The Strategy Of Tension In Italy

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Italian Neofascism

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Author : Anna Cento Bull
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 085745174X
Total Pages : 192 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (574 download)

Book Synopsis Italian Neofascism by : Anna Cento Bull

Download or read book Italian Neofascism written by Anna Cento Bull and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2011-12 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Cold War Italy witnessed the existence of an anomalous version of a civil conflict, defined as a 'creeping' or a 'low-intensity' civil war. Political violence escalated, including bomb attacks against civilians, starting with a massacre in Milan, on 12 December 1969, and culminating with the massacre in Bologna, on 2 August 1980. Making use of the literature on national reconciliation and narrative psychology theory, this book examines the fight over the 'judicial' and the 'historical' truth in Italy today, through a contrasting analysis of judicial findings and the 'narratives of victimhood' prevalent among representatives of both the post- and the neo-fascist right.

The Strategy of Tension in Italy

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Author : Juan Avilés
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1782847561
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (828 download)

Book Synopsis The Strategy of Tension in Italy by : Juan Avilés

Download or read book The Strategy of Tension in Italy written by Juan Avilés and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoport's theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup d'etat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés' comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.

Italy’s Divided Memory

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Author : J. Foot
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 0230101836
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (31 download)

Book Synopsis Italy’s Divided Memory by : J. Foot

Download or read book Italy’s Divided Memory written by J. Foot and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-12-07 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book argues that contemporary Italian history has been marked by a tendency towards divided memory. Events have been interpreted in contrasting ways, and the facts themselves often contested. Moreover, with so little agreement over what happened, and why it happened, it has been extremely difficult to create any consensus around memory. These divisions have been seen at all levels, but take on particular importance when linked to the great traumatic and life-changing events of the Twentieth century - war, terrorism, disaster - but can also be applied to more cultural fields such as sport and everyday life. Social change also has an impact on memory. This book will take the form of a voyage through Italy (and into Italy's past), looking at stories of divided memory over various periods in the twentieth century. These stories will be interwoven with analysis and discussion.

The Strategy of Tension in Italy

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Author : Juan Aviles
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781789762105
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (621 download)

Book Synopsis The Strategy of Tension in Italy by : Juan Aviles

Download or read book The Strategy of Tension in Italy written by Juan Aviles and published by . This book was released on 2022-10-31 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoports theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup détat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.

Threats to Democracy

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Author : Franco Ferraresi
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400822114
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

Book Synopsis Threats to Democracy by : Franco Ferraresi

Download or read book Threats to Democracy written by Franco Ferraresi and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2012-09-17 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book represents the first systematic research by a social scientist on the radical right-wing movements in Italy since 1945. During the heyday of right-wing violence between 1969 and 1980, street aggressions, attacks, and murders were commonplace. These bloody episodes were assumed to be the work of fanatical bands of "political soldiers" and urban warriors loosely controlled by secret services and other covert groups, which used them as part of a "strategy of tension" pursued in domestic and international circles. Franco Ferraresi here acknowledges that these rightist groups were in fact permitted a certain amount of freedom, and even in some cases actually aided, in the hope that revulsion at terrorist tactics would have the effect of mobilizing public opinion in favor of existing political arrangements. However, he also studies the extent to which they operated as autonomous units, while he carefully considers the political heritage, the doctrines, and the ideology that motivated them. With the decline of violent activity on both extremes of the political spectrum in the early 1980s, the theory and practice so comprehensively discussed by Ferraresi seemed to have entered a dormant stage. Ferraresi, however, places in context the recent resurgence of neo-fascist forces in Italy, and of the so-called New Right throughout Europe, together with the rise of fundamentalism in many parts of the world.

Puppetmasters

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Author : Philip Willan
Publisher : iUniverse
ISBN 13 : 0595246974
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (952 download)

Book Synopsis Puppetmasters by : Philip Willan

Download or read book Puppetmasters written by Philip Willan and published by iUniverse. This book was released on 2002 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The CIA has been accused of a massive intelligence failure in the run-up to the 9/11 attacks -- the result, it is said, of a moralistic and bureaucratic approach to information-gathering. But the CIA's spies had few qualms when it came to cultivating terrorist organisations and interfering in the internal politics of Cold War Italy. Puppetmasters reveals how US intelligence services exploited the P2 masonic lodge to prop up friendly Christian Democrat-dominated governments and counter the growing political influence of the Italian Communist Party. It was a ruthless strategy involving coup plots, right wing terrorist bombings and the manipulation of the Red Brigades. And it gave Italy one of the bloodiest and most protracted periods of terrorist violence ever seen in a modern, industrialised society.

Warlike and Peaceful Societies

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Author : Agner Fog
Publisher : Open Book Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1783744065
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (837 download)

Book Synopsis Warlike and Peaceful Societies by : Agner Fog

Download or read book Warlike and Peaceful Societies written by Agner Fog and published by Open Book Publishers. This book was released on 2017-10-13 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are humans violent or peaceful by nature? We are both. In this ambitious and wide-ranging book, Agner Fog presents a ground-breaking new argument that explains the existence of differently organised societies using evolutionary theory. It combines natural sciences and social sciences in a way that is rarely seen. According to a concept called regality theory, people show a preference for authoritarianism and strong leadership in times of war or collective danger, but desire egalitarian political systems in times of peace and safety. These individual impulses shape the way societies develop and organise themselves, and in this book Agner argues that there is an evolutionary mechanism behind this flexible psychology. Incorporating a wide range of ideas including evolutionary theory, game theory, and ecological theory, Agner analyses the conditions that make us either strident or docile. He tests this theory on data from contemporary and ancient societies, and provides a detailed explanation of the applications of regality theory to issues of war and peace, the rise and fall of empires, the mass media, economic instability, ecological crisis, and much more. Warlike and Peaceful Societies: The Interaction of Genes and Culture draws on many different fields of both the social sciences and the natural sciences. It will be of interest to academics and students in these fields, including anthropology, political science, history, conflict and peace research, social psychology, and more, as well as the natural sciences, including human biology, human evolution, and ecology.

Ending Terrorism in Italy

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Author : Anna Cento Bull
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135040796
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (35 download)

Book Synopsis Ending Terrorism in Italy by : Anna Cento Bull

Download or read book Ending Terrorism in Italy written by Anna Cento Bull and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-07 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ending Terrorism in Italy analyses processes of disengagement from terrorism, as well as the connected issues of reconciliation, truth and justice. It examines in a critical and original way how terrorism came to an end in Italy (Part I), and the legacy it has left behind (Part II). The book interrogates a wide array of published memoirs and a considerable number of new face-to-face interviews with both former terrorists and first and second generation victims In the last two decades, and especially in recent years, former extreme-right terrorists in Italy have started to talk about their past involvement in terrorist violence, including, for the first time, acts of violence which have for decades been considered taboo, that is to say, bomb attacks against innocent civilians. These narratives add to the perspectives offered by members of left-wing terrorist groups, such as the Red Brigades and Prima Linea. Surprisingly, these narratives have not been systematically examined, yet they form a unique and extremely rich source of first-hand testimony, providing invaluable insights into processes of youth radicalization and de-radicalization, the social re-integration of ex-terrorists, as well as personal and collective healing. Even less attention has been paid to the victims’ narratives or stories. Indeed, the views and activities of the victims and their associations have been seriously neglected in the scholarly literature on terrorism, not just in Italy, but elsewhere in Europe. The book therefore examines the perspectives of the victims and relatives of victims of terrorism, who over the years have formed dedicated associations and campaigned relentlessly to obtain justice through the courts, with little or no support from the state and, especially in the case of the bombing massacres, with increasing awareness that the state played a role in thwarting the course of justice. Ending Terrorism in Italy will be of interest to historians, social scientists and policy makers as well as students of political violence and post-conflict resolution. .

The Strategy of Tension in Italy

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Author : Juan Avilés
Publisher : Liverpool University Press
ISBN 13 : 1802071741
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (2 download)

Book Synopsis The Strategy of Tension in Italy by : Juan Avilés

Download or read book The Strategy of Tension in Italy written by Juan Avilés and published by Liverpool University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-08 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The third wave of terrorism in Europe has been the subject of numerous studies after David Rapoport's theoretical classification, especially as it relates to New Left/Marxist/Socialist activity. But one of its components has not hitherto been subject to scholarly investigation: the Italian neo-fascist terrorism that committed indiscriminate massacres as part of an alleged strategy of stoking political tension. There is evidence that members of the intelligence services and security forces contributed to cover-ups and indeed the neo-fascist murders that took place may have been aimed at creating an atmosphere favourable to a coup d'etat. While conspiracy theories abound there is little in-depth academic research on the circumstances despite the many sources available to researchers: court rulings, evidence gathered by various parliamentary commissions of enquiry and recently declassified official documents. Juan Avilés' comprehensive study of the neo-fascist killings, the coup plots, the cover-ups and the alleged but unproven involvement of US agents, the Stay Behind paramilitary structure and the P2 Masonic Lodge, draws a firm line of demarcation between the real conspiracies that took place in Italy and unfounded conspiracy theories. He offers an unparalleled interpretation of the alleged strategy of creating political tension based on all the available evidence. At the heart of the investigation is the threat to democracy and the way in which Italy was able to avoid the authoritarian drift to which many countries, from Greece to Chile, succumbed in those years. The lessons learned have far-reaching implications for all nations that subscribe to democratic values.

NATO's Secret Armies

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Author : Daniele Ganser
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135767858
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (357 download)

Book Synopsis NATO's Secret Armies by : Daniele Ganser

Download or read book NATO's Secret Armies written by Daniele Ganser and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2005-06-21 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating new study shows how the CIA and the British secret service, in collaboration with the military alliance NATO and European military secret services, set up a network of clandestine anti-communist armies in Western Europe after World War II. These secret soldiers were trained on remote islands in the Mediterranean and in unorthodox warfare centres in England and in the United States by the Green Berets and SAS Special Forces. The network was armed with explosives, machine guns and high-tech communication equipment hidden in underground bunkers and secret arms caches in forests and mountain meadows. In some countries the secret army linked up with right-wing terrorist who in a secret war engaged in political manipulation, harrassement of left wing parties, massacres, coup d'états and torture. Codenamed 'Gladio' ('the sword'), the Italian secret army was exposed in 1990 by Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti to the Italian Senate, whereupon the press spoke of "The best kept, and most damaging, political-military secret since World War II" (Observer, 18. November 1990) and observed that "The story seems straight from the pages of a political thriller." (The Times, November 19, 1990). Ever since, so-called 'stay-behind' armies of NATO have also been discovered in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxemburg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Austria, Greece and Turkey. They were internationally coordinated by the Pentagon and NATO and had their last known meeting in the NATO-linked Allied Clandestine Committee (ACC) in Brussels in October 1990.

Accidental Death of an Anarchist

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Author : Dario Fo
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780413651006
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (51 download)

Book Synopsis Accidental Death of an Anarchist by : Dario Fo

Download or read book Accidental Death of an Anarchist written by Dario Fo and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A new translation of Fo's play which aims to be faithful to the clear-sighted insanity of the original. The author's other plays include "Mistero Buffo", "Trumpets and Raspberries" and "Archangels Don't Play Pinball".

The Rise And Fall Of Italian Terrorism

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Author : Leonard Weinberg
Publisher : Westview Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

Book Synopsis The Rise And Fall Of Italian Terrorism by : Leonard Weinberg

Download or read book The Rise And Fall Of Italian Terrorism written by Leonard Weinberg and published by Westview Press. This book was released on 1987-11-08 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Driving Modernity

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Author : Massimo Moraglio
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1785334492
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (853 download)

Book Synopsis Driving Modernity by : Massimo Moraglio

Download or read book Driving Modernity written by Massimo Moraglio and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2017-04 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On March 26th, 1923, in a formal ceremony, construction of the Milan–Alpine Lakes autostrada officially began, the preliminary step toward what would become the first European motorway. That Benito Mussolini himself participated in the festivities indicates just how important the project was to Italian Fascism. Driving Modernity recounts the twisting fortunes of the autostrada, which—alongside railways, aviation, and other forms of mobility—Italian authorities hoped would spread an ideology of technological nationalism. It explains how Italy ultimately failed to realize its mammoth infrastructural vision, addressing the political and social conditions that made a coherent plan of development impossible.

Stefano Delle Chiaie

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Author : Stuart Christie
Publisher : Nicholson
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

Book Synopsis Stefano Delle Chiaie by : Stuart Christie

Download or read book Stefano Delle Chiaie written by Stuart Christie and published by Nicholson. This book was released on 1984 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exposure of a fascist terrorist responsible for many outrages. A superb piece of investigative research into the whole fascist terror network, involved everywhere from the Italian bombings during the 'strategy of tension' to South America.

Joining Hitler's Crusade

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Author : David Stahel
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316510344
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (165 download)

Book Synopsis Joining Hitler's Crusade by : David Stahel

Download or read book Joining Hitler's Crusade written by David Stahel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A ground-breaking study that looks at why European nations sent troops to take part in Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union.

The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics

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Author : Erik Jones
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199669740
Total Pages : 801 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics by : Erik Jones

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics written by Erik Jones and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 801 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Italian Politics provides a comprehensive look at the political life of one of Europe's most exciting and turbulent democracies. Under the hegemonic influence of Christian Democracy in the early post-World War II decades, Italy went through a period of rapid growth and political transformation. In part this resulted in tumult and a crisis of governability; however, it also gave rise to innovation in the form of Eurocommunism and new forms of political accommodation. The great strength of Italy lay in its constitution; its great weakness lay in certain legacies of the past. Organized crime--popularly but not exclusively associated with the mafia--is one example. A self-contained and well entrenched 'caste' of political and economic elites is another. These weaknesses became apparent in the breakdown of political order in the late 1980s and early 1990s. This ushered in a combination of populist political mobilization and experimentation with electoral systems design, and the result has been more evolutionary than transformative. Italian politics today is different from what it was during the immediate post-World War II period, but it still shows many of the influences of the past.

The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe

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Author : Richard Ned Lebow
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780822338178
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (381 download)

Book Synopsis The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe by : Richard Ned Lebow

Download or read book The Politics of Memory in Postwar Europe written by Richard Ned Lebow and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2006-09-20 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comparative case studies of how memories of World War II have been constructed and revised in France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Italy, and the USSR (Russia).