The Routledge International Handbook On Hate Crime

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The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime

Author : Nathan Hall
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136684360
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime by : Nathan Hall

Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime written by Nathan Hall and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-07-25 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection brings together many of the world's leading experts, both academic and practitioner, in a single volume handbook that examines key international issues in the field of hate crime. Collectively it examines a range of pertinent areas with the ultimate aim of providing a detailed picture of the hate crime 'problem' in different parts of the world. The book is divided into four parts: An examination, covering theories and concepts, of issues relating to definitions of hate crime, the individual and community impacts of hate crime, the controversies of hate crime legislation, and theoretical approaches to understanding offending. An exploration of the international geography of hate, in which each chapter examines a range of hate crime issues in different parts of the world, including the UK, wider Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. Reflections on a number of different perspectives across a range of key issues in hate crime, examining areas including particular issues affecting different victim groups, the increasingly important influence of the Internet, and hate crimes in sport. A discussion of a range of international efforts being utilised to combat hate and hate crime. Offering a strong international focus and comprehensive coverage of a wide range of hate crime issues, this book is an important contribution to hate crime studies and will be essential reading for academics, students and practitioners interested in this field.

The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia

Author : Irene Zempi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351135538
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (511 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia by : Irene Zempi

Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia written by Irene Zempi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-02-11 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Islamophobic hate crimes have increased significantly following the terrorist attacks of 9/11 and 7/7. More recently, the rhetoric surrounding Trump’s election and presidency, Brexit, the rise of far-right groups and ISIS-inspired terrorist attacks worldwide have promoted a climate where Islamophobia and anti-Muslim sentiments have become ‘legitimised’. The Routledge International Handbook of Islamophobia provides a comprehensive single-volume collection of key readings in Islamophobia. Consisting of 32 chapters accessibly written by scholars, policy makers and practitioners, it seeks to examine the nature, extent, implications of, and responses to Islamophobic hate crime both nationally and internationally. This volume will appeal to undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as postdoctoral researchers interested in fields such as Criminology, Victimology, Sociology, Social Policy, Religious Studies, Law and related Social Sciences subjects. It will also appeal to scholars, policy makers and practitioners working in and around the areas of Islamophobic hate crimes.

Routledge International Handbook of Police Ethnography

Author : Jenny Fleming
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100081291X
Total Pages : 683 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (8 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge International Handbook of Police Ethnography by : Jenny Fleming

Download or read book Routledge International Handbook of Police Ethnography written by Jenny Fleming and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 683 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethnography has a long history in the humanities and social sciences and has provided the base line in the field of police studies for over 60 years. We have recently witnessed a resurgence in ethnographic practice among police scholars, and this Handbook is a response to that revival. Students and academics are returning to the ethnography arena and the study of police in situ to explain the evocative worlds of the police. The list of ethnographic sites is vast and all have fed the rejuvenation of ethnographic endeavour. Together they suggest innovation, theoretical depth, broad geographical boundaries, multi-site experiments, and multi-disciplinarity, all of which are central to the exploration of police and policing in the twenty-first century. This Handbook encapsulates the revival of police ethnography by exploring its multidisciplinary field and cataloguing the ongoing ethnographic work. It offers an original and international contribution to the field of police studies and research methods, providing a comprehensive and overarching guide to police ethnography. We see the previous classics in every page and still note the influence of the early ethnographers. At the same time, we see the innovative breadth and diversity of these narratives. The aim of this Handbook is to highlight the mosaic that is police ethnography at a point in time and note with pleasure its contribution to the field once more. Ethnography may be messy, difficult, and at times uncooperative, but its results offer a unique insight into the perspectives of people and organisations that can hide in plain sight. An accessible and compelling read, this Handbook will provide a sound and essential reference source for academics, researchers, students, and practitioners engaged in police and criminal justice studies.

The Routledge International Handbook of Goffman Studies

Author : Michael Hviid Jacobsen
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000604438
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook of Goffman Studies by : Michael Hviid Jacobsen

Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook of Goffman Studies written by Michael Hviid Jacobsen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-06-29 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the fertility and enigma of Erving Goffman’s sociological reasoning and its capacity to shed fresh light on the fundamental features of human sociality. Thematically arranged, it brings together the work of leading scholars of Goffman’s work to explore the concepts and themes that define Goffman’s analytical preoccupations, examining the ways these ideas have shaped significant fields of study and situating Goffman’s sociology in comparison to some eminent thinkers often linked with his name. Through a series of chapters informed by the same inventive and imaginative spirit characteristic of Goffman’s sociology, the book presents fresh perspectives on his contribution to the field and reveals the value of his thought for a variety of disciplines now increasingly aware of the importance of Goffman’s sociology to a range of social phenomena. A fresh perspective on the legacy of one of sociology’s most important figures, The Routledge International Handbook of Goffman Studies will appeal to scholars across the social sciences with interests in interactionist and micro-sociological perspectives.

The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice

Author : Chris Cunneen
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000904040
Total Pages : 723 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice by : Chris Cunneen

Download or read book The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice written by Chris Cunneen and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-03 with total page 723 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge International Handbook on Decolonizing Justice focuses on the growing worldwide movement aimed at decolonizing state policies and practices, and various disciplinary knowledges including criminology, social work and law. The collection of original chapters brings together cutting-edge, politically engaged work from a diverse group of writers who take as a starting point an analysis founded in a decolonizing, decolonial and/or Indigenous standpoint. Centering the perspectives of Black, First Nations and other racialized and minoritized peoples, the book makes an internationally significant contribution to the literature. The chapters include analyses of specific decolonization policies and interventions instigated by communities to enhance jurisdictional self-determination; theoretical approaches to decolonization; the importance of research and research ethics as a key foundation of the decolonization process; crucial contemporary issues including deaths in custody, state crime, reparations, and transitional justice; and critical analysis of key institutions of control, including police, courts, corrections, child protection systems and other forms of carcerality. The handbook is divided into five sections which reflect the breadth of the decolonizing literature: • Why decolonization? From the personal to the global • State terror and violence • Abolishing the carceral • Transforming and decolonizing justice • Disrupting epistemic violence This book offers a comprehensive and timely resource for activists, students, academics, and those with an interest in Indigenous studies, decolonial and post-colonial studies, criminal legal institutions and criminology. It provides critical commentary and analyses of the major issues for enhancing social justice internationally. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Handbook of Victims and Victimology

Author : Sandra Walklate
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317496248
Total Pages : 475 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook of Victims and Victimology by : Sandra Walklate

Download or read book Handbook of Victims and Victimology written by Sandra Walklate and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 475 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This second edition of the Handbook of Victims and Victimology presents a comprehensively revised and updated set of essays, bringing together internationally recognised scholars and practitioners to offer substantial research informed overviews within their specialist fields of investigation. This handbook is divided into five parts, with each part addressing a different theme within victimology: Part I offers a scene-setting exploration of new developments in the field, enduring issues that remain relatively unchanged and the gaps and traps within the contemporary victimological agenda Part II examines of the complex dimensions to victim experiences as structured by gender, age, ethnicity, sexuality and intersectionality Part III reflects on the problems and possibilities of formulating policy responses in the light of the changing appreciation of the nature and extent of victimhood Part IV focused on the value of a comparative lens and the problems and possibilities of victim policies when seen through this lens, explored along three geographical axes: Europe, Australia and Asia Part V considers other ways of thinking about who counts as a victim and what counts as victimhood and extends the boundaries of the victimological imagination outward Building on the success of the previous edition, this book provides an international focus on cutting-edge issues in the field of victimology. Including brand new chapters on intersectionality, child victims, sexuality, hate crime and crimes of the powerful, this handbook is essential reading for students and academics studying victims and victimology and an essential reference tool for those working within the victim support environment.

Policing Hate Crime

Author : Gail Mason
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317446135
Total Pages : 204 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Policing Hate Crime by : Gail Mason

Download or read book Policing Hate Crime written by Gail Mason and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-03-16 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a contemporary setting of increasing social division and marginalisation, Policing Hate Crime interrogates the complexities of prejudice motivated crime and effective policing practices. Hate crime has become a barometer for contemporary police relations with vulnerable and marginalised communities. But how do police effectively lead conversations with such communities about problems arising from prejudice? Contemporary police are expected to be active agents in the pursuit of social justice and human rights by stamping out prejudice and group-based animosity. At the same time, police have been criticised in over-policing targeted communities as potential perpetrators, as well as under-policing these same communities as victims of crime. Despite this history, the demand for impartial law enforcement requires police to change their engagement with targeted communities and kindle trust as priorities in strengthening their response to hate crime. Drawing upon a research partnership between police and academics, this book entwines current law enforcement responses with key debates on the meaning of hate crime to explore the potential for misunderstandings of hate crime between police and communities, and illuminates ways to overcome communication difficulties. This book will be important reading for students taking courses in hate crime, as well as victimology, policing, and crime and community.

Disability Hate Speech

Author : Mark Sherry
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429513917
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

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Book Synopsis Disability Hate Speech by : Mark Sherry

Download or read book Disability Hate Speech written by Mark Sherry and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-11-08 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, the first to specifically focus on disability hate speech, explains what disability hate speech is, why it is important, what laws regulate it (both online and in person) and how it is different from other forms of hate. Unfortunately, disability is often ignored or overlooked in academic, legal, political, and cultural analyses of the broader problem of hate speech. Its unique personal, ideological, economic, political and legal dimensions have not been recognized – until now. Disability hate speech is an everyday experience for many people, leaving terrible psycho-emotional scars. This book includes personal testimonies from victims discussing the personal impact of disability hate speech, explaining in detail how such hatred affects them. It also presents legal, historical, psychological, and cultural analyses, including the results of the first surveys and in-depth interviews ever conducted on this topic in some countries. This book makes a vital contribution to understanding disability hatred and prejudice, and will be of particular interest to those studying issues associated with hate speech, disability, psychology, law, and prejudice.

The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia

Author : Amina Easat-Daas
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303152022X
Total Pages : 517 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia by : Amina Easat-Daas

Download or read book The Palgrave Handbook of Gendered Islamophobia written by Amina Easat-Daas and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 517 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Critical Perspectives on Hate Crime

Author : Amanda Haynes
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 113752667X
Total Pages : 524 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (375 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Perspectives on Hate Crime by : Amanda Haynes

Download or read book Critical Perspectives on Hate Crime written by Amanda Haynes and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-15 with total page 524 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a unique insight into the lived realities of hate crime in Ireland and its treatment within the criminal justice system. The significance of the Irish case is contextualised within the European and global policy contexts and an overview of hate crime in Ireland, both north and south, and its differential treatment in each jurisdiction’s criminal justice system is offered. Presenting empirically grounded analyses of the experiences of commonly targeted identity groups in an Irish context, this study also draws upon their exposure to hate crime and challenges encountered in seeking redress. Combining theory, research and practice, this book represents legal, social, cultural and political concerns pertinent to understanding, preventing, deterring and combatting hate crime across Ireland. It incorporates a variety of perspectives on the hate crime paradigm and addresses many of the cutting-edge debates arising in the field of hate studies. Contributions from Irish and international academic researchers are complemented by applied pieces authored by practitioners and policy makers actively engaged with affected communities. This is a progressive and informed text which will be of great value to activists, policy makers and scholars of hate crime and criminal justice.

Hate Crime Statutes

Author : Frank S. Pezzella
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319408429
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Hate Crime Statutes by : Frank S. Pezzella

Download or read book Hate Crime Statutes written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-07-28 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Brief provides a clearly outlined and accessible overview of the challenges in creating and enforcing hate crime legislation in the United States. As the author explains, while it is generally not controversial that hate crime behavior should be stopped, the question of how to do so effectively is complex. This volume begins with an introduction about defining hate crimes, and the history of hate crimes and hate crime legislation in the United States. The author shows arguments in favor of hate crime statutes, for example: hate crimes reach beyond their victims to members of the victims’ protected group and cohesion of society at large, and should therefore carry higher penalties.The author also shows arguments against hate crime statutes, for example that they sometimes contain enhanced penalties for certain specially protected groups and not others, and have a high potential for ambiguity and uneven enforcement. From a law enforcement perspective, the author explores the practical challenges in enforcing these statutes, and solutions to address them. Investigative techniques and resources vary significantly across police departments, as does training to identify and distinguish hate crimes from ordinary crimes. There is high potential for law enforcement and prosecutors’ personal biases to effect the classification of crimes as hate crimes. Law enforcement organizations are constantly faced with the dilemma of what and how to enforce legislation. This brief will be relevant for researchers in criminology and criminal justice, policy makers involved in hate crime legislation, social justice, and police-community relations, as well as related fields such as sociology, public policy and demography.

The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism [3 volumes]

Author : Edward W. Dunbar
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 889 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism [3 volumes] by : Edward W. Dunbar

Download or read book The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism [3 volumes] written by Edward W. Dunbar and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2016-11-21 with total page 889 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this three-volume set, an international team of experts involved in the research, management, and mitigation of hate-motivated violence examines and explains hate crimes in the United States and around the globe, drawing comparisons between countries as well as between hate crimes overall and domestic terrorism. The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues takes a hard look at hate crimes both domestically and internationally, enabling readers to see similarities and disparities as well as to make the connections between hate crimes and domestic terrorism. The entries in this three-volume set discuss subjects such as the psychology and motivation in hate crimes, the cultural norms that shape tolerance of outgroups or tolerance of hate, and the fact that hate crimes are a pervasive form of domestic terrorism, as well as myriad issues of proliferation, public policy, policing, law and punishment, and prevention. The set opens with an introduction that discusses hate crime research and examines issues of identification of the bias element of hate crimes via empirical and case vignettes. The subsequent chapters discuss subjects such as the socio-demographic profiles of hate crime offenders; hate crime legislation and policy in the United States; the effects of hate crime on their victims as well as society; the incidence of hate crime in specific regions, such as Europe, the Middle East, and South America; and programs and therapeutic interventions to heal victims. Readers will also learn how specific educational approaches in communities, schools, and universities can be implemented to help prevent future escalation of hate-motivated violence.

Hate Crime Policy and Disability

Author : Seamus Taylor
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1529217881
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (292 download)

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Book Synopsis Hate Crime Policy and Disability by : Seamus Taylor

Download or read book Hate Crime Policy and Disability written by Seamus Taylor and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2024-03-12 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Outlining the key developments of the Disability Hate Crime policy agenda, this book analyses the contributions of activists, politicians, policy makers and criminal justice system practitioners and recommends progressive policy changes.

The Globalization of Hate

Author : Jennifer Schweppe
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0191088528
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The Globalization of Hate by : Jennifer Schweppe

Download or read book The Globalization of Hate written by Jennifer Schweppe and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-26 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Globalization of Hate: Internationalizing Hate Crime? is the first book to examine the impact of globalization on our understanding of hate speech and hate crime. Bringing together internationally acclaimed scholars with researchers, policy makers and practitioners from across the world, it critically scrutinises the concept of hate crime as a global phenomenon, seeking to examine whether hate crime can, or should, be conceptualised within an international framework and, if so, how this might be achieved. Beginning with the global dynamics of hate, the contributions analyse whether hate crime can be defined globally, whether universal principles can be applied to the phenomenon, how hatred is spread, and how it impacts upon our global society. The middle portion of the book moves beyond the broader questions of globalisation to jurisdictional examples of how globalization impacts upon our understanding of, and also our responses to, hate crime. The chapters explore in greater detail what is happening around the world and how the international concepts of hate crime are being operationalised locally, drawing out the themes of globalization and internationalization that are relevant to hate crime, as evidenced by a number of jurisdictions from Europe, the US, Asia, and Africa. The final part of the book concludes with an examination of the different ways in which hate speech and hate crime is being combatted globally. International law, internet regulation and the use of restorative practices are evaluated as methods of addressing hate-based conflict, with the discussions drawn from existing frameworks as well as exploring normative standards for future international efforts. Taken together, these innovative and insightful contributions offer a timely investigation into the effects of hate crime, offering an interdisciplinary approach to tackling what is now a global issue. It will be of interest to scholars and students of criminology, sociology and criminal justice, as well as criminal justice practitioners, police officers and policy makers.

The Oxford Handbook of Criminology

Author : Alison Liebling
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198860919
Total Pages : 1020 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Criminology by : Alison Liebling

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Criminology written by Alison Liebling and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2023-06-02 with total page 1020 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With contributions from leading authorities, this is the definitive guide to current criminological theory, research, and policy.The Oxford Handbook of Criminology provides a comprehensive collection of chapters covering the core and emerging topics studied on criminology courses, indispensable to students, academics, and professionals alike.· 43 chapters written by over 85 leading academics exploringrelevant theory, cutting-edge research, policy developments, and current debates, encouraging students to appreciate the diverse and interdisciplinary nature of criminological discourse· Includes detailedreferences to aid further research· Chapters updated to reflect recent cases, statistics, and scholarship, as well as significant current events such as Covid-19 and social justice movements.· New chapters added presenting research on topical issues including victimology, hate crime, desistance, cybercrime, atrocity crimes, convict criminology, security and smart cities, prison abolitionism, comparative criminology, sex offending, and networkcriminology.Digital formats and resourcesThe seventh edition is available for students and institutions to purchase in a variety of formats, and is supported by online resources.- Thee-book offers a mobile experience and convenient access along with functionality tools, navigation features and links that offer extra learning support: www.oxfordtextbooks.co.uk/ebooks- The accompanying online resources include essay questions and links to useful websites for each chapter, along with guidance on answering essay questions and access to chapters from previous editions.

Understanding Disability and Everyday Hate

Author : Leah Burch
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030868184
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Disability and Everyday Hate by : Leah Burch

Download or read book Understanding Disability and Everyday Hate written by Leah Burch and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-11-05 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines disability hate crime. It focusses on key questions concerning the ways in which hate is understood and experienced within the context of the everyday, in addition to the unique ways that hate can hurt and be resisted. It introduces readers to questions surrounding the conceptual framework of hate and policy context in England and Wales, and extends these discussions to center upon the experiences of disabled people. It presents a conceptual reconsideration of hate crime that connects hate, disability and everyday lives and spaces using an affective (embodied and emotional) understanding of these experiences. Drawing on empirical data, this framework helps to attend to the diverse ways that disabled people negotiate, respond to, and resist hate within the context of their everyday lives. The book argues that the affective capacity of disabled people can be enhanced through their reflections upon hateful experiences and general experiences of navigating a disabling social world. By working with the concept of ‘affective possibility’, this book offers a more affirmative approach to harnessing the everyday forms of resistance already present within disabled people’s lives. It speaks to academics, students, and practitioners interested in disability, affect studies, hate crime studies, sociology, and criminology.

The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America

Author : Frank S. Pezzella
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 303051577X
Total Pages : 133 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America by : Frank S. Pezzella

Download or read book The Measurement of Hate Crimes in America written by Frank S. Pezzella and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-10-23 with total page 133 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using data from the Uniform Crime Reporting Hate Crime Statistics Program and the National Crime Victimization Survey, this brief highlights the uniqueness of hate or bias crime victimization. It compares these to non-bias crimes and delineates the situational circumstances that distinguish bias from non-bias offending. The nuances of under-reporting shed light on bias-group and victim reasons for not reporting. By examining measurement issues associated with data collection systems, this brief helps explain why eighty-nine percent of participating law enforcement agencies report zero hate crimes each year. It describes patterns and trends in reporting the volume of general bias motivations and specific bias types, as the most prevalent hate crime offense types and most likely victims and offenders. With recommendations to address issues in measurement and under-reporting, including an action plan by the Enhance the Response to Hate Crimes Advisory Committee and the International Association of Chiefs of Police, a best practice model by the Oak Creek Police Department, and other promising law enforcement reporting models, this brief provides an increasingly critical resource for law enforcement practitioners and researchers dealing with hate crimes.