The Very Secret Sex Lives of Medieval Women

Download The Very Secret Sex Lives of Medieval Women PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Mango Media Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1642503088
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Very Secret Sex Lives of Medieval Women by : Rosalie Gilbert

Download or read book The Very Secret Sex Lives of Medieval Women written by Rosalie Gilbert and published by Mango Media Inc.. This book was released on 2020-10-27 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A “wickedly entertaining, informative and thought-provoking” look at romance, courtship, and other intimacies behind closed Medieval doors (Dr. Markus Kerr, PhD, MDR). Were medieval women slaves to their husband’s desires, jealously secured in a chastity belt in his absence? Was sex a duty or could it be a pleasure? Did a woman have a say about her own female sexuality, body, and who did or didn’t get up close and personal with it? No. And yes. It’s complicated. The intimate lives of medieval women were as complex as for modern women. They loved and lost, hoped and schemed, were lifted up and cast down. They were hopeful and lovelorn. Some had it forced upon them, others made aphrodisiacs and dressed for success. Some were chaste and some were lusty. Having sex was complicated. Not having sex, was even more so. Inside The Very Secret Sex Lives of Medieval Women, a fascinating book about life during medieval times, you will discover tantalizing true stories about medieval women and a myriad of historical facts. Learn about: The true experiences of women from all classes, including women who made history The dos and don’ts in the bedroom Sexy foods and how to have them All you need to know for your wedding night, and well as insider medical advice How to get pregnant (and how not to), and more “Quite compelling and hilariously funny. I have been chuckling out loud and my husband says he thinks he ought to read it if it’s such a tonic. God forbid!” —Susanna Newstead, author of the Savernake Novels

The Fires of Lust

Download The Fires of Lust PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Reaktion Books
ISBN 13 : 1789144884
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (891 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Fires of Lust by : Katherine Harvey

Download or read book The Fires of Lust written by Katherine Harvey and published by Reaktion Books. This book was released on 2022-11-28 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An illuminating exploration of the surprisingly familiar sex lives of ordinary medieval people. The medieval humoral system of medicine suggested that it was possible to die from having too much—or too little—sex, while the Roman Catholic Church taught that virginity was the ideal state. Holy men and women committed themselves to lifelong abstinence in the name of religion. Everyone was forced to conform to restrictive rules about who they could have sex with, in what way, how often, and even when, and could be harshly punished for getting it wrong. Other experiences are more familiar. Like us, medieval people faced challenges in finding a suitable partner or trying to get pregnant (or trying not to). They also struggled with many of the same social issues, such as whether prostitution should be legalized. Above all, they shared our fondness for dirty jokes and erotic images. By exploring their sex lives, the book brings ordinary medieval people to life and reveals details of their most personal thoughts and experiences. Ultimately, it provides us with an important and intimate connection to the past.

Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages

Download Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 296 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages by : Jennifer Lawler

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages written by Jennifer Lawler and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A reference guide to the culture, history, and circumstances of women in the Middle Ages, from the years 500 to 1500, that profiles individual queens, empresses, and other women in positions of leadership and provides information on topics such as work, marriage, family, households, employment, and religion.

Stolen Women in Medieval England

Download Stolen Women in Medieval England PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107017009
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stolen Women in Medieval England by : Caroline Dunn

Download or read book Stolen Women in Medieval England written by Caroline Dunn and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2013 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first comprehensive exploration of women's multifaceted experiences of forced and consensual ravishment in medieval England.

A Curious History of Sex

Download A Curious History of Sex PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Unbound Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1783528060
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (835 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Curious History of Sex by : Kate Lister

Download or read book A Curious History of Sex written by Kate Lister and published by Unbound Publishing. This book was released on 2020-02-06 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is not a comprehensive study of every sexual quirk, kink and ritual across all cultures throughout time, as that would entail writing an encyclopaedia. Rather, this is a drop in the ocean, a paddle in the shallow end of sex history, but I hope you will get pleasantly wet nonetheless. The act of sex has not changed since people first worked out what went where, but the ways in which society dictates how sex is culturally understood and performed have varied significantly through the ages. Humans are the only creatures that stigmatise particular sexual practices, and sex remains a deeply divisive issue around the world. Attitudes will change and grow – hopefully for the better – but sex will never be free of stigma or shame unless we acknowledge where it has come from. Based on the popular research project Whores of Yore, and written with her distinctive humour and wit, A Curious History of Sex draws upon Dr Kate Lister’s extensive knowledge of sex history. From medieval impotence tests to twentieth-century testicle thefts, from the erotic frescoes of Pompeii, to modern-day sex doll brothels, Kate unashamedly roots around in the pants of history, debunking myths, challenging stereotypes and generally getting her hands dirty. This fascinating book is peppered with surprising and informative historical slang, and illustrated with eye-opening, toe-curling and meticulously sourced images from the past. You will laugh, you will wince and you will wonder just how much has actually changed.

Medicine in the Middle Ages

Download Medicine in the Middle Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pen and Sword History
ISBN 13 : 1526779358
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medicine in the Middle Ages by : Juliana Cummings

Download or read book Medicine in the Middle Ages written by Juliana Cummings and published by Pen and Sword History. This book was released on 2021-12-08 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Middle Ages covers a span of roughly one thousand years, and through that time people were subject to an array of not only deadly diseases but deplorable living conditions. It was a time when cures for sickness were often worse than the illness itself mixed with a population of people who lacked any real understanding of sanitation and cleanliness. Dive in to the history of medieval medicine, and learn how the foundations of healing were built on the knowledge of ancient Greek and Roman philosophers. Understand how your social status would have affected medical care, and how the domination of the Catholic Church was the basis of an abundant amount of fear regarding life and death. We are given an intimate look into the devastating time of the Black Death, along with other horrific ailments that would have easily claimed a life in the Middle Ages. Delve inside the minds of the physicians and barbersurgeons for a better understanding of how they approached healing. As well as diving into the treacherous waters of medieval childbirth, Cummings looks into the birth of hospitals and the care for the insane. We are also taken directly to the battlefield and given the gruesome details of medieval warfare and its repercussions. Examine the horrors of the torture chamber and execution as a means of justice. Medicine in the Middle Ages is a fascinating walk through time to give us a better understanding of such a perilous part of history.

Women in Purple

Download Women in Purple PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691117802
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Women in Purple by : Judith Herrin

Download or read book Women in Purple written by Judith Herrin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2004-01-25 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the eighth and ninth centuries, three Byzantine empresses—Irene, Euphrosyne, and Theodora—changed history. Their combined efforts restored the veneration of icons, saving Byzantium from a purely symbolic and decorative art and ensuring its influence for centuries to come. In this exhilarating and highly entertaining account, one of the foremost historians of the medieval period tells the story of how these fascinating women exercised imperial sovereignty with consummate skill and sometimes ruthless tactics. Though they gained access to the all-pervasive authority of the Byzantine ruling dynasty through marriage, all three continued to wear the imperial purple and wield tremendous power as widows. From Constantinople, their own Queen City, the empresses undermined competitors and governed like men. They conducted diplomacy across the known world, negotiating with the likes of Charlemagne, Roman popes, and the great Arab caliph Harun al Rashid. Vehemently rejecting the ban on holy images instituted by their male relatives, Irene and Theodora used craft and power to reverse the official iconoclasm and restore icons to their place of adoration in the Eastern Church. In so doing, they profoundly altered the course of history. The art—and not only the art—of Byzantium, of Islam, and of the West would have been very different without them. As Judith Herrin traces the surviving evidence, she evokes the complex and deeply religious world of Constantinople in the aftermath of Arab conquest. She brings to life its monuments and palaces, its court ceremonies and rituals, the role of eunuchs (the "third sex"), bride shows, and the influence of warring monks and patriarchs. Based on new research and written for a general audience, Women in Purple reshapes our understanding of an empire that lasted a thousand years and splashes fresh light on the relationship of women to power.

Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality

Download Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226740897
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality by : James A. Schultz

Download or read book Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality written by James A. Schultz and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2006-08-15 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the great achievements of the Middle Ages, Europe’s courtly culture gave the world the tournament, the festival, the knighting ceremony, and also courtly love. But courtly love has strangely been ignored by historians of sexuality. With Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality, James Schultz corrects this oversight with careful analysis of key courtly texts of the medieval German literary tradition. Courtly love, Schultz finds, was provoked not by the biological and intrinsic factors that play such a large role in our contemporary thinking about sexuality—sex difference or desire—but by extrinsic signs of class: bodies that were visibly noble and behaviors that represented exemplary courtliness. Individuals became “subjects” of courtly love only to the extent that their love took the shape of certain courtly roles such as singer, lady, or knight. They hoped not only for physical union but also for the social distinction that comes from realizing these roles to perfection. To an extraordinary extent, courtly love represented the love of courtliness—the eroticization of noble status and the courtly culture that celebrated noble power and refinement

Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages

Download Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper Perennial
ISBN 13 : 9780062966810
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (668 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages by : Frances Gies

Download or read book Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages written by Frances Gies and published by Harper Perennial. This book was released on 2019-07-22 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From bestselling historians Frances and Joseph Gies, authors of the classic "Medieval Life" series, comes this compelling, lucid, and highly readable account of the family unit as it evolved throughout the Medieval period--reissued for the first time in decades. "Some particular books that I found useful for Game of Thrones and its sequels deserve mention. Life in a Medieval Castle and Life in a Medieval City, both by Joseph and Frances Gies." --George R. R. Martin, author of Game of Thrones Throughout history, the significance of the family--the basic social unit--has been vital. In Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages, acclaimed historians Frances and Joseph Gies trace the development of marriage and the family from the medieval era to early modern times. It describes how the Roman and barbarian cultural streams merged under the influence of the Christian church to forge new concepts, customs, laws, and practices. Century by century, the Gies follow the development--sometimes gradual, at other times revolutionary--of significant components in the history of the family including: The basic functions of the family as a production unit, as well as its religious, social, judicial, and educational roles. The shift of marriage from private arrangement between families to public ceremony between individuals, and the adjustments in dowry, bride-price, and counter-dowry. The development of consanguinity rules and incest taboos in church law and lay custom. The peasant family in its varying condition of being free or unfree, poor, middling, or rich. The aristocratic estate, the problem of the younger son, and the disinheritance of daughters. The Black Death and its long-term effects on the family. Sex attitudes and customs: the effects of variations in age of men and women at marriage. The changing physical environment of noble, peasant, and urban families. Arrangements by families for old age and retirement. Expertly researched, master historians Frances and Joseph Gies--whose books were used by George R.R. Martin in his research for Game of Thrones--paint a compelling, detailed portrait of family life and social customs in one of the most riveting eras in history.

The Cambridge Companion to Lesbian Literature

Download The Cambridge Companion to Lesbian Literature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316453561
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (164 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Companion to Lesbian Literature by : Jodie Medd

Download or read book The Cambridge Companion to Lesbian Literature written by Jodie Medd and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2015-12-10 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Cambridge Companion to Lesbian Literature examines literary representations of lesbian sexuality, identities, and communities, from the medieval period to the present. In addition to providing a helpful orientation to key literary-historical periods, critical concepts, theoretical debates and literary genres, this Companion considers the work of such well-known authors as Virginia Woolf, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Alison Bechdel and Sarah Waters. Written by a host of leading critics and covering subjects as diverse as lesbian desire in the long eighteenth century and same-sex love in a postcolonial context, this Companion delivers insight into the variety of traditions that have shaped the present landscape of lesbian literature.

Life in Medieval Europe

Download Life in Medieval Europe PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1526733463
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Life in Medieval Europe by : Danièle Cybulskie

Download or read book Life in Medieval Europe written by Danièle Cybulskie and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2019-12-19 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “A lovely, witty treasure trove of a book, spilling over with historical gems . . . a very human history: sometimes weird, always wonderful.” —Dan Jones, New York Times-bestselling author Have you ever found yourself watching a show or reading a novel and wondering what life was really like in the Middle Ages? What did people actually eat? Were they really filthy? And did they ever get to marry for love? In Life in Medieval Europe: Fact and Fiction, you’ll find fast and fun answers to all your secret questions, from eating and drinking to sex and love. Find out whether people bathed, what they did when they got sick, and what actually happened to people accused of crimes. Learn about medieval table manners, tournaments, and toothpaste, and find out if people really did poop in the moat. “To say that this book was fun to read would be an understatement. Cybulskie’s knowledge radiates in every page of this short book . . . It was educational and entertaining all at the same time. Simply a wonderful resource for novice medievalists and writers of historical fiction and nonfiction alike.” —Adventures of a Tudor Nerd “All in all, this is an excellent book to put to bed many of the myths surrounding medieval existence that persist in the popular imagination. Easy to read and well worth the time to read it. I highly recommend this book if you want to get a mostly unbiased view of medieval life.” —Battles and Book Reviews

Sexual Culture in the Literature of Medieval Britain

Download Sexual Culture in the Literature of Medieval Britain PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Boydell & Brewer Ltd
ISBN 13 : 184384379X
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Sexual Culture in the Literature of Medieval Britain by : Amanda Hopkins

Download or read book Sexual Culture in the Literature of Medieval Britain written by Amanda Hopkins and published by Boydell & Brewer Ltd. This book was released on 2014 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination into aspects of the sexual as depicted in a variety of medieval texts, from Chaucer and Malory to romance and alchemical treatises.

The Invisible Sex

Download The Invisible Sex PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131541807X
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Invisible Sex by : J. M. Adovasio

Download or read book The Invisible Sex written by J. M. Adovasio and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Shaped by cartoons and museum dioramas, our vision of Paleolithic times tends to feature fur-clad male hunters fearlessly attacking mammoths while timid women hover fearfully behind a boulder. Recent archaeological research has shown that this vision bears little relation to reality. J. M. Adovasio and Olga Soffer, two of the world's leading experts on perishable artifacts such as basketry, cordage, and weaving, present an exciting new look at prehistory. With science writer Jake Page, they argue that women invented all kinds of critical materials, including the clothing necessary for life in colder climates, the ropes used to make rafts that enabled long-distance travel by water, and nets used for communal hunting. Even more important, women played a central role in the development of language and social life—in short, in our becoming human. In this eye-opening book, a new story about women in prehistory emerges with provocative implications for our assumptions about gender today.

Byzantine Intersectionality

Download Byzantine Intersectionality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 069117945X
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Byzantine Intersectionality by : Roland Betancourt

Download or read book Byzantine Intersectionality written by Roland Betancourt and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-10-06 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Intersectionality, a term coined in 1989, is rapidly increasing in importance within the academy, as well as in broader civic conversations. It describes the study of overlapping or intersecting social identities such as race, gender, ethnicity, nationality, and sexual orientation alongside related systems of oppression, domination, and discrimination. Together, these frameworks are used to understand how systematic injustice or social inequality occurs. In this book, Roland Betancourt examines the presence of marginalized identities and intersectionality in the medieval era. He reveals the fascinating, little-examined conversations in medieval thought and visual culture around matters of sexual and reproductive consent, bullying, non-monogamous marriages, homosocial and homoerotic relationships, trans and non-binary gender identifications, representations of disability, and the oppression of minorities. In contrast to contemporary expectations of the medieval world, this book looks at these problems from the Byzantine Empire and its neighbors in the eastern mediterranean through sources ranging from late antiquity and early Christianity up to the early modern period. In each of five chapters, Betancourt provides short, carefully scaled narratives used to illuminate nuanced and surprising takes on now-familiar subjects by medieval thinkers and artists. For example, Betancourt examines depictions of sexual consent in images of the Virgin; the origins of sexual shaming and bullying in the story of Empress Theodora; early beginnings of trans history as told in the lives of saints who lived portions of their lives within different genders; and the ways in which medieval authors understood and depicted disabilities. Deeply researched, this is a groundbreaking new look at medieval culture for a new generation of scholars"--

Medieval Women's Writing

Download Medieval Women's Writing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Polity
ISBN 13 : 0745632556
Total Pages : 433 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Medieval Women's Writing by : Diane Watt

Download or read book Medieval Women's Writing written by Diane Watt and published by Polity. This book was released on 2007-10-22 with total page 433 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Medieval Women's Writing is a major new contribution to our understanding of women's writing in England, 1100-1500. The most comprehensive account to date, it includes writings in Latin and French as well as English, and works for as well as by women. Marie de France, Clemence of Barking, Julian of Norwich, Margery Kempe, and the Paston women are discussed alongside the Old English lives of women saints, The Life of Christina of Markyate, the St Albans Psalter, and the legends of women saints by Osbern Bokenham. Medieval Women's Writing addresses these key questions: Who were the first women authors in the English canon? What do we mean by women's writing in the Middle Ages? What do we mean by authorship? How can studying medieval writing contribute to our understanding of women's literary history? Diane Watt argues that female patrons, audiences, readers, and even subjects contributed to the production of texts and their meanings, whether written by men or women. Only an understanding of textual production as collaborative enables us to grasp fully women's engagement with literary culture. This radical rethinking of early womens literary history has major implications for all scholars working on medieval literature, on ideas of authorship, and on women's writing in later periods. The book will become standard reading for all students of these debates.

Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages

Download Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 0786420421
Total Pages : 329 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (864 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages by : Martha A. Brozyna

Download or read book Gender and Sexuality in the Middle Ages written by Martha A. Brozyna and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2005-04-04 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Perceptions about gender and sexuality have shaped the lives of men and women in every known culture and in every period of history. To study these perceptions one must delve into the underlying religious, social, philosophical and scientific influences. Understanding gender and sexuality during the Middle Ages requires an examination of the ideas, laws and institutions of the time--for example, the regulations of the Christian church, the anatomical studies of the medieval medical community, the chronicles of the time and the social criticism found in medieval literature. This reader brings such documents from throughout the medieval world into one collection. Representing a diverse range of ethnic, geographic and religious backgrounds, documents of the late Roman, Germanic, Anglo-Norman, Mediterranean, Byzantine, Slavic, Jewish and Islamic identities are all included. The book's chapters are organized according to nine areas--the Bible; Christian thought; chronicles; law; biology, medicine and science; literature; witchcraft and heresy; Judaism; and Islam--allowing for comparative examination of different societies and periods of the Middle Ages.

Making Women's Medicine Masculine

Download Making Women's Medicine Masculine PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191607355
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (916 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Making Women's Medicine Masculine by : Monica H. Green

Download or read book Making Women's Medicine Masculine written by Monica H. Green and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-03-20 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Making Women's Medicine Masculine challenges the common belief that prior to the eighteenth century men were never involved in any aspect of women's healthcare in Europe. Using sources ranging from the writings of the famous twelfth-century female practitioner, Trota of Salerno, all the way to the great tomes of Renaissance male physicians, and covering both medicine and surgery, this study demonstrates that men slowly established more and more authority in diagnosing and prescribing treatments for women's gynaecological conditions (especially infertility) and even certain obstetrical conditions. Even if their 'hands-on' knowledge of women's bodies was limited by contemporary mores, men were able to establish their increasing authority in this and all branches of medicine due to their greater access to literacy and the knowledge contained in books, whether in Latin or the vernacular. As Monica Green shows, while works written in French, Dutch, English, and Italian were sometimes addressed to women, nevertheless even these were often re-appropriated by men, both by practitioners who treated women and by laymen interested to learn about the 'secrets' of generation. While early in the period women were considered to have authoritative knowledge on women's conditions (hence the widespread influence of the alleged authoress 'Trotula'), by the end of the period to be a woman was no longer an automatic qualification for either understanding or treating the conditions that most commonly afflicted the female sex - with implications of women's exclusion from production of knowledge on their own bodies extending to the present day.