The World of Rhythm Called Rituals

Download The World of Rhythm Called Rituals PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : New Age Books
ISBN 13 : 9788178223322
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (233 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The World of Rhythm Called Rituals by : Jayant Burde

Download or read book The World of Rhythm Called Rituals written by Jayant Burde and published by New Age Books. This book was released on 2009 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World

Download Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472027476
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World by : Ifeoma C.K. Nwankwo

Download or read book Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World written by Ifeoma C.K. Nwankwo and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2010-11-22 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Collecting essays by fourteen expert contributors into a trans-oceanic celebration and critique, Mamadou Diouf and Ifeoma Kiddoe Nwankwo show how music, dance, and popular culture turn ways of remembering Africa into African ways of remembering. With a mix of Nuyorican, Cuban, Haitian, Kenyan, Senegalese, Trinidagonian, and Brazilian beats, Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World proves that the pleasures of poly-rhythm belong to the realm of the discursive as well as the sonic and the kinesthetic." ---Joseph Roach, Sterling Professor of Theater, Yale University "As necessary as it is brilliant, Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World dances across, beyond, and within the Black Atlantic Diaspora with the aplomb and skill befitting its editors and contributors." ---Mark Anthony Neal, author of Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic Along with linked modes of religiosity, music and dance have long occupied a central position in the ways in which Atlantic peoples have enacted, made sense of, and responded to their encounters with each other. This unique collection of essays connects nations from across the Atlantic---Senegal, Kenya, Trinidad, Cuba, Brazil, and the United States, among others---highlighting contemporary popular, folkloric, and religious music and dance. By tracking the continuous reframing, revision, and erasure of aural, oral, and corporeal traces, the contributors to Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World collectively argue that music and dance are the living evidence of a constant (re)composition and (re)mixing of local sounds and gestures. Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World distinguishes itself as a collection focusing on the circulation of cultural forms across the Atlantic world, tracing the paths trod by a range of music and dance forms within, across, or beyond the variety of locales that constitute the Atlantic world. The editors and contributors do so, however, without assuming that these paths have been either always in line with national, regional, or continental boundaries or always transnational, transgressive, and perfectly hybrid/syncretic. This collection seeks to reorient the discourse on cultural forms moving in the Atlantic world by being attentive to the specifics of the forms---their specific geneses, the specific uses to which they are put by their creators and consumers, and the specific ways in which they travel or churn in place. Mamadou Diouf is Leitner Family Professor of African Studies, Director of the Institute of African Studies, and Professor of History at Columbia University. Ifeoma Kiddoe Nwankwo is Associate Professor of English at Vanderbilt University. Jacket photograph by Elias Irizarry

Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya

Download Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 981131957X
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya by : Siddheshwar Rameshwar Bhatt

Download or read book Quantum Reality and Theory of Śūnya written by Siddheshwar Rameshwar Bhatt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-03-30 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book deals with expounding the nature of Reality as it is understood in contemporary times in Quantum Physics. It also explains the classical Indian theory of Śūnya in its diverse facets. Thereafter it undertakes comparison between the two which is an area of great topical interest. It is a cross-disciplinary study by erudite Indian and western scholars between traditional Indian knowledge system and contemporary researches in Physical sciences. It points out how the theory of ‘Śūnyatā has many seminal ideas and theories in common with contemporary Quantum Physics. The learned authors have tried to dissolve the “mysteries” of Quantum Physics and resolved its “weird paradoxes” with the help of theory of Śūnyatā. The issue of non-separability or entanglement has been approached with the help of the Buddhist theory of Pratītyasamutpāda. The paradoxical situation of “wave-particle duality” has been explained with the help of Upaniṣadic theory of complementarity of the two opposites. The measurement problem represented by “Schrodinger’s cat” has been dealt with by resorting to two forms of the calculation of probabilities. Some writers have argued for Śūnyatā-like non-essentialist position to understand quantum reality. To make sense of quantum theory some papers provide a happy symbiosis of technical understanding and personal meditative experience by drawing multifarious parallels. This book will be of interest to philosophically inclined physicists and philosophers with interest in quantum mechanics.

Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World

Download Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Michigan Press
ISBN 13 : 0472901206
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (729 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World by : Ifeoma C.K. Nwankwo

Download or read book Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World written by Ifeoma C.K. Nwankwo and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Collecting essays by fourteen expert contributors into a trans-oceanic celebration and critique, Mamadou Diouf and Ifeoma Kiddoe Nwankwo show how music, dance, and popular culture turn ways of remembering Africa into African ways of remembering. With a mix of Nuyorican, Cuban, Haitian, Kenyan, Senegalese, Trinidagonian, and Brazilian beats, Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World proves that the pleasures of poly-rhythm belong to the realm of the discursive as well as the sonic and the kinesthetic." ---Joseph Roach, Sterling Professor of Theater, Yale University "As necessary as it is brilliant, Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World dances across, beyond, and within the Black Atlantic Diaspora with the aplomb and skill befitting its editors and contributors." ---Mark Anthony Neal, author of Soul Babies: Black Popular Culture and the Post-Soul Aesthetic Along with linked modes of religiosity, music and dance have long occupied a central position in the ways in which Atlantic peoples have enacted, made sense of, and responded to their encounters with each other. This unique collection of essays connects nations from across the Atlantic---Senegal, Kenya, Trinidad, Cuba, Brazil, and the United States, among others---highlighting contemporary popular, folkloric, and religious music and dance. By tracking the continuous reframing, revision, and erasure of aural, oral, and corporeal traces, the contributors to Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World collectively argue that music and dance are the living evidence of a constant (re)composition and (re)mixing of local sounds and gestures. Rhythms of the Afro-Atlantic World distinguishes itself as a collection focusing on the circulation of cultural forms across the Atlantic world, tracing the paths trod by a range of music and dance forms within, across, or beyond the variety of locales that constitute the Atlantic world. The editors and contributors do so, however, without assuming that these paths have been either always in line with national, regional, or continental boundaries or always transnational, transgressive, and perfectly hybrid/syncretic. This collection seeks to reorient the discourse on cultural forms moving in the Atlantic world by being attentive to the specifics of the forms---their specific geneses, the specific uses to which they are put by their creators and consumers, and the specific ways in which they travel or churn in place. Mamadou Diouf is Leitner Family Professor of African Studies, Director of the Institute of African Studies, and Professor of History at Columbia University. Ifeoma Kiddoe Nwankwo is Associate Professor of English at Vanderbilt University. Jacket photograph by Elias Irizarry

Rituals, Mantras, and Science

Download Rituals, Mantras, and Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Motilal Banarsidass Publishe
ISBN 13 : 9788120820531
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rituals, Mantras, and Science by : Jayant Burde

Download or read book Rituals, Mantras, and Science written by Jayant Burde and published by Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. This book was released on 2004 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book the author discusses the places of science in rituals and mantras. Using structural analysis he shows that rituals in general, whether religious, political, social or otherwise have common structural patterns. These patterns are shared by poetry, music,dance and gymanastics, but not by language. Consideration of animal rituals and pathological rituals leads him to propose a general theory which unifies all rituals-like activities.

Remains of Ritual

Download Remains of Ritual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226265064
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Remains of Ritual by : Steven M. Friedson

Download or read book Remains of Ritual written by Steven M. Friedson and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2010-07-15 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Remains of Ritual, Steven M. Friedson’s second book on musical experience in African ritual, focuses on the Brekete/Gorovodu religion of the Ewe people. Friedson presents a multifaceted understanding of religious practice through a historical and ethnographic study of one of the dominant ritual sites on the southern coast of Ghana: a medicine shrine whose origins lie in the northern region of the country. Each chapter of this fascinating book considers a different aspect of ritual life, demonstrating throughout that none of them can be conceived of separately from their musicality—in the Brekete world, music functions as ritual and ritual as music. Dance and possession, chanted calls to prayer, animal sacrifice, the sounds and movements of wake keeping, the play of the drums all come under Friedson’s careful scrutiny, as does his own position and experience within this ritual-dominated society.

The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music

Download The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351544381
Total Pages : 1126 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (515 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music by : Alison Arnold

Download or read book The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music written by Alison Arnold and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-09-25 with total page 1126 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this volume, sixty-eight of the world's leading authorities explore and describe the wide range of musics of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, Nepal and Afghanistan. Important information about history, religion, dance, theater, the visual arts and philosophy as well as their relationship to music is highlighted in seventy-six in-depth articles.

Excursions in World Music

Download Excursions in World Music PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429782942
Total Pages : 484 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (297 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Excursions in World Music by : Timothy Rommen

Download or read book Excursions in World Music written by Timothy Rommen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-18 with total page 484 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excursions in World Music is a comprehensive introductory textbook to the musics of the world, creating a panoramic experience for students by engaging the many cultures around the globe, and highlighting the sheer diversity to be experienced in the world of music. At the same time, the text illustrates the often profound ways through which a deeper exploration of these many different communities can reveal overlaps, shared horizons, and common concerns in spite of, and because of, this very diversity. The new eighth edition features six brand new chapters, including chapters on Japan, Sub-Saharan Africa, China and Taiwan, Europe, Maritime Southeast Asia, and Indigenous Peoples. General updates have been made to other chapters, replacing visuals and updating charts/statistics. Another major addition to the eighth edition is the publication of a companion Reader, entitled Critical Issues in World Music. Each chapter in the Reader is designed to introduce students to a theoretical concept or thematic area within ethnomusicology and illustrate its possibilities by pointing to case studies drawn from at least three chapters in Excursions in World Music. Chapters include the following topics: Music, Gender, and Sexuality; Music and Ritual; Coloniality and "World Music"; Music and Space; Music and Diaspora; Communication, Technology, Media; Musical Labor, Musical Value; and Music and Memory. Instructors can use this resource as a primary or secondary path through the materials, either assigning chapters from the textbook and then digging deeper by exploring a chapter from the Reader, or starting with a Reader chapter and then moving into the musical specifics offered in the textbook chapters. Having available both an area studies and a thematic approach to the materials offers important flexibility to instructors and also provides students with additional means of engaging with the musics of the world. A companion website with a new test bank and fully updated instructor’s manual is available for instructors. Numerous resources are posted for students, including streamed audio listening, additional resources (such as links to YouTube videos or websites), a musical fundamentals essay (introducing concepts such as meter, melody, harmony, form, etc.), interactive quizzes, and flashcards.

Ritual in Its Own Right

Download Ritual in Its Own Right PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 9781845450519
Total Pages : 242 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ritual in Its Own Right by : Don Handelman

Download or read book Ritual in Its Own Right written by Don Handelman and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 242 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, canonic studies of ritual have discussed and explained ritual organization, action, and transformation primarily as representations of broader cultural and social orders. In the present, as in the past, less attention is given to the power of ritual to organize and effect transformation through its own dynamics. Breaking with convention, the contributors to this volume were asked to discuss ritual first and foremost in relation to itself, in its own right, and only then in relation to its socio-cultural context. The results attest to the variable capacities of rites to effect transformation through themselves, and to the study of phenomena in their own right as a fertile approach to comprehending ritual dynamics.

Spirit Possession around the World

Download Spirit Possession around the World PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1610695909
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Spirit Possession around the World by : Joseph P. Laycock

Download or read book Spirit Possession around the World written by Joseph P. Laycock and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2015-05-26 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a fascinating historical and cultural overview of traditional beliefs about spirit possession and exorcism around the world, from Europe to Asia and the Middle East to the Americas. Possession and exorcism are elements that occur in nearly every culture. Why is belief in spiritual possession so universal? This accessible reference volume offers a broad sample of the traditions and cultures involving possession and exorcism, presenting thoughts on this widely popular topic by experts from the fields of anthropology, sociology, religious studies, history, neuroscience, forensics, and theology. The entries cover the subject of possession and exorcism across all inhabited continents, from the Bronze Age to the 21st century, providing information that is accessible and intriguing as well as scholarly and authoritative. Beyond addressing the Christian tradition of possession and exorcism, Pentecostalism, and "New Age" and less widely known Western concepts about possession and exorcism, this work examines ideas about possession and exorcism from other world religions and the indigenous cultures of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It also covers historic cases of possession and presents biographies of famous theologians, exorcists, and possessed individuals. High school and undergraduate readers will learn about world history, religious and spiritual traditions, and world cultures through a topic that figures prominently in popular culture and modern entertainment. Bibliographies that accompany each entry as well as a selected, general bibliography serve to help students locate print and electronic sources of additional information.

The Soul

Download The Soul PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lucis Publishing Companies
ISBN 13 : 9780853301325
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Soul by : Alice A Bailey

Download or read book The Soul written by Alice A Bailey and published by Lucis Publishing Companies. This book was released on 1974-12 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compilation from the books of Alice Bailey seeks to increase understanding of the immortal soul, addressing it’s many aspects under sixty two headings. The creative nature of the Soul: On its own plane, the soul knows no separation, and the factor of synthesis governs all soul relations. The soul is occupied not only with the form that the vision of its objective may take, but with the quality or the meaning which that vision veils or hides. The soul knows the Plan; its form, outline, methods and objective are known. Through the use of the creative imagination, the soul creates; it builds thought-forms on the mental plane and objectifies desire on the astral plane. It proceeds then to externalise its thought and its desire upon the physical plane through applied force, creatively actuated by the imagination of the etheric or vital vehicle. Yet because the soul intelligence, motivated by love, it can (within the realised synthesis which governs its activities) analyse, discriminate and divide. The soul likewise aspires to that which is greater than itself, and reaches out to the world of divine ideas, and thus itself occupies a midway position between the world of ideation and the world of forms, This is its difficulty and its opportunity.

Ritual

Download Ritual PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1101177209
Total Pages : 91 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ritual by : Malidoma Patrice Some

Download or read book Ritual written by Malidoma Patrice Some and published by Penguin. This book was released on 1997-12-01 with total page 91 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The stories within these books have the poignancy of new discoveries as well as the unworn imagination of the ancestors. The commentary has the sharp edge of modern thought and the intricacy which results from the intellect being woven through the ritual complexities of tribal life. The purpose of constructing thresholds that bring this world together is to find the powers that can heal the rends in tribal as well as modern communities.? --Michael Meade, from the Introduction Versed in the languages of psychology, comparative literature, as well as ancient mythology, healing, and divination, Malidoma Patrice Some bridges paths between the ancient tribal world of the West African Dagara culture and modern Western society. Ritual is written with wild imagination, careful critical reflection, and intuitive insights that will force the reader to encounter the world anew.

Materializing Ritual Practices

Download Materializing Ritual Practices PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University Press of Colorado
ISBN 13 : 1646422392
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (464 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Materializing Ritual Practices by : Lisa M. Johnson

Download or read book Materializing Ritual Practices written by Lisa M. Johnson and published by University Press of Colorado. This book was released on 2022-07-15 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Materializing Ritual Practices explores the deep history of ritual practice in Mexico and Central America and the ways interdisciplinary research can be coordinated to illuminate how rituals create, destroy, and transform social relations. Ritual action produces sequences of creation, destruction, and transformation, which involve a variety of materials that are active and agential. The materialities of ritual may persist at temporal scales long beyond the lives of humans or be as ephemeral as spoken words, music, and scents. In this book, archaeologists and ethnographers, including specialists in narrative, music, and ritual practice, explore the rhythms and materiality of rituals that accompany everyday actions, like the construction of houses, healing practices, and religious festivals, and that paced commemoration of rulers, ancestor veneration, and relations with spiritual beings in the past. Connecting the kinds of observed material discursive practices that ethnographers witness to the sedimented practices from which archaeologists infer similar practices in the past, Materializing Ritual Practices addresses how specific materialities encourage repetition in ritual actions and, in other circumstances, resist changes to ritual sequences. The volume will be of interest to cultural anthropologists, archaeologists, and linguists with interests in Central America, ritual, materiality, and time. Contributors: M. Charlotte Arnauld, Giovani Balam Caamal, Isaac Barrientos, Cedric Becquey, Johann Begel, Valeria Bellomia, Juan Carillo Gonzalez, Maire Chosson, Julien Hiquet, Katrina Kosyk, Olivier Le Guen, Maria Luisa Vasquez de Agredos Pascual, Alessandro Lupo, Philippe Nondedeo, Julie Patrois, Russel Sheptak, Valentina Vapnarsky, Francisca Zalaquett Rock

Beyond the Cultural Turn

Download Beyond the Cultural Turn PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520922166
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (29 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Beyond the Cultural Turn by : Victoria E. Bonnell

Download or read book Beyond the Cultural Turn written by Victoria E. Bonnell and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2023-04-28 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nothing has generated more controversy in the social sciences than the turn toward culture, variously known as the linguistic turn, culturalism, or postmodernism. This book examines the impact of the cultural turn on two prominent social science disciplines, history and sociology, and proposes new directions in the theory and practice of historical research. The editors provide an introduction analyzing the origins and implications of the cultural turn and its postmodernist critiques of knowledge. Essays by leading historians and historical sociologists reflect on the uses of cultural theories and show both their promise and their limitations. The afterword by Hayden White provides an assessment of the trend toward culturalism by one its most influential proponents. Beyond the Cultural Turn offers fresh theoretical readings of the most persistent issues created by the cultural turn and provocative empirical studies focusing on diverse social practices, the uses of narrative, and the body and self as critical junctures where culture and society intersect.

The Geometry of Musical Rhythm

Download The Geometry of Musical Rhythm PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466512032
Total Pages : 357 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Geometry of Musical Rhythm by : Godfried T. Toussaint

Download or read book The Geometry of Musical Rhythm written by Godfried T. Toussaint and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Geometry of Musical Rhythm: What Makes a "Good" Rhythm Good? is the first book to provide a systematic and accessible computational geometric analysis of the musical rhythms of the world. It explains how the study of the mathematical properties of musical rhythm generates common mathematical problems that arise in a variety of seemingly dispara

Ambient Sufism

Download Ambient Sufism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022672350X
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Ambient Sufism by : Richard C. Jankowsky

Download or read book Ambient Sufism written by Richard C. Jankowsky and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2021-02-17 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ambient Sufism is a study of the intertwined musical lives of several ritual communities in Tunisia that invoke the healing powers of long-deceased Muslim saints through music-driven trance rituals. Richard C. Jankowsky illuminates the virtually undocumented role of women and minorities in shaping the ritual musical landscape of the region, with case studies on men’s and women’s Sufi orders, Jewish and black Tunisian healing musical troupes, and the popular music of hard-drinking laborers, as well as the cohorts involved in mass-mediated staged spectacles of ritual that continue to inject ritual sounds into the public sphere. He uses the term “ambient Sufism” to illuminate these adjacent ritual practices, each serving as a musical, social, and devotional-therapeutic niche while contributing to a larger, shared ecology of practices surrounding and invoking the figures of saints. And he argues that ritual musical form—that is, the large-scale structuring of ritual through musical organization—has agency; that is, form is revealing and constitutive of experience and encourages particular subjectivities. Ambient Sufism promises many useful ideas for ethnomusicology, anthropology, Islamic and religious studies, and North African studies.

The Theosophical Path

Download The Theosophical Path PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 636 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (334 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Theosophical Path by : Katherine Augusta Westcott Tingley

Download or read book The Theosophical Path written by Katherine Augusta Westcott Tingley and published by . This book was released on 1919 with total page 636 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: