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Author : Lisa Michele Sedger
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 430 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (223 download)
Download or read book The Role of Heat Shock Proteins in Virus Infection written by Lisa Michele Sedger and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 430 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : A. Graham Pockley
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048129761
Total Pages : 314 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)
Download or read book Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Heat Shock Proteins in Infectious Disease written by A. Graham Pockley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-11-10 with total page 314 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Heat Shock Proteins in Infectious Disease provides the most current review of the literature relating to the role and influence of heat shock (stress) proteins on the establishment, progression and resolution of infectious disease. Written by leaders in the field of heat shock proteins (HSP) and their biological and immunological properties, the contributors provide a fascinating insight into the complex relationship between, and the involvement of prokaryotic and eukaryotic HSP in disease states. It has been known for some considerable time that heat shock proteins from prokaryotic organisms are immunodominant molecules that are intimately involved in the induction of potential protective inflammatory responses, and this aspect of HSP biology is updated herein. In addition to regulating heat shock protein gene expression, the transcription factor HSF1 also appears to play an important role in regulating immune responses to infection. Heat shock proteins are now known to influence infectious disease processes in a number of diverse ways: they are involved in the propagation of prions, the replication and morphogenesis of viruses, and the resistance of parasites to chemotherapy. These proteins also appear to be important mediators of bacteria-host interactions and inflammation, the latter via interactions with cell surface molecules and structures such as Toll-like receptors and lipid rafts. Heat shock proteins can be expressed on the surface of infected cells, and this is likely to provide a target for the innate immune response. Elevated levels of circulating HSP are present in infectious diseases and these proteins might therefore regulate inflammatory responses to pathogenic challenge on a systemic basis. Heat shock proteins are also implicated in the impact of genital tract infections on the reproductive outcome, as well as in the local and systemic consequences of periodontal disease. Fever-range temperatures can induce the expression of heat shock proteins, and the final chapter in the book examines the influence of fever-range hyperthermia on a variety of cells and the organization of plasma membranes. This book is an essential read for graduates and postgraduates in Biology, pro- and eukaryotic Biochemistry, Immunology, Microbiology, Inflammatory and Infectious Disease, and Pathology.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030851680
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammatory Diseases written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-10-13 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Heat Shock Proteins in Inflammatory Diseases provides the most comprehensive highlight and insight of the expression, function and therapeutic activity of Heat Shock Proteins in inflammatory diseases including sepsis, psoriasis, neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, viral infection and autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Using an integrative approach, the contributors provide a synopsis of the most current updates on the state of HSP in inflammatory diseases. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities, academic medical hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical laboratories around the world have contributed chapters that review present research activity and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for graduate students. medical students, basic science researchers and postdoctoral scholars in the fields of Cancer Biology, Oncology, Translational Medicine, Clinical Research, Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Pharmaceutical Scientists and Researchers involved in Drug Discovery.
Author : Ashwini Benedict
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 53 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (871 download)
Download or read book The Role of Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) in Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection written by Ashwini Benedict and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 53 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) in the family Bunyaviridae is an emerging infectious pathogen and the causative agent of Rift Valley Fever, a zoonotic arthropod-borne disease characterized by potentially fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and high abortion rate in pregnant ruminants. RVFV is a negative-sense tripartite RNA virus that encodes a complement of several proteins, including the structural protein N, the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase L, and an essential non-structural virulence factor NSs. RVFV is a category A priority pathogen for which there are currently no approved vaccines or therapeutics. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the range of critical host-pathogen interactions that occur. In this research, the importance of host HSPs in RVFV infection is demonstrated. Proteomic profiling showed that host HSPs are among the over-represented protein families within the RVFV virions. Time-of-addition studies with HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG, HSP70 inhibitor KNK437 and general HSP inhibitor BAPTA-AM demonstrated that the HSP effects occur early, manifesting within hours after infection. Consistent with these results, real-time studies by monitoring luciferase signal from cells treated with HSP inhibitors and subsequently infected with luciferase-expressing virus, showed that 17-AAG causes a significant decrease in viral load in early infection (4 and 8 hours p.i.). These findings suggest HSP effects on viral replication and/or transcription. Specific effects of 17-AAG on RVFV RNA levels were also demonstrated using qRT-PCR analysis. Treatment with 17-AAG caused a reduction of viral RNA levels at the following p.i. times: 4hr, 6hr, 8hr, 10hr, and 24hr. Specific effects of HSP inhibitors on RVFV protein levels were also demonstrated using Western blot analysis. Interestingly, while 17-AAG significantly decreased both viral NSs and N-protein levels, KNK437 caused a significant decrease only in NSs, indicating that the HSPs act through distinct functional mechanisms. For 17-AAG, the time course of its effect on the levels of N, L, and NSs were measured by Western blot analysis matching the time-points analyzed with qRT-PCR. A reduction in the protein levels were observed at the earliest time of detection (4hr p.i. for L and NSs, and 8hr p.i. for N). Confocal imaging of HSP90 with N-Protein did not show colocalization, suggesting that this pair of viral-host proteins do not form a complex with each other. Treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 showed that at least part of HSP90 mechanism is by stabilizing RVFV proteins and preventing their rapid degradation. The HSP effects on viral infection were observed in different cells types (Vero cells and HepG2 cells) and also with both the attenuated strain of RVFV (MP-12) and the fully virulent strain (ZH-501). These studies provide much-needed insight into RVFV-host interactions. As 17-AAG and several other HSP90 inhibitors are already in clinical trials for cancer treatment, there is the exciting potential of repurposing them to treat RVF. Given the demonstrated role of HSP90 for other RNA viruses, the strategy of targeting HSP90 also presents broad spectrum therapeutic options for other RNA viruses.
Author : Stuart K. Calderwood
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402064012
Total Pages : 399 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer written by Stuart K. Calderwood and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-09 with total page 399 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat shock proteins are emerging as important molecules in the development of cancer and as key targets in cancer therapy. These proteins enhance the growth of cancer cells and protect tumors from treatments such as drugs or surgery. However, new drugs have recently been developed particularly those targeting heat shock protein 90. As heat shock protein 90 functions to stabilize many of the oncogenes and growth promoting proteins in cancer cells, such drugs have broad specificity in many types of cancer cell and offer the possibility of evading the development of resistance through point mutation or use of compensatory pathways. Heat shock proteins have a further property that makes them tempting targets in cancer immunotherapy. These proteins have the ability to induce an inflammatory response when released in tumors and to carry tumor antigens to antigen presenting cells. They have thus become important components of anticancer vaccines. Overall, heat shock proteins are important new targets in molecular cancer therapy and can be approached in a number of contrasting approaches to therapy.
Author : Sonia Longhi
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781600216299
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (162 download)
Download or read book Measles Virus Nucleoprotein written by Sonia Longhi and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2007 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Measles virus possesses a non segmented, single stranded, negative sense RNA genome that is encapsidated by the nucleoprotein to form a helical nucleocapsid. This ribonucleoproteic complex is the substrate for both transcription and replication. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase binds to the nucleocapsid template via its co-factor, the phosphoprotein. This book focuses on the main structural information available on the nucleoprotein, showing that it consists of a structured core (NCORE) and of an intrinsically disordered C-terminal domain (NTAIL). The functional implications of the disordered nature of NTAIL are discussed in light of the ability of disordered regions to establish interactions with multiple partners, thus leading to multiple biological effects. Indeed, beyond the phosphoprotein, NTAIL also interacts with cellular partners, including the major heat shock protein, hsp72, the interferon regulator factor 3, IRF3, and a yet unidentified cellular receptor referred to as NR. This book consists of two chapters devoted to the general functions of the nucleoprotein in transcription and replication and to a detailed overview of its structural properties, and of three chapters focused on the functional relevance of the interaction between NTAIL and its various intracellular and extracellular partners.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319463403
Total Pages : 341 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins and Plants written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat Shock Proteins and Plants provides the most up-to-date and concise reviews and progress on the role of heat shock proteins in plant biology, structure and function and is subdivided into chapters focused on Small Plant HSPs (Part I), Larger Plant HSPs (Part II) and HSPs for Therapeutic Gain (Part III). This book is written by eminent leaders and experts from around the world and is an important reference book and a must-read for undergraduate, postgraduate students and researchers in the fields of Agriculture, Botany, Crop Research, Plant Genetics and Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Drug Development and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030622894
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins in Human Diseases written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Heat Shock Proteins in Cancer Therapeutics provides the most comprehensive review on contemporary knowledge on the role of HSP in various types of cancer therapeutics. Using an integrative approach, the contributors provide a synopsis of the most current updates on the state of HSP in cancer therapeutics. The heat shock response pathway is a highly conserved cellular process. Heat shock factors are a master transcriptional regulator responsible for expression of several important heat shock proteins, which can effectively protect critical client proteins from misfolding and degradation, thus maintaining intracellular integrity under stressed conditions. Recent studies have demonstrated the direct connections between heat shock response players and tumor cell survival, validating heat shock response players as novel molecular targets in anticancer treatment. Although many hurdles in clinical application still need to be effectively addressed, such as undesirable drug toxicity and off target effects; narrow therapeutic window; poor PK/PD profiles, etc. Recent reports on synergistic drug combination, advanced prodrug design, smart nanoparticle packaging, and RNA aptamer selection offer promising solutions to overcome these challenges. Future advancements in this fast-growing area can potentially lead to the next generation of cancer therapeutics. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities, academic medical hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical laboratories around the world have contributed chapters that review present research activity and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for graduate students. medical students, basic science researchers and postdoctoral scholars in the fields of Cancer Biology, Oncology, Translational Medicine, Clinical Research, Biotechnology, Cell & Molecular Medicine, Pharmaceutical Scientists and Researchers involved in Drug Discovery.
Author : Robert J. Binder
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319690426
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins in the Immune System written by Robert J. Binder and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-09 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experts from around the world review the current field of the immunobiology of heat shock proteins, and provide a comprehensive account of how these molecules are spearheading efforts in the understanding of various pathways of the immune system. This one-stop resource contains numerous images to both help illustrate the research on heat shock proteins, and better clarify the field for the non-expert. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) were discovered in 1962 and were quickly recognized for their role in protecting cells from stress. Twenty years later, the immunogenicity of a select few HSPs was described, and for the past 30 years, these findings have been applied to numerous branches of immunology, including tumor immunology and immunosurveillance, immunotherapy, etiology of autoimmunity, immunotherapy of infectious diseases, and expression of innate receptors. While HSPs can be used to manipulate immune responses by exogenous administration, they appear to be involved in initiation of de novo immune responses to cancer and likely in the maintenance of immune homeostasis.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9048133815
Total Pages : 431 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (481 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2009-12-10 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Heat Shock Proteins and Whole Body Physiology is an exciting new book in the Heat Shock Proteins series which provides the most up-to-date review on novel mechanisms insights into the important role played by heat shock proteins in human physiology. Written by leaders in the field of heat shock protein exercise physiology, neuroscience and aging, the chapters systematically and in a step wise fashion takes the reader through the fascinating mechanisms by which heat shock proteins modulate human disease and pathophysiology and provides answers as to its biological significance to the host. Section I, introduces the readers to the role played by heat shock proteins in various diseases and disorders (Heat Shock Proteins and Disease). Section II, addresses the role heat shock proteins play in psychological disorders including post traumatic stress disorders and learning (Heat Shock Proteins and Psychological Stress). Section III, present a detailed review of the role played by heat shock proteins in exercise physiology (Heat Shock Proteins and Exercise Physiology). This book is a must read for heat shock protein researchers, graduate and postgraduate fellows in the field of Medicine in general and specialities in Excersie Physiology, Neuroscience, Immunology, Aging and Pathology.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319907255
Total Pages : 315 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins and Stress written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-24 with total page 315 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Heat Shock Proteins and Stress provides the most comprehensive review on contemporary knowledge on the role of HSP in Stress. Using an integrative approach to understanding the regulation of HSP responses, the contributors provide a synopsis of novel mechanisms by which HSP responses are regulated under normal physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities and academic medical hospitals around the world contribute chapters that review present research activity and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for researchers, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in the fields of Translational Medicine, Clinical Psychologists, Human Physiology, Zoologists, Botanists, Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine, Infectious Diseases Experts and Pathologists.
Author : Alexzander A.A. Asea
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319172115
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Protein-Based Therapies written by Alexzander A.A. Asea and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-22 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Heat Shock Protein-Based Therapies provides the most up-to-date review on new heat shock protein-based mechanisms used in the therapy and treatment of various human disorders and diseases, including cancer, muscular atrophy, neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's Disease, Multiple Sclerosis) and infectious diseases (HIV, periodontal disease). Written by leaders in the field of heat shock protein research, the chapters systematically and in a step wise fashion takes the reader through the fascinating sequence of events by which mechanisms dependent on heat shock proteins are targeted. The chapters also provide answers as to HSP biological significance to the host. This book is a must read for graduate and postgraduates in the field of Drug Development, Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Industry, Phytomedicine, Biology (plant and mammal), Biochemistry (pro- and eukaryotic), Oncology, Immunology, Microbiology, Exercise Medicine, Physiology, Inflammatory diseases, Autoimmunity, Pharmacology and Pathology.
Author : Tyrell Carr
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 122 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (546 download)
Download or read book Induction of Heat Shock Genes in Compatible Plant-virus Interactions written by Tyrell Carr and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 122 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A genetic approach was used to understand how diverse positive-stranded RNA viruses achieve infection in Arabidopsis thaliana. The objective of this research is to determine the functional roles, if any, of plant-encoded heat shock genes in positive-stranded RNA virus infections. Several studies implicate heat shock proteins in various viral processes, including translation and protein folding. Microarray analyses have found that the expression of a variety of heat shock genes including HSP17.6A, HSP23.6, HSP70, HSP83, and HSP101 can be induced by viral infections in Arabidopsis. The kinetics of expression of specific heat shock genes is differently regulated in response to viruses. For example, it was found that several heat shock genes are induced early in infection by the tobamoviruses, oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) and turnip vein clearing virus (TVCV). My observations have also demonstrated this for two heat shock genes at the protein level. In particular, HSP101 mRNA and protein expression peaked at 2 days after inoculation and declined to low detectable levels at 3 and 4 days after ORMV inoculation. In contrast, HSP17.6 mRNA declines but is still detectable, while its protein levels increase over a 4-day time course. The expression of heat shock genes during virus infection suggests that they could have a role in viral pathogenesis. To test this possibility, mutants for HSP101 and HSP17.6 were used to determine their functional roles, if any, in ORMV infection. CMV infection was also tested in HSP101 mutants. In addition an ascorbate peroxidase mutant was used that has been shown to strongly induce heat shock genes in response to light stress. Results from these studies indicate that HSP101 and HSP17.6A are not required for ORMV- or CMV-infection.
Author : Richard T. Smith
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0323146260
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (231 download)
Download or read book Immune Surveillance written by Richard T. Smith and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2012-12-02 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Immune Surveillance deals with the issues regarding tumor immunology and surveillance, in which the central theme is all about the life span of the mammalian host that is depleted by the environment with mutagenic agents and solutions. The book is divided into six chapters. It includes discussions on the organization and modulation of cell membrane receptors, as well as the origin and expression of membrane antigens. It also covers the topics on the triggering mechanisms for and effector mechanisms activated by the cellular recognition. These topics analyze and evaluate alternatives for the recognition and destruction mechanisms in the knowledge of cell cooperation and requirements for immune recognition. A chapter provides discourse on a solution for the paradox of thriving tumors based on the demonstrable in vitro host immunity. Another discusses the generation of antibody diversity and the theory of self-tolerance. The last chapter explains the evaluation of the evidence for immune surveillance. This reference will be invaluable to those who specialize in immunology.
Author : Matthew Blanchong
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 74 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (232 download)
Download or read book Role of Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 72 in Measles Virus Replication written by Matthew Blanchong and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 74 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Abstract: Fever is characteristic of measles virus (MV) infection in humans and is a potent inducer of heat shock protein 72 (hsp72). Hsp72 has been shown to increase viral replication of the neurotropic form of measles virus in mice, after hyperthermic treatment and in transgenic mice over-expressing hsp72. However, the study of MV pathogenesis and immune suppression in an acute respiratory infection (most common human form of the disease) has been hampered by the lack of a suitable animal model. The high costs, the lack of an inbred population, the limited availability and ethical reasons restrict the use of monkeys. In mice the respiratory form of the disease can not be reproduced upon infection with MV. Even the transgenic expression of the human receptor molecules does not lead to infection. In contrast, cotton rats replicate wild-type, vaccine and molecularly cloned viruses in their respiratory tract. This model system was used to investigate the effect of hsp72 on MV replication. In this study the effect of heat shock or MV (Edmonston vaccine strain, NSE) infection induced the production of hsp72 above basal cell levels in cotton rat osteosarcoma cell line (CCRT cells). Geranyl-geranyl-acetone (GGA), a cyclic polyisoprenoid compound, was shown to pharmacologically induce hsp72 over-expression in CCRT cells. NSE infected CCRT cells pre-treated with GGA exhibited a significant increase in number and size of plaques versus the untreated NSE infected CCRT cells. In-vivo use of GGA delivered via gastric feeding tubes to cotton rats produced organ specific over-expression of hsp72. Specifically, lung tissue showed a proportional linear dose dependent increase in hsp72 induction after GGA pretreatment. No difference in viral lung titers or MV specific T-cell proliferation was observed between NSE infected cotton rats treated with or without GGA, even at varying doses or administration with respect to MV infection. These results establish the cotton rat as a viable model to study the effect of hsp72 on MV pathogenesis. With respect to the in-vivo pharmacologic induction of hsp72 with GGA in cotton rats, further work is needed to verify GGA as a stand alone or adjunctive inducer of hsp72 suitable to effect MV replication in cotton rat acute respiratory disease.
Author : Alexzander A.A. Asea
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1402055854
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)
Download or read book Heat Shock Proteins: Potent Mediators of Inflammation and Immunity written by Alexzander A.A. Asea and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-09-05 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the most up-to-date review on new mechanisms and provides exciting insights into how heat shock proteins modulate the hosts’ immune response. Written by leaders in the field of heat shock protein immunobiology, the chapters systematically and in a step-wise fashion take the reader through the fascinating sequence of events by which heat shock proteins activate immune responses and provide answers as to its biological significance to the host.
Author : Alexzander A. A. Asea
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030022544
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)
Download or read book Chaperokine Activity of Heat Shock Proteins written by Alexzander A. A. Asea and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-01 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chaperokine, is a term that describes the unique function of extracellular heat shock protein (eHsp) as both chaperone and cytokine. The cellular consequence of binding and signaling of eHsp is the stimulation of a potent and long lasting immune response. eHsp induces a plethora of immune responses including the release of bioactive mediators like cytokines, chemokines, nitric oxide, apotogenic mediator, stimulation of the innate and adaptive immune response, migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and the enhancement of natural killer cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity. The book Chaperokine Activity of Heat Shock Proteins provides the most comprehensive review on contemporary knowledge on the chaperokine activity of heat shock proteins (HSP) in biology and medicine. Using an integrative approach to understanding the chaperokine activity of HSP, the contributors provide a synopsis of novel mechanisms, signal transduction pathways and how the principles of the chaperokine activity of HSP has been harnessed for therapeutic gain. To enhance the ease of reading and comprehension this book has been subdivided into various section, including; Section I, reviews current progress on our understanding of Immunological and Inflammatory Responses; Section II, evaluates the role of Physiological Responses and Section III, focuses the reader on the Therapeutic Approach. Key basic and clinical research laboratories from major universities, academic medical hospitals, biotechnology and pharmaceutical laboratories around the world have contributed chapters that review present research activity and importantly project the field into the future. The book is a must read for researchers, postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in the fields of Translational Medicine, Clinical Psychologists, Human Physiology, Zoologists, Botanists, Biotechnology, Molecular Medicine, Infectious Diseases Experts, Pathologists, Pharmaceutical Scientists and Researchers involved in Drug Discovery.
