The Violent Technologies Of Extraction

Download The Violent Technologies Of Extraction full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Violent Technologies Of Extraction ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Violent Technologies of Extraction

Author : Alexander Dunlap
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030268527
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Violent Technologies of Extraction by : Alexander Dunlap

Download or read book The Violent Technologies of Extraction written by Alexander Dunlap and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-10-15 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Offering a thought provoking theoretical conversation around ecological crisis and natural resource extraction, this book suggests that we are on a trajectory geared towards total extractivism guided by the mythological Worldeater. The authors discuss why and how we have come to live in this catastrophic predicament, rooting the present in an original perspective that animates the forces of global techno-capitalist development. They argue that the Worldeater helps us make sense of the insatiable forces that transform, convert and consume the world. The book combines this unique approach with detailed academic review of critical agrarian studies and political ecology, the militarization of nature and the conventional and ‘green’ extraction nexus. It seeks radical reflection on the role people play in the construction and perpetuation of these crises, and concludes with some suggestions on how to tackle them.

The Afterlives of Extraction

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004686185
Total Pages : 373 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (46 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Afterlives of Extraction by :

Download or read book The Afterlives of Extraction written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-10-30 with total page 373 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The frontiers of extraction are expanding rapidly, driven by a growing demand for minerals and metals that is often motivated by sustainability considerations. Two volumes of International Development Policy are dedicated to the paradoxes and futures of green extractivism, with analyses of experiences from five continents. In this, the second of the two volumes, the 22 authors, using different conceptual approaches and in different empirical contexts, demonstrate the alarming obduracy of the logic of extractivism, even - and perhaps especially - in the growing support for the so-called green transition. The authors highlight the complex and enduring legacies of resource extraction and the urgent need to move beyond extractive models of development towards alternative pathways that prioritise social justice, environmental sustainability, democratic governance and the well-being of both humans and non-humans. They also caution us against the assumption that anti-extraction is anti-extractivist, that post-extraction is post-extractivism, and they critically attune us to the systemic nature of extractivism in ways that both connect and transcend any particular site or scale. This volume accompanies IDP 15, The Lives of Extraction: Identities, Communities, and the Politics of Place.

Our Extractive Age

Author : Judith Shapiro
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000391647
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Our Extractive Age by : Judith Shapiro

Download or read book Our Extractive Age written by Judith Shapiro and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-05-30 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our Extractive Age: Expressions of Violence and Resistance emphasizes how the spectrum of violence associated with natural resource extraction permeates contemporary collective life. Chronicling the increasing rates of brutal suppression of local environmental and labor activists in rural and urban sites of extraction, this volume also foregrounds related violence in areas we might not expect, such as infrastructural developments, protected areas for nature conservation, and even geoengineering in the name of carbon mitigation. Contributors argue that extractive violence is not an accident or side effect, but rather a core logic of the 21st Century planetary experience. Acknowledgement is made not only of the visible violence involved in the securitization of extractive enclaves, but also of the symbolic and structural violence that the governance, economics, and governmentality of extraction have produced. Extractive violence is shown not only to be a spectacular event, but an extended dynamic that can be silent, invisible, and gradual. The volume also recognizes that much of the new violence of extraction has become cloaked in the discourse of "green development," "green building," and efforts to mitigate the planetary environmental crisis through totalizing technologies. Ironically, green technologies and other contemporary efforts to tackle environmental ills often themselves depend on the continuance of social exploitation and the contaminating practices of non-renewable extraction. But as this volume shows, resistance is also as multi-scalar and heterogeneous as the violence it inspires. The book is essential reading for activists and for students and scholars of environmental politics, natural resource management, political ecology, sustainable development, and globalization.

The Genocide-Ecocide Nexus

Author : Damien Short
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000540790
Total Pages : 207 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Genocide-Ecocide Nexus by : Damien Short

Download or read book The Genocide-Ecocide Nexus written by Damien Short and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-02-09 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a world gripped by an ever-worsening ecological crisis there are present and increasing genocidal pressures on many culturally distinct social groups, such as indigenous peoples. This is where the genocide-ecocide nexus presents itself. The destruction of ecosystems, ecocide, can be a method of genocide if, for example, environmental destruction results in conditions of life that fundamentally threaten a social group's cultural and/or physical existence. Given the looming threat of runaway climate change, the attendant rapid extinction of species, destruction of habitats, ecological collapse and the self-evident dependency of the human race on our bio-sphere, ecocide (both "natural" and "manmade") will become a primary driver of genocide. Through nine chapters of cutting-edge research, this book examines specific case studies in geographical settings such as Iraq, Sudan, Nigeria and Brazil, to highlight and analyse the crucial connections and vectors of the genocide-ecocide nexus. This book will be of great value to scholars, students and researchers interested in the ecological crisis, Environmental Justice, the political economy of genocide and ecocide as well as environmental human rights. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of The Journal of Genocide Research.

Innovative and Emerging Technologies in the Bio-marine Food Sector

Author : Marco Garcia-Vaquero
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128204427
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Innovative and Emerging Technologies in the Bio-marine Food Sector by : Marco Garcia-Vaquero

Download or read book Innovative and Emerging Technologies in the Bio-marine Food Sector written by Marco Garcia-Vaquero and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-11-30 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovative and Emerging Technologies in the Bio-marine Food Sector: Applications, Regulations, and Prospects presents the use of technologies and recent advances in the emerging marine food industry. Written by renowned scientists in the field, the book focuses primarily on the principles of application and the main technological developments achieved in recent years. It includes technological design, equipment and applications of these technologies in multiple processes. Extraction, preservation, microbiology and processing of food are extensively covered in the wide context of marine food products, including fish, crustaceans, seafood processing waste, seaweed, microalgae and other derived by-products. This is an interdisciplinary resource that highlights the potential of technology for multiple purposes in the marine food industry as these technological approaches represent a future alternative to develop more efficient industrial processes. Researchers and scientists in the areas of food microbiology, food chemistry, new product development, food processing, food technology, bio-process engineers in marine based industries and scientists in marine related areas will all find this a novel resource. Presents novel innovative technologies in the Bio-marine food sector, including principles, equipment, advantages, disadvantages, and future technological prospects Explores multi-purpose uses of technologies for extraction, functional food generation, food preservation, food microbiology and food processing Provides industrial applications tailored for the marine biological market to foster new innovative applications and regulatory requirements

Environmental Defenders

Author : Mary Menton
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000402215
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Environmental Defenders by : Mary Menton

Download or read book Environmental Defenders written by Mary Menton and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-24 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is about environmental defenders and the violence they face while seeking to protect their land and the environment. Between 2002 and 2019, at least two thousand people were killed in 57 countries for defending their lands and the environment. Recent policy initiatives and media coverage have provided much needed attention to the protection and support of defenders, but there has so far been little scholarly work. This edited volume explains who these defenders are, what threats they face, and what can be done to help support and protect them. Delving deep into the complex relations between and within communities, corporations, and government authorities, the book highlights the diversity of defenders, the collective character of their struggles, the many drivers and forms of violence they are facing, as well as the importance of emotions and gendered dimensions in protests and repression. Drawing on global case studies, it examines the violence taking place around different types of development projects, including fossil fuels, agro-industrial, renewable energy, and infrastructure. The volume also examines the violence surrounding conservation projects, including through militarized wildlife protection and surveillance technologies. The book concludes with a reflection on the perspectives of defenders about the best ways to support and protect them. It contrasts these with the lagging efforts of an international community often promoting economic growth over the lives of defenders. This volume is essential reading for all interested in understanding the challenges faced by environmental defenders and how to help and support them. It will also appeal to students, scholars and practitioners involved in environmental protection, environmental activism, human rights, social movements and development studies.

Security Studies: Critical Perspectives

Author : Xavier Guillaume
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198867484
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Security Studies: Critical Perspectives by : Xavier Guillaume

Download or read book Security Studies: Critical Perspectives written by Xavier Guillaume and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-15 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The only introduction to critical security studies to take a question-centred approach, with a unique emphasis on equipping students with the knowledge and skills to think, analyse, and debate using critical perspectives. Security Studies: Critical Perspectives introduces the analysis of security from critical and interdisciplinary perspectives. Taking a student-centred approach to understanding contemporary security themes and cases, itprovides an accessible set of analytic steps so that students develop the critical thinking skills and confidence to ask important questions about security and our worlds in contemporary politics. Common-sense security assumptions that reproduce forms of oppression and domination are revealed and their justifications decentredwhile perspectives inclusive of class, gender and sexualities, ethnicity and race, religion, disability, culture and ideology, political belonging, and the global south are introduced. In doing so, the authors combine critical analysis with concrete empirical issues that connect students to the social and political worlds around them. Five foundation chapters introducing students to key concepts and methodologies Fifteen thematic chapters, written by leading security analysts exploring key themes in security Detailed illustrative cases for each thematic chapter Accessible introductions, in the online resources, to major theoretical approaches in critical security studies Online resources Extensive cross-references to encourage students to link elements, draw connections and identify similar logics, questions, and approaches. Digital formats and resources Security Studies: Critical Perspectives is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources. USBLThe e-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with additional case studies, introductions to theoretical approaches, a bank of useful web links, and questions for further reflection.BEUE

A critical approach to the social acceptance of renewable energy infrastructures

Author : Susana Batel
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030736997
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A critical approach to the social acceptance of renewable energy infrastructures by : Susana Batel

Download or read book A critical approach to the social acceptance of renewable energy infrastructures written by Susana Batel and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-08-25 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a critical approach to research on the social acceptance of renewable energy infrastructures and on energy transitions in general by questioning prevalent principles and proposing specific research pathways and lines of inquiry that look beyond depoliticised, business-as-usual discourses and research agendas on green growth and sustainability. It brings together authors from different socio-geographical and disciplinary backgrounds within the social sciences to reflect upon, discuss and advance what we propose to be five cornerstones of a critical approach: overcoming individualism and socio-cognitivism; repoliticisations – recognising and articulating power relations; for interdisciplinarity; interventions – praxis and political engagement with research; and overcoming localism and spatial determinism: As such, this book offers academics, students and practitioners alike a comprehensive perspective of what it means to be critical when inquiring into the social acceptance of renewable energy and associated infrastructures.

The European Digital Economy

Author : Judyta Lubacha
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1003845398
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The European Digital Economy by : Judyta Lubacha

Download or read book The European Digital Economy written by Judyta Lubacha and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-12-22 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The “digital economy” is a conceptual umbrella referring to markets, organizations and their networks that are based on digital technologies, communication, data processing and e-commerce. It is multidimensional and its dynamic structure must be analysed from various dimensions, such as economic – changes in the nature of resources, production factors and economic processes; technological – technological progress viewed from a macroeconomic perspective vs. technological innovation viewed from a microeconomic perspective; regulatory – challenges facing regulators, new risks affecting the institutional order; and sociological – changes in society’s functioning principles, attitudes towards work and human relations. The purpose of this book is to analyse the effectiveness of digital technologies as well as the fundamental factors that contribute to technological progress in the long run. It also examines structural and qualitative shifts in economies and societies. It investigates many research questions, such as the gap between the level of digital economic development in European Union countries; digital transformation and its impact on workplace skills development patterns; and also the legal framework for data as resource. The book approaches these issues from a multidisciplinary perspective, from law to economics and sociology. It focuses on definitional discussions, the measurement challenges, drivers for digital transition, the impact on labour relations, digital skills and education, data reuse and data extractivism. This is a comprehensive introduction to the different contexts from which the digital economy can be addressed, offering an innovative method for studying this complex phenomenon, and as such, it will be a valuable resource for students, scholars and researchers across a range of disciplines.

A Handbook of Economic Anthropology

Author : Carrier, James G.
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1839108924
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (391 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Handbook of Economic Anthropology by : Carrier, James G.

Download or read book A Handbook of Economic Anthropology written by Carrier, James G. and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2022-05-13 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This timely Research Agenda examines the ways in which public–private partnerships (PPPs) in infrastructure continue to excite policy makers, governments, research scholars and critics around the world. It analyzes the PPP research journey to date and articulates the lessons learned as a result of the increasing interest in improving infrastructure governance. Expert international contributors explore how PPP ideas have spread, transferred and transformed, and propose a range of future research directions.

Critical Zones of Technopower and Global Political Ecology

Author : Peter C. Little
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666901105
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Critical Zones of Technopower and Global Political Ecology by : Peter C. Little

Download or read book Critical Zones of Technopower and Global Political Ecology written by Peter C. Little and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-09-05 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This book explores the political, economic, social, and environmental health relations and politics of the global tech and electronics industry. Peter Little argues that, in the digital age, we need greater synthesis of political ecology, ethnography, and technocapital critique"--

Extractivisms, Existences and Extinctions

Author : Markus Kröger
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000473872
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Extractivisms, Existences and Extinctions by : Markus Kröger

Download or read book Extractivisms, Existences and Extinctions written by Markus Kröger and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-10-27 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the existential redistributions that extractivist frontiers create, going beyond existing studies by bringing into the English-language discussion much of the wisdom from Latin American rural and forest communities’ understandings of extractivist phenomena, and the destruction and changes in lives and lived environments they create. The author explores the many different types of extractivism, ranging from agroextractivist monocultures to mineral extraction, and analyzes the differences between them. The existential transformations of Brazil's Amazon and Cerrado regions, previously inhabited by Indigenous people but now being deforested by colonizers who expand soybean plantations, are analyzed in detail. The author also compares extractivisms with the local and broader existential changes through global production networks and their shifts, produced by monoculture plantation-based extractivist operations. Anchored in the author’s own ethnographic data and comparison of lessons across multiple extractivist frontiers, the chapters integrate the many accounts of violence, and onto-epistemic and moral changes in extractivist enclaves, looking at these with the help of political ontology. The book offers details on how to characterize and compare different types and degrees of extractivisms and anti-extractivisms. This transdisciplinary book provides new organizing concepts and theoretical frameworks for starting to analyze the unfolding natural resource politics of the post-coronavirus era, the advancing climate emergency, and the ever more chaotic multi-polar world. It will be of interest to students and scholars in the fields of international development, global value chains, political economy, Latin American Studies, political ecology, and international trade, as well as anyone engaged with the practical and political issues related to globalization. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Energies Beyond the State

Author : Jennifer Mateer
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538159171
Total Pages : 243 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Energies Beyond the State by : Jennifer Mateer

Download or read book Energies Beyond the State written by Jennifer Mateer and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 243 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource and environmental management generally entail an attempt by governing authorities to dominate, reroute, and tame the natural flows of water, the growth of forests, manage the populations of non-human bodies, and control nature more generally. Often this is done under the mantle of conservation, economic development, and sustainable management, but still involves a quest to “civilize” and control all aspects of nature for a specific purpose. The results of this form of environmental management and governance are many, but by and large, across the globe, it has meant governments construct a specific idea regarding nature and the environment. These forms of control also extend beyond the natural environment, allowing for particular methods of managing human and non-human populations in order to maintain power and enact sovereignty. This volume contributes to advancing an ‘ecology of freedom,’ which can critique current anthropocentric environmental destruction, as well as focusing on environmental justice and decentralized ecological governance. While concentrating on these areas of anarchist political ecology, three major themes emerged from the chapters: the legacies of colonialism that continue to echo in current resource management and governance practices, the necessity of overcoming human/nature dualisms for environmental justice and sustainability, and finally discussions and critiques of extractivism as a governing and economic mentality.

Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies

Author : Akram-Lodhi, A. H.
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1788972465
Total Pages : 744 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (889 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies by : Akram-Lodhi, A. H.

Download or read book Handbook of Critical Agrarian Studies written by Akram-Lodhi, A. H. and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the emerging and vibrant field of critical agrarian studies, this comprehensive Handbook offers interdisciplinary insights from both leading scholars and activists to understand agrarian life, livelihoods, formations and processes of change. It highlights the development of the field, which is characterized by theoretical and methodological pluralism and innovation.

Enforcing Ecocide

Author : Alexander Dunlap
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030996468
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Enforcing Ecocide by : Alexander Dunlap

Download or read book Enforcing Ecocide written by Alexander Dunlap and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-30 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policing and ecological crises – and all the inequalities, discrimination, and violence they entail – are pressing contemporary problems. Ecological degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change threaten local communities and ecosystems, and, cumulatively, the planet as a whole. Police brutality, wars, paramilitarism, private security operations, and securitization more widely impact people – especially people of colour – and habitats. This edited collection explores their relationship, and investigates the numerous ways in which police, security, and military forces intersect with, reinforce, and facilitate ecological and climate catastrophe. Employing a case study-based approach, the book examines the relationships and entanglements between policing and ecosystems, revealing the intimate connection between political violence and ecological degradation.

Epistemologies of Land

Author : Felix Anderl
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1538176467
Total Pages : 199 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (381 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Epistemologies of Land by : Felix Anderl

Download or read book Epistemologies of Land written by Felix Anderl and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2024-01-22 with total page 199 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Land is at the centre of crucial public debates ranging from climate adaptation to housing and development, to agriculture and indigenous peoples’ rights. These debates frequently become stuck, though, because the meaning of land in different contexts is poorly understood. Bringing together specialists of epistemology and land, this volume is a landmark contribution to understanding land knowledge as a complex factor in these debates. Land has been known in astonishingly different ways throughout history, but in recent decades one particular understanding of land as commodity has become increasingly hegemonic globally. This understanding has enormously destructive effects, not only for many people and animals living on and from the land that is increasingly grabbed for extractivist purposes, but also for possible imaginations of how humans can relate to land in the future. In Epistemologies of Land, scholars reconstruct how the understanding of land has come to be reduced to “land as commodity” historically, what the consequences of this epistemological transformation have been, and what alternative ways of understanding land could help establish intellectually abundant and ecologically sustainable ways of relating to the land we live on. Particularly, the book shows how a change in perspective – thinking society through land – can lay the foundation not only for knowing more about land, but for a different kind of environmental and social knowledge that could recover forgotten wisdom of how humans and animals have historically related to land, and by that transform the ways in which land contributes to our daily life beyond its diminished meaning as an economic resource. Contributors include: Eloisa Berman Arevalo, Shailaja Fennell, Inanna Hamati-Ataya, Katarina Kusic, Maarten Meijer, David Nally, Sakshi, Leo Steeds, and Anna Wolkenhauer.

The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies

Author : Henry Veltmeyer
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000442284
Total Pages : 512 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies by : Henry Veltmeyer

Download or read book The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies written by Henry Veltmeyer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-09-30 with total page 512 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Essential Guide to Critical Development Studies provides an up-to-date and authoritative introduction to the field, challenging mainstream development discourse and the assumptions that underlie it. Critical development studies lays bare the economic, political, social, and environmental crises that characterise the current global capitalist system, proposing instead systemic change and different pathways for moving beyond capitalism into a new world of genuine progress where economic and social justice and ecological integrity prevail. In this book, the authors challenge market-driven, neoliberal development agendas, incorporating analyses of class, gender, race, and the dynamics of uneven capitalist development. This thoroughly revised and expanded second edition includes: • 18 new chapters, including on topics such as philanthrocapitalism, race, the energy transition, Indigenous resistance and resilience, and global health • Expanded global coverage, including new chapters on South Africa, North Africa, and the Gulf Arab states • A new section on resistance and alternatives • Additional pedagogical features, including a glossary of key terms, discussion questions, and expanded guides for further reading. This textbook will be essential reading for students of global development, political science, sociology, economics, gender studies, geography, history, anthropology, agrarian studies, international political economy, and area studies. It will also be an important resource for development researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.