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The Roles Of Solvent Catalyst And Hydrogen Donation In Coal Liquefaction Co Processing Reactions
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Book Synopsis The Roles of Solvent, Catalyst and Hydrogen Donation in Coal Liquefaction/co-processing Reactions by : Frankie Nathaniel Cassell
Download or read book The Roles of Solvent, Catalyst and Hydrogen Donation in Coal Liquefaction/co-processing Reactions written by Frankie Nathaniel Cassell and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis STUDY OF SOLVENT AND CATALYST INTERACTIONS IN DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION. by :
Download or read book STUDY OF SOLVENT AND CATALYST INTERACTIONS IN DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION. written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There are several aspects of the Direct Coal Liquefaction process which are not fully understood and which if better understood might lead to improved yields and conversions. Among these questions are the roles of the catalyst and the solvent. While the solvent is known to act by transfer of hydrogen atoms to the free radicals formed by thermal breakdown of the coal in an uncatalyzed system, in the presence of a solid catalyst as is now currently practiced, the yields and conversions are higher than in an uncatalyzed system. The role of the catalyst in this case is not completely understood. DOE has funded many projects to produce ultrafine and more active catalysts in the expectation that better contact between catalyst and coal might result. This approach has met with limited success probably because mass transfer between two solids in a fluid medium i.e. the catalyst and the coal, is very poor. It is to develop an understanding of the role of the catalyst and solvent in Direct Liquefaction that this project was initiated. Specifically it was of interest to know whether direct contact between the coal and the catalyst was important. By separating the solid catalyst in a stainless steel basket permeable to the solvent but not the coal in the liquefaction reactor, it was shown that the catalyst still maintains a catalytic effect on the liquefaction process. There is apparently transfer of hydrogen atoms from the catalyst through the basket wall to the coal via the solvent. Strong hydrogen donor solvents appear to be more effective in this respect than weak hydrogen donors. It therefore appears that intimate contact between catalyst and coal is not a requirement, and that the role of the catalyst may be to restore the hydrogen donor strength to the solvent as the reaction proceeds. A range of solvents of varying hydrogen donor strength was investigated. Because of the extensive use of thermogravimetric analysis in this laboratory in was noted that the peak temperature for volatile evolution from coal was a reliable measure of coal rank. Because of this observation, a wide variety of coals of a wide range of ranks was investigated. It was shown in this work that measuring the peak temperature for volatile evolution was quite a precise indicator of rank and correlated closely wit the rank values obtained by measuring vitrinite reflectance, a more difficult measurement to make. This prompted the desire to know the composition of the volatile materials evolved as a function of coal rank. This was then measured by coupling a TGA to a mass spectrometer using laser activation and photoionization detection TG-PI-MS. The predominant species in volatiles of low rank coal turned out to be phenols with some alkenes. As the rank increases, the relative amount of alkenes and aromatic hydrocarbons increases and the oxygenated species decrease. It was shown that these volatiles were actually pyrolitic products and not volatilization products of coal. Solvent extraction experiments coupled with TG-PI-MS indicates that the low oiling and more extractable material are essentially similar in chemical types to the non-extractable portions but apparently higher molecular weight and therefor less extractable.
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, January--March 1993 by :
Download or read book The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, January--March 1993 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this project is to evaluate the role of the resid in coprocessing. The primary purpose of this initial work was to establish under thermal and catalytic reaction conditions whether hydrogen transfer occurred between cycloalkane type structures that are present in resids and aromatics that are present in coal and liquefied coal. The research this quarter focused upon evaluating different reaction systems for performing model donor and model acceptor studies. The first system that was evaluated involved anthracene (ANT) as the model acceptor. Previous results had shown that ANT did not convert substantially in a thermal reaction at 380°C (Wang 1992); however, more was converted (about 50%) at 440°C. The results from the reactions performed last quarter indicated that substantial hydrogenation of ANT occurred thermally at 440°C; more than had been observed previously. The reactors that were used, though, had contained substantial amounts of catalysts prior to the performance of the thermal reactions. Hence, the passivity of the reactors was questioned and new reactors were fabricated. Some of the reactions using ANT were performed again and are reported herein. The second part of the work performed this quarter was to evaluate hydrogen transfer from the cycloalkane, perhydropyrene (PHP), to the aromatic phenanthrene (PHEN). Reactions were performed at a 1:1 PHP to PHEN weight ratio and with a 5:1 PHP to PHEN ratio. The reactions were performed thermally and catalytically at 400 and 425°C using molybdenum naphthenate and nickel octoate as catalysts. Reactions were also performed with added sulfur either as elemental sulfur or benzothiophene.
Book Synopsis Reaction Engineering in Direct Coal Liquefaction by : Yatish T. Shah
Download or read book Reaction Engineering in Direct Coal Liquefaction written by Yatish T. Shah and published by Addison Wesley Publishing Company. This book was released on 1981 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences by : Wade H. Shafer
Download or read book Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences written by Wade H. Shafer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences was first conceived, published, and disseminated by the Center for Information and Numerical Oata Analysis and Synthesis (CINOAS) * at Purdue. University in 1957, starting its coverage of theses with the academic year 1955. Beginning with Volume 13, the printing and dissemination phases of the activity were transferred to University Microfilms/Xerox of Ann Arbor, Michigan, with the thought that such an arrangement would be more beneficial to the academic and general scientific and technical community. After five years of this joint undertaking we had concluded that it was in the interest of all con cerned if the printing and distribution of the volumes were handled by an interna tional publishing house to assure improved service and broader dissemination. Hence, starting with Volume 18, Masters Theses in the Pure and Applied Sciences has been disseminated on a worldwide basis by Plenum Publishing Cor poration of New York, and in the same year the coverage was broadened to include Canadian universities. All back issues can also be ordered from Plenum. We have reported in Volume 33 (thesis year 1988) a total of 13,273 theses titles from 23 Canadian and 1 85 United States universities. We are sure that this broader base for these titles reported will greatly enhance the value of this important annual reference work. While Volume 33 reports theses submitted in 1988, on occasion, certain univer sities do report theses submitted in previous years but not reported at the time.
Book Synopsis Role of the Resid Solvent in Catalytic Coprocessing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Final Report by :
Download or read book Role of the Resid Solvent in Catalytic Coprocessing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Final Report written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 81 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of the resid in coprocessing coal with petroleum resid has been investigated using model systems. The primary question being investigated is whether resid is participating in reactions with coal or if the resid is acting simply as a diluent. Since hydrogen transfer is an important mechanism by which solvent interacts with coal, hydrogen transfer between naphthenes, saturated alicyclic molecules, that represent resid and aromatic molecules that represent coal were examined in reactions with a high pressure H2 atmosphere that is typical of actual coprocessing. The model naphthene, perhydropyrene, was chosen as the donor species and the models, anthracene, phenanthrene, and benzophenone, were chosen as the acceptor species. Coprocessing reactions of coal with petroleum resid were performed to evaluate the effect of the chemistry of both constituents on coal conversion and the upgrading of the heavy resid. Three heavy resids, Maya, FHC-623 and Manji were used as the whole resid and as fractions that has been separates into hexane solubles and saturate fractions.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction Process by :
Download or read book Hydrogen Donor Solvent Coal Liquefaction Process written by and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An indigenous hydrocarbon product stream boiling within a range of from about C.sub. 1 -700.degree. F., preferably C.sub. 1 -400.degree. F., is treated to produce an upgraded hydrocarbon fuel component and a component which can be recycled, with a suitable donor solvent, to a coal liquefaction zone to catalyze the reaction. In accordance therewith, a liquid hydrocarbon fraction with a high end boiling point range up to about 700.degree. F., preferably up to about 400.degree. F., is separated from a coal liquefaction zone effluent, the separated fraction is contacted with an alkaline medium to provide a hydrocarbon phase and an aqueous extract phase, the aqueous phase is neutralized, and contacted with a peroxygen compound to convert indigenous components of the aqueous phase of said hydrocarbon fraction into catalytic components, such that the aqueous stream is suitable for recycle to the coal liquefaction zone. Naturally occurring phenols and alkyl substituted phenols, found in the aqueous phase, are converted, by the addition of hydroxyl constituents to phenols, to dihydroxy benzenes which, as disclosed in copending Application Ser. Nos. 686,813 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,536; 686,814 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,537; 686,827 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,051,012 and 686,828, K.W. Plumlee et al, filed May 17, 1976, are suitable hydrogen transfer catalysts.
Book Synopsis Fundamental Kinetics of Supercritical Coal Liquefaction by :
Download or read book Fundamental Kinetics of Supercritical Coal Liquefaction written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the quarterly report on our recent progress toward the overall objective to understand the supercritical fluid extraction of hydrocarbons from coal. Our strategy is to simulate coal as a high molecular-weight polymeric material by studying the degradation of polymers under various conditions. The hypothesis we are testing is that degradation of such macromolecules is applicable to the decomposition (depolymerization) of the coal network. Polymer degradation and coal liquefaction are influenced strongly by the solvent in the reaction. This motivated our investigation of the effect of hydrogen donor solvents on polymer degradation. In particular, we obtained new experimental data to show how a hydrogen donor, 6-hydroxy tetralin, influences the degradation rate of polystyrene. We also developed a detailed radical mechanism for hydrogen donation based on the Rice-Herzfeld chain reaction concept with the elementary steps of initiation, depropagation, hydrogen abstraction, and termination. Expressions for the degradation rate parameters were obtained by applying continuous distribution kinetics to the MWD of the reacting polymer. The theory explains the different influences of the hydrogen donor solvent on the degradation rate coefficients for different polymers. Though developed for the degradation of polymers, the mechanism and the theory are potentially applicable for chain scission and addition reactions among distributions of paraffins, olefins, and radicals of all chain lengths. The concepts can, in principle, be extended to examine the effect of hydrogen donors on coal liquefaction and on the complex mixture of liquefaction compounds. Based on this work, a research paper titled Effect of Hydrogen Donors on Polymer Degradation, has been submitted for publication. Our research paper entitled, Molecular weight effect on the dynamics of polystyrene degradation, has been accepted for publication by the journal, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research.
Download or read book Fossil Energy Update written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 820 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts by :
Download or read book The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primary purpose is to establish under thermal and catalytic reaction conditions whether hydrogen transfer occurred between cycloalkane type structures present in resids and aromatics present in coal and liquefied coal. Idea was to determine if hydrogen could be transferred from the cycloalkane to the atomatic in a hydrogen atmosphere, which is always present in co-processing. This document gives an extensive literature review, as well as a brief account of the experimental work. 3 tabs, 26 refs.
Book Synopsis 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings by : Sam Stuart
Download or read book 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings written by Sam Stuart and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2013-09-17 with total page 1057 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1991 International Conference on Coal Science Proceedings
Book Synopsis The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, July--September 1992 by :
Download or read book The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, July--September 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Primary purpose is to establish under thermal and catalytic reaction conditions whether hydrogen transfer occurred between cycloalkane type structures present in resids and aromatics present in coal and liquefied coal. Idea was to determine if hydrogen could be transferred from the cycloalkane to the atomatic in a hydrogen atmosphere, which is always present in co-processing. This document gives an extensive literature review, as well as a brief account of the experimental work. 3 tabs, 26 refs.
Book Synopsis Use of Coal Liquefaction Catalysts for Coal by :
Download or read book Use of Coal Liquefaction Catalysts for Coal written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 9 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The catalytic hydrogenation of coal and model solvents using dispersed or supported catalysts at different pressures has been the focus of several recent studies at PETC. The effectiveness of these catalysts has been studied in coal liquefaction and coal-oil coprocessing. Coal-oil coprocessing involves the co-reaction of coal and petroleum-derived oil or resid. The results of these studies have indicated that both dispersed and supported catalysts are effective in these systems at elevated H2 pressures ((approximately)2,500 psig). Attempts to reduce pressure indicated that a combination of catalyst concentration and solvent quality could be used to compensate for reductions in H2 pressure. Comparison of the coal and coprocessing systems reveals many similarities in the catalytic requirements for both systems. Both hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis activities are required and the reactive environments are similar. Also, the use of catalysts in the two systems shares problems with similar types of inhibitors and poisons. The logical extension of this is that it may be reasonable to expect similar trends in catalyst activity for both systems. In fact, many of the catalysts selected for coal liquefaction were selected based on their effectiveness in petroleum systems. This study investigates the use of supported and dispersed coal liquefaction catalysts in coal-oil coprocessing and petroleum-only systems. The focus of the study was delineating the effects of coal concentration, pressure, and catalyst type.
Book Synopsis The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, October--December 1992 by :
Download or read book The Role of the Resid Solvent in Co-processing with Finely Divided Catalysts. Quarterly Report, October--December 1992 written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Goal this quarter was to evaluate the reactivity of an anthracene (H-deficient aromatic) and perhydropyrene (H-rich cycloalkane) system to determine if this system is the one desired for the parametric evaluation. Idea was to determine if hydrogen could be transferred from cycloalkane to aromatic in a hydrogen atmosphere, which is always present in coprocessing. This quarter's work established procedures for performing thermal and catalytic reactions without a solvent, and for analysis of reaction products. Individual thermal and catalytic reactions using anthracene and perhydropyrene were the primary reactions performed this quarter.
Book Synopsis Short Residence Time Coal Liquefaction Process Including Catalytic Hydrogenation by :
Download or read book Short Residence Time Coal Liquefaction Process Including Catalytic Hydrogenation written by and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Normally solid dissolved coal product and a distillate liquid product are produced by continuously passing a feed slurry comprising raw feed coal and a recycle solvent oil and/or slurry together with hydrogen to a preheating-reaction zone (26, alone, or 26 together with 42), the hydrogen pressure in the preheating-reaction zone being at least 1500 psig (105 kg/cm.sup. 2), reacting the slurry in the preheating-reaction zone (26, or 26 with 42) at a temperature in the range of between about 455.degree. and about 500.degree. C. to dissolve the coal to form normally liquid coal and normally solid dissolved coal. A total slurry residence time is maintained in the reaction zone ranging from a finite value from about 0 to about 0.2 hour, and reaction effluent is continuously and directly contacted with a quenching fluid (40, 68) to substantially immediately reduce the temperature of the reaction effluent to below 425.degree. C. to substantially inhibit polymerization so that the yield of insoluble organic matter comprises less than 9 weight percent of said feed coal on a moisture-free basis. The reaction is performed under conditions of temperature, hydrogen pressure and residence time such that the quantity of distillate liquid boiling within the range C.sub. 5 -454.degree. C. is an amount at least equal to that obtainable by performing the process under the same condition except for a longer total slurry residence time, e.g., 0.3 hour. Solvent boiling range liquid is separated from the reaction effluent (83) and recycled as process solvent (16). The amount of solvent boiling range liquid is sufficient to provide at least 80 weight percent of that required to maintain the process in overall solvent balance.
Book Synopsis Progress in Donor Assisted Coal Liquefaction by :
Download or read book Progress in Donor Assisted Coal Liquefaction written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The role of hydrogen donor compounds in coal liquefaction has been extensively investigated since the mid 1960's using model compounds and process derived hydrogen donor solvents. Our recent research and that of other investigators have shown that two model compounds in particular have great efficacy in solvating low rank coals. 1,2,3,10b tetrahydrofluoranthene (H4Fl) and 1,2,3,6,7,8 hexahydropyrene (H6Py) have been used to dissolve Wyodak coal to> 95% soluble material as measured by tetrahydrofuran (THF). Although these hydrogen donors are very effective, they may not be found in any significant concentrations in actual liquefaction process recycle solvents. Therefore, studies with process derived recycle materials are necessary to understand donor solvent chemistry. The objective of this paper is to present results of solvent hydrogenation experiments using heavy distillate solvents produced during testing at the Wilsonville Advanced Coal Liquefaction Test Facility. We evaluated the impact of hydrogenation conditions upon hydrogen donor formation in process derived distillates and compared these process derived solvents with the highly effective H4Fl and H6Py donors in coal liquefaction tests. This paper presents data on reaction conditions used for distillate hydrotreating and subsequent coal liquefaction, with an aim toward understanding the relationship between reaction conditions and donor solvent quality in recycle distillates.
