The Virgin Mary In Late Medieval And Early Modern English Literature And Popular Culture

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The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture

Author : Gary Waller
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139494678
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture by : Gary Waller

Download or read book The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture written by Gary Waller and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-01-20 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book was first published in 2011. The Virgin Mary was one of the most powerful images of the Middle Ages, central to people's experience of Christianity. During the Reformation, however, many images of the Virgin were destroyed, as Protestantism rejected the way the medieval Church over-valued and sexualized Mary. Although increasingly marginalized in Protestant thought and practice, her traces and surprising transformations continued to haunt early modern England. Combining historical analysis and contemporary theory, including issues raised by psychoanalysis and feminist theology, Gary Waller examines the literature, theology and popular culture associated with Mary in the transition between late medieval and early modern England. He contrasts a variety of pre-Reformation texts and events, including popular mariology, poetry, tales, drama, pilgrimage and the emerging 'New Learning', with later sixteenth-century ruins, songs, ballads, Petrarchan poetry, the works of Shakespeare and other texts where the Virgin's presence or influence, sometimes surprisingly, can be found.

Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature

Author : Alison Chapman
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135132313
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature by : Alison Chapman

Download or read book Patrons and Patron Saints in Early Modern English Literature written by Alison Chapman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-17 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book visits the fact that, in the pre-modern world, saints and lords served structurally similar roles, acting as patrons to those beneath them on the spiritual or social ladder with the word "patron" used to designate both types of elite sponsor. Chapman argues that this elision of patron saints and patron lords remained a distinctive feature of the early modern English imagination and that it is central to some of the key works of literature in the period. Writers like Jonson, Shakespeare, Spenser, Drayton, Donne and, Milton all use medieval patron saints in order to represent and to challenge early modern ideas of patronage -- not just patronage in the narrow sense of the immediate economic relations obtaining between client and sponsor, but also patronage as a society-wide system of obligation and reward that itself crystallized a whole culture’s assumptions about order and degree. The works studied in this book -- ranging from Shakespeare’s 2 Henry VI, written early in the 1590s, to Milton’s Masque Performed at Ludlow Castle, written in 1634 -- are patronage works, either aimed at a specific patron or showing a keen awareness of the larger patronage system. This volume challenges the idea that the early modern world had shrugged off its own medieval past, instead arguing that Protestant writers in the period were actively using the medieval Catholic ideal of the saint as a means to represent contemporary systems of hierarchy and dependence. Saints had been the ideal -- and idealized -- patrons of the medieval world and remained so for early modern English recusants. As a result, their legends and iconographies provided early modern Protestant authors with the perfect tool for thinking about the urgent and complex question of who owed allegiance to whom in a rapidly changing world.

Biblical Readings and Literary Writings in Early Modern England, 1558-1625

Author : Victoria Brownlee
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0192540564
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (925 download)

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Book Synopsis Biblical Readings and Literary Writings in Early Modern England, 1558-1625 by : Victoria Brownlee

Download or read book Biblical Readings and Literary Writings in Early Modern England, 1558-1625 written by Victoria Brownlee and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2018-03-09 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bible had a profound impact on early modern culture, and bible-reading shaped the period's drama, poetry, and life-writings, as well as sermons and biblical commentaries. This volume provides an account of the how the Bible was read and applied in early modern England. It maps the connection between these readings and various forms of writing and argues that literary writings bear the hallmarks of the period's dominant exegetical practices, and do interpretative work. Tracing the impact of biblical reading across a range of genres and writers, the discussion demonstrates that literary reimaginings of, and allusions to, the Bible were common, varied, and ideologically evocative. The book explores how a series of popularly interpreted biblical narratives were recapitulated in the work of a diverse selection of writers, some of whom remain relatively unknown. In early modern England, the figures of Solomon, Job, and Christ's mother, Mary, and the books of Song of Songs and Revelation, are enmeshed in different ways with contemporary concerns, and their usage illustrates how the Bible's narratives could be turned to a fascinating array of debates. In showing the multifarious contexts in which biblical narratives were deployed, this book argues that Protestant interpretative practices contribute to, and problematize, literary constructions of a range of theological, political, and social debates.

Renaissance Papers 2020

Author : Ward J. Risvold
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 164014112X
Total Pages : 155 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Renaissance Papers 2020 by : Ward J. Risvold

Download or read book Renaissance Papers 2020 written by Ward J. Risvold and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2021 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collection of the best scholarly essays from the 2020 Southeastern Renaissance Conference plus essays submitted directly to the journal. Topics run from the epic to influence studies to the perennial problem of love and beyond. Renaissance Papers 2020 features essays from the conference held virtually at Mercer University, as well as essays submitted directly to the journal. The volume opens with an essay that discusses the "ultimate story," the epic, and argues, pointing to the Henriad and The Faerie Queen, that some of the most ambitious remain unfinished; an essay on "just war" and Henry V follows, suggesting why such epic inconclusion may not be such a bad thing. A trio of influence studies investigate post-Marian virginity, Miltonic environmentalism, and cross-dressing knights. Three essays then interrogate the perennial problem of love: in popular ballads, in Hero and Leander, and in The Rape of Lucrece. An essay argues counterintuitively for Amelia Lanyer and Margaret Cavendish as exemplars of the Cavalier Ideal of the Bonum Vitae; it is followed by an equally provocative reconsideration of the role of Claudio D'Arezzo's rhetorical works for Sicilian national identity. The last essay analyzes the formal signatures of three sixteenth-century queens and how they sought to represent themselves on the public stage.

Religious Diversity and Early Modern English Texts

Author : Arthur F. Marotti
Publisher : Wayne State University Press
ISBN 13 : 0814339565
Total Pages : 378 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Religious Diversity and Early Modern English Texts by : Arthur F. Marotti

Download or read book Religious Diversity and Early Modern English Texts written by Arthur F. Marotti and published by Wayne State University Press. This book was released on 2013-10-01 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Religious Diversity and Early Modern English Texts: Catholic, Judaic, Feminist, and Secular Dimensions, editors Arthur F. Marotti and Chanita Goodblatt present thirteen essays that examine the complex religious culture of early modern England. Emphasizing particularly the marginalized discourses of Catholicism and Judaism in mainstream English Protestant culture, the authors highlight the instability of an official religious order that was troubled not only by religious heterodoxy but also by feminist and secular challenges. North American and Israeli scholars present essays on a wide range of subjects all assumed to be "marginal" but which in a real sense were central to the religious and cultural life of the Protestant English nation. Using critical methods ranging from historical analysis, deconstruction, feminist inquiry, and intertextual interpretation to pedagogical experimentation, contributors offer analyses in five sections: Minority Catholic Culture, Figuring the Jew, Hebraism and the Bible, Women and Religion, and Religion and Secularization. Essays reveal new aspects of familiar texts such as Shakespeare's King Lear and The Merchant of Venice, the psalm translations by Sir Philip Sidney and the Countess of Pembroke, Christopher Marlowe's dramas, George Herbert's poetry, Aemelia Lanyer's Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum, and John Milton's Samson Agonistes. They also call attention to works such as the mid-sixteenth-century play The Historie of Jacob and Esau, William Blundell's Catholic antiquarian writing, the series of paintings portraying the religious institute of Mary Ward, and funeral sermons for religiously active women. Contributors show that we cannot understand a culture without attending to its repressed, marginalized, and unacknowledged elements. Scholars of religious, literary, and cultural history will enjoy this illuminating collection.

The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture

Author : Gary Waller
Publisher : Amsterdam University Press
ISBN 13 : 9048551110
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (485 download)

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Book Synopsis The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture by : Gary Waller

Download or read book The Female Baroque in Early Modern English Literary Culture written by Gary Waller and published by Amsterdam University Press. This book was released on 2020-03-06 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Female Baroque is a contribution to the revival since the 1980s of early modern women's writings and cultural production in English. Its originality is twofold: it links women's writing in English with the wider context of Baroque culture, and it introduces the issue of gender into discussion of the Baroque. The title comes from Julia Kristeva's study of Teresa of Avila, that 'the secrets of Baroque civilization are female'. The book is built on a schema of recurring Baroque characteristics - narrativity, hyperbole, melancholia, kitsch, and plateauing, pointing less to surface manifestations and more to underlying ideological tensions. The crucial concept of the Female Baroque is developed in detail. Attention is then given particularly to Gertrude More, Mary Ward, Aemilia Lanyer, The Ferrar/Collet women, Mary Wroth, the Cavendish sisters, Hester Pulter, Anne Hutchinson, Margaret Cavendish and Aphra Behn, the latter two whose lives and writings point to the developing cultural transition to the Enlightenment.

Female Devotion and Textile Imagery in Medieval English Literature

Author : Anna McKay
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1843847132
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis Female Devotion and Textile Imagery in Medieval English Literature by : Anna McKay

Download or read book Female Devotion and Textile Imagery in Medieval English Literature written by Anna McKay and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2024-03-05 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uncovers the female voices, lived experiences, and spiritual insights encoded by the imagery of textiles in the Middle Ages.For millennia, women have spoken and read through cloth. The literature and art of the Middle Ages are replete with images of women working cloth, wielding spindles, distaffs, and needles, or sitting at their looms. Yet they have been little explored. Drawing upon the burgeoning field of medieval textile studies, as well as contemporary theories of gender, materiality, and eco-criticism, this study illustrates how textiles provide a hermeneutical alternative to the patriarchally-dominated written word. It puts forward the argument that women's devotion during this period was a "fabricated" phenomenon, a mode of spirituality and religious exegesis expressed, devised, and practised through cloth. Centred on four icons of female devotion (Eve, Mary, St Veronica, and - of course - Christ), the book explores a broad range of narratives from across the rich tapestry of medieval English literature, from the fields of Piers Plowman to the late medieval Morte D'arthur; the devotions of Margery Kempe to the visionary experiences of Julian of Norwich; Gervase of Tilbury's fabulous Otia Imperialia to the anchoritic guidance literature of the Middle Ages; and the innumerable (and oft-forgotten) lives of Christ, prayers, legends, and miracle tales in between.ture, from the fields of Piers Plowman to the late medieval Morte D'arthur; the devotions of Margery Kempe to the visionary experiences of Julian of Norwich; Gervase of Tilbury's fabulous Otia Imperialia to the anchoritic guidance literature of the Middle Ages; and the innumerable (and oft-forgotten) lives of Christ, prayers, legends, and miracle tales in between.ture, from the fields of Piers Plowman to the late medieval Morte D'arthur; the devotions of Margery Kempe to the visionary experiences of Julian of Norwich; Gervase of Tilbury's fabulous Otia Imperialia to the anchoritic guidance literature of the Middle Ages; and the innumerable (and oft-forgotten) lives of Christ, prayers, legends, and miracle tales in between.ture, from the fields of Piers Plowman to the late medieval Morte D'arthur; the devotions of Margery Kempe to the visionary experiences of Julian of Norwich; Gervase of Tilbury's fabulous Otia Imperialia to the anchoritic guidance literature of the Middle Ages; and the innumerable (and oft-forgotten) lives of Christ, prayers, legends, and miracle tales in between.

The Virgin Mary's Book at the Annunciation

Author : Laura Saetveit Miles
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer
ISBN 13 : 1843845342
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

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Book Synopsis The Virgin Mary's Book at the Annunciation by : Laura Saetveit Miles

Download or read book The Virgin Mary's Book at the Annunciation written by Laura Saetveit Miles and published by Boydell & Brewer. This book was released on 2020 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An overlooked aspect of the iconography of the Annunciation investigated - Mary's book.

Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Author : Deanne Williams
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350343218
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance by : Deanne Williams

Download or read book Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance written by Deanne Williams and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-06-01 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deanne Williams offers the very first study of the medieval and early modern girl actor. Whereas previous histories of the actress begin with the Restoration, this book demonstrates that the girl is actually a well-documented category of performer and a key participant in the drama of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It explores evidence of the girl actor in archival records of payment, eyewitness accounts, stage directions, paintings, and in the plays and masques that were explicitly composed for girls, and, in some cases, by them. Contradicting previous scholarly assumptions about the early modern stage as male-dominated, this evidence reveals girls' participation in medieval religious drama, Tudor civic pageants and royal entries, Elizabethan country house entertainments, and Stuart court and household masques. This book situates its historical study of the girl actor within the wider contexts of 'girl culture', including girls as singers, translators and authors. By examining the impact of the girl actor on constructions of girlhood in the work of Shakespeare whose girl characters register and evoke the power of the performing girl Girl Culture in the Middle Ages and Renaissance argues that girls' dramatic, musical and literary performances actively shaped medieval and early modern culture. It shows how the active presence and participation of girls shaped medieval and Renaissance culture, and it reveals how some of its best-known literary and dramatic texts address, represent, and reflect upon girl children, not as an imagined ideal, but as a lived reality.

Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England

Author : Simon Smith
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108489052
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (84 download)

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Book Synopsis Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England by : Simon Smith

Download or read book Playing and Playgoing in Early Modern England written by Simon Smith and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-17 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offers a new, interdisciplinary account of early modern drama through the lens of playing and playgoing.

Shaping the Archive in Late Medieval England

Author : Sarah Elliott Novacich
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316828581
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (168 download)

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Book Synopsis Shaping the Archive in Late Medieval England by : Sarah Elliott Novacich

Download or read book Shaping the Archive in Late Medieval England written by Sarah Elliott Novacich and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-03-10 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sarah Elliott Novacich explores how medieval thinkers pondered the ethics and pleasures of the archive. She traces three episodes of sacred history - the loss of Eden, the loading of Noah's ark, and the Harrowing of Hell - across works of poetry, performance records, and iconography in order to demonstrate how medieval artists turned to sacred history to think through aspects of cultural transmission. Performances of the loss of Eden blur the relationship between original and record; stories of Noah's ark foreground the difficulty of compiling inventories; and engagements with the Harrowing of Hell suggest the impossibility of separating the past from the present. Reading Middle English plays alongside chronicles, poetry, and works of visual art, Shaping the Archive in Late Medieval England considers how poetic form, staging logistics, and the status of performance all contribute to our understanding of the ways in which medieval thinkers imagined the archive.

Marian maternity in late-medieval England

Author : Mary Beth Long
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 152615529X
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Marian maternity in late-medieval England by : Mary Beth Long

Download or read book Marian maternity in late-medieval England written by Mary Beth Long and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2023-10-03 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Marian maternity in late-medieval England takes advantage of the fifteenth century’s intense interest in the Virgin Mary, the best-documented mother of the medieval period, to examine the constructions and performances of maternity in vernacular religious texts. By bringing together texts and authors that are not often discussed in tandem, this study offers a rich examination of the multiple factors at play as Marian material circulated among experienced devotional readers. Taking a close look at the private devotional reading of late-medieval patrons, the book shows how texts including Chaucer’s poetry, Margery Kempe’s Boke, and legendaries of female saints are saturated with indirect references to and imitations of the Virgin. Marian maternity in late-medieval England employs a matricentric feminist approach to discern how readers’ devotional literacies inform their understanding and imitation of the Virgin’s maternal practice. Attending to internal cues in the texts, to manuscript contexts, and to the evidence and content of readers’ multiple literacies, the author examines Marian maternity as both theological concept and imitable practice. The result is a book that explains late-medieval perceptions of Mary’s maternity and sets them against readers’ devotional, emotional and relational circumstances.

A Cultural Study of Mary and the Annunciation

Author : Gary Waller
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317316665
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis A Cultural Study of Mary and the Annunciation by : Gary Waller

Download or read book A Cultural Study of Mary and the Annunciation written by Gary Waller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-10-06 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book traces the history of the Annunciation, exploring the deep and lasting impact of the event on the Western imagination. Waller explores the Annunciation from its appearance in Luke’s Gospel, to its rise to prominence in religious doctrine and popular culture, and its gradual decline in importance during the Enlightenment.

Biblical women in early modern literary culture, 1550–1700

Author : Victoria Brownlee
Publisher : Manchester University Press
ISBN 13 : 1526110628
Total Pages : 380 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (261 download)

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Book Synopsis Biblical women in early modern literary culture, 1550–1700 by : Victoria Brownlee

Download or read book Biblical women in early modern literary culture, 1550–1700 written by Victoria Brownlee and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-16 with total page 380 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At once pervasive and marginal, appealing and repellent, exemplary and atypical, the women of the Bible provoke an assortment of readings across early modern literature. Biblical women in early modern literary culture, 1550–1700 draws attention to the complex ways in which biblical women’s narratives could be reimagined for a variety of rhetorical and religious purposes. Considering a confessionally diverse range of writers, working across a variety of genres, this volume reveals how women from the Old and New Testaments exhibit an ideological power that frequently exceeds, both in scope and substance, their associated scriptural records. The essays explore how the Bible’s women are fluidly negotiated and diversely redeployed to offer (conflicting) comment on issues including female authority, speech and sexuality, and in discussions of doctrine, confessional politics, exploration and grief. As it explores the rich ideological currency of the Bible’s women in early modern culture, this volume demonstrates that the Bible’s women are persistently difficult to evade.

A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in the Medieval Age

Author : Sarah-Grace Heller
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350114103
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in the Medieval Age by : Sarah-Grace Heller

Download or read book A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in the Medieval Age written by Sarah-Grace Heller and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the medieval period, people invested heavily in looking good. The finest fashions demanded careful chemistry and compounds imported from great distances and at considerable risk to merchants; the Church became a major consumer of both the richest and humblest varieties of cloth, shoes, and adornment; and vernacular poets began to embroider their stories with hundreds of verses describing a plethora of dress styles, fabrics, and shopping experiences. Drawing on a wealth of pictorial, textual and object sources, the volume examines how dress cultures developed – often to a degree of dazzling sophistication – between the years 800 to 1450. Beautifully illustrated with 100 images, A Cultural History of Dress and Fashion in the Medieval Age presents an overview of the period with essays on textiles, production and distribution, the body, belief, gender and sexuality, status, ethnicity, visual representations, and literary representations.

Walsingham and the English Imagination

Author : Gary Waller
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317000617
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Walsingham and the English Imagination by : Gary Waller

Download or read book Walsingham and the English Imagination written by Gary Waller and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-02-24 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on history, art history, literary criticism and theory, gender studies, theology and psychoanalysis, this interdisciplinary study analyzes the cultural significance of the Shrine of our Lady of Walsingham, medieval England's most significant pilgrimage site devoted to the Virgin Mary, which was revived in the twentieth century, and in 2006 voted Britain's favorite religious site. Covering Walsingham's origins, destruction, and transformations from the Middle Ages to the present, Gary Waller pursues his investigation not through a standard history but by analyzing the "invented traditions" and varied re-creations of Walsingham by the "English imagination"- poems, fiction, songs, ballads, musical compositions and folk legends, solemn devotional writings and hostile satire which Walsingham has inspired, by Protestants, Catholics, and religious skeptics alike. They include, in early modern England, Erasmus, Ralegh, Sidney, and Shakespeare; then, during Walsingham's long "protestantization" from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries, ballad revivals, archeological investigations, and writings by Agnes Strickland, Edmund Waterton, and Hopkins; and in the modern period, writers like Eliot, Charles Williams, Robert Lowell, and A.N. Wilson. The concluding chapter uses contemporary feminist theology to view Walsingham not just as a symbol of nostalgia but a place inviting spiritual change through its potential sexual and gender transformation.

Spirituality and Reform

Author : Calvin Lane
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1978703945
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (787 download)

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Book Synopsis Spirituality and Reform by : Calvin Lane

Download or read book Spirituality and Reform written by Calvin Lane and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2018-08-15 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In colorful detail, Calvin Lane explores the dynamic intersection between reform movements and everyday Christian practice from ca. 1000 to ca. 1800. Lowering the artificial boundaries between “the Middle Ages,” “the Reformation,” and “the Enlightenment,” Lane brings to life a series of reform programs each of which developed new sensibilities about what it meant to live the Christian life. Along this tour, Lane discusses music, art, pilgrimage, relics, architecture, heresy, martyrdom, patterns of personal prayer, changes in marriage and family life, connections between church bodies and governing authorities, and certainly worship. The thread that he finds running from the Benedictine revival in the eleventh century to the pietistic movements of the eighteenth is a passionate desire to return to a primitive era of Christianity, a time of imagined apostolic authenticity, even purity. In accessible language, he introduces readers to Cistercians and Calvinists, Franciscans and Jesuits, Lutherans and Jansenists, Moravians and Methodists to name but a few of the many reform movements studied in this book. Although Lane highlights their diversity, he argues that each movement rooted its characteristic practice – their spirituality – in an imaginative recovery of the apostolic life.