Tropsch Processes How can we use our carbon-based resources in the most responsible manner? How can we most efficiently transform natural gas, coal, or biomass into diesel, jet fuel or gasoline to drive our machines? The Big Questions today are energy-related, and the Fischer-Tropsch process provides industrially tested solutions. This book offers a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the Fischer-Tropsch process, from the basic science and engineering to commercial issues. It covers industrial, economic, environmental, and fundamental aspects, with a specific focus on “green” concepts such as sustainability, process improvement, waste-reduction, and environmental care. The result is a practical reference for researchers, engineers, and financial analysts working in the energy sector, who are interested in carbon conversion, fuel processing or synthetic fuel technologies. It is also an ideal introductory book on the Fischer-Tropsch process for graduate courses in chemistry and chemical engineering.
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Technology by : André Steynberg
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Technology written by André Steynberg and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2004-10-30 with total page 722 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fischer-Tropsch Technology is a unique book for its state-of-the-art approach to Fischer Tropsch (FT) technology. This book provides an explanation of the basic principles and terminology that are required to understand the application of FT technology. It also contains comprehensive references to patents and previous publications. As the first publication to focus on theory and application, it is a contemporary reference source for students studying chemistry and chemical engineering. Researchers and engineers active in the development of FT technology will also find this book an invaluable source of information. * Is the first publication to cover the theory and application for modern Fischer Tropsch technology * Contains comprehensive knowledge on all aspects relevant to the application of Fischer Tropsch technology* No other publication looks at past, present and future applications
Book Synopsis Oil and Gas Production Handbook: An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production by : Havard Devold
Download or read book Oil and Gas Production Handbook: An Introduction to Oil and Gas Production written by Havard Devold and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2013 with total page 84 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Production of Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas by : Saiedeh Arabi Bolaghi
Download or read book Production of Liquid Fuels from Natural Gas written by Saiedeh Arabi Bolaghi and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gas to Liquid (GTL) processes chemically convert natural gas to valuable liquid hydrocarbon products. The GTL process considered in this research is comprised of three phases: 1) syngas production, 2) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), and 3) product separation. This study focuses on the simulation and optimization of a GTL process to convert natural gas to more valuable liquid fuels. In syngas production, steam methane reforming (SMR) is typically used although it requires an external heat source due to the endothermic nature of the reaction. In addition, the SMR approach produces syngas with a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio that is not ideal for the FTS reaction. An alternative approach that combines partial oxidation of methane (POX) and SMR in series is considered in this work. The heat released in the exothermic POX stage drives the endothermic SMR stage resulting in an auto-thermal reforming reaction (ATR) that is net exothermic. The resulting syngas product has the ideal hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio for FTS. The aim of this work is to establish numerical models for the ATR and FTS reactor components of a GTL plant and study the impact of various input parameters on the output of the overall system. Kinetic models were developed based on laboratory data collected from a GTL pilot plant operating at UTA. A multiphysics finite element model was developed to simulate a multi tubular packed bed reactor for FTS. The impact of coolant flow rate and syngas space velocity on oil productivity and syngas conversion was studied.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Production Technologies by : Mehmet Sankir
Download or read book Hydrogen Production Technologies written by Mehmet Sankir and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 653 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides a comprehensive practical review of the new technologies used to obtain hydrogen more efficiently via catalytic, electrochemical, bio- and photohydrogen production. Hydrogen has been gaining more attention in both transportation and stationary power applications. Fuel cell-powered cars are on the roads and the automotive industry is demanding feasible and efficient technologies to produce hydrogen. The principles and methods described herein lead to reasonable mitigation of the great majority of problems associated with hydrogen production technologies. The chapters in this book are written by distinguished authors who have extensive experience in their fields, and readers will have a chance to compare the fundamental production techniques and learn about the pros and cons of these technologies. The book is organized into three parts. Part I shows the catalytic and electrochemical principles involved in hydrogen production technologies. Part II addresses hydrogen production from electrochemically active bacteria (EAB) by decomposing organic compound into hydrogen in microbial electrolysis cells (MECs). The final part of the book is concerned with photohydrogen generation. Recent developments in the area of semiconductor-based nanomaterials, specifically semiconductor oxides, nitrides and metal free semiconductor-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic hydrogen production are extensively discussed.
Download or read book Coal written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1995-06-13 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was given a mandate in the 1992 Energy Policy Act (EPACT) to pursue strategies in coal technology that promote a more competitive economy, a cleaner environment, and increased energy security. Coal evaluates DOE's performance and recommends priorities in updating its coal program and responding to EPACT. This volume provides a picture of likely future coal use and associated technology requirements through the year 2040. Based on near-, mid-, and long-term scenarios, the committee presents a framework for DOE to use in identifying R&D strategies and in making detailed assessments of specific programs. Coal offers an overview of coal-related programs and recent budget trends and explores principal issues in future U.S. and foreign coal use. The volume evaluates DOE Fossil Energy R&D programs in such key areas as electric power generation and conversion of coal to clean fuels. Coal will be important to energy policymakers, executives in the power industry and related trade associations, environmental organizations, and researchers.
Download or read book Syngas written by Adorjan Kurucz and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2014-05-14 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Syngas is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Examples of production methods include steam reforming of natural gas or liquid hydrocarbons to produce hydrogen, the gasification of coal and in some types of waste-to-energy gasification facilities. Syngas is also used as an intermediate in producing synthetic petroleum for use as a fuel or lubricant via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and previously the Mobil methanol to gasoline process. Syngas consists primarily of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and very often some carbon dioxide, and has less than half the energy density of natural gas. It is combustible and often used as a fuel source or as an intermediate for the production of other chemicals. This new book gathers the latest research from around the globe in this dynamic field covering topics such as syngas production from biomass generated gases, recent developments of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts, syngas cleaning technologies, and new syngas utilizations at different stages of deployment."--Publisher's description.
Book Synopsis The Hydrogen Economy by : National Academy of Engineering
Download or read book The Hydrogen Economy written by National Academy of Engineering and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2004-09-05 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The announcement of a hydrogen fuel initiative in the President's 2003 State of the Union speech substantially increased interest in the potential for hydrogen to play a major role in the nation's long-term energy future. Prior to that event, DOE asked the National Research Council to examine key technical issues about the hydrogen economy to assist in the development of its hydrogen R&D program. Included in the assessment were the current state of technology; future cost estimates; CO2 emissions; distribution, storage, and end use considerations; and the DOE RD&D program. The report provides an assessment of hydrogen as a fuel in the nation's future energy economy and describes a number of important challenges that must be overcome if it is to make a major energy contribution. Topics covered include the hydrogen end-use technologies, transportation, hydrogen production technologies, and transition issues for hydrogen in vehicles.
Book Synopsis Fischer-Tropsch Refining by : Arno de Klerk
Download or read book Fischer-Tropsch Refining written by Arno de Klerk and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-12-21 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Fischer-Tropsch process is gaining recognition again due to the world-wide increase in energy needs and decrease in oil availability. The increasing interest in utilizing biomass as a potential renewable feedstock in energy generation is further supporting this development. The book covers the production and refining of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude to fuels and chemicals systematically and comprehensively, presenting a wealth of new knowledge and material. As such, it deals extensively with aspects of engineering, chemistry and catalysis. This handbook and ready reference adopts a fundamental approach, looking at the molecules and their transformation from feed to product. Numerous examples illustrate the possibilities and limitations of Fischer-Tropsch syncrude as feesdstock. Of great interest to everyone interested in refining - not just Fischer-Tropsch specialists. From the Contents: Fischer-Tropsch Facilities and Refineries at a Glance Production of Fischer-Tropsch Syncrude Industrial Fischer-Tropsch Facilities Synthetic Transportation Fuels Refining Technology Refinery Design
Book Synopsis Polygeneration Systems by : Francesco Calise
Download or read book Polygeneration Systems written by Francesco Calise and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-09-22 with total page 453 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The support for polygeneration lies in the possibility of integrating different technologies into a single energy system, to maximize the utilization of both fossil and renewable fuels. A system that delivers multiple forms of energy to users, maximizing the overall efficiency makes polygeneration an emerging and viable option for energy consuming industries. Polygeneration Systems: Design, Processes and Technologies provides simple and advanced calculation techniques to evaluate energy, environmental and economic performance of polygeneration systems under analysis. With specific design guidelines for each type of polygeneration system and experimental performance data, referred both to single components and overall systems, this title covers all aspects of polygeneration from design to operation, optimization and practical implementation. Giving different aspects of both fossil and non-fossil fuel based polygeneration and the wider area of polygeneration processes, this book helps readers learn general principles to specific system design and development through analysis of case studies, examples, simulation characteristics and thermodynamic and economic data. Detailed economic data for technology to assist developing feasibility studies regarding the possible application of polygeneration technologies Offers a comprehensive list of all current numerical and experimental results of polygeneration available Includes simulation models, cost figures, demonstration projects and test standards for designers and researchers to validate their own models and/or to test the reliability of their results
Book Synopsis Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies by : Ting Wang
Download or read book Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies written by Ting Wang and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2016-11-26 with total page 929 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Technologies discusses this innovative power generation technology that combines modern coal gasification technology with both gas turbine and steam turbine power generation, an important emerging technology which has the potential to significantly improve the efficiencies and emissions of coal power plants. The advantages of this technology over conventional pulverized coal power plants include fuel flexibility, greater efficiencies, and very low pollutant emissions. The book reviews the current status and future developments of key technologies involved in IGCC plants and how they can be integrated to maximize efficiency and reduce the cost of electricity generation in a carbon-constrained world. The first part of this book introduces the principles of IGCC systems and the fuel types for use in IGCC systems. The second part covers syngas production within IGCC systems. The third part looks at syngas cleaning, the separation of CO2 and hydrogen enrichment, with final sections describing the gas turbine combined cycle and presenting several case studies of existing IGCC plants. Provides an in-depth, multi-contributor overview of integrated gasification combined cycle technologies Reviews the current status and future developments of key technologies involved in IGCC plants Provides several case studies of existing IGCC plants around the world
Book Synopsis Natural Gas Conversion V by : A. Parmaliana
Download or read book Natural Gas Conversion V written by A. Parmaliana and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1998-09-17 with total page 1005 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow. The topics covered in Natural Gas Conversion V reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable. These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries.
