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The Revolution In East Germany In 1989 A Peaceful Revolution
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Book Synopsis The Revolution in East Germany in 1989. A Peaceful Revolution? by : Sophia Khatri
Download or read book The Revolution in East Germany in 1989. A Peaceful Revolution? written by Sophia Khatri and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2021-03-25 with total page 25 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2020 in the subject History of Germany - Postwar Period, Cold War, grade: 1,0, University of Ghent, language: English, abstract: This paper discusses the classic understanding of the Revolution in East Germany in 1989. The excluding criteria of violence will be challenged upon the revolutionary process. Furthermore, the reasons for the non-violent participation in the protest will be analysed upon a structural-behavioural approach within the Ration Action Theory. This paper examines the term 'Peaceful Revolution' and its outstanding characteristic of peaceful. First, the definition and framework of the Revolution will be discussed. The paper concentrates on the non-violent aspect through a behavioural-rational approach which will be also introduced to the reader. In the second part, the paper will discuss if the process in East-Germany fulfils the conditions of a Revolution. Furthermore, the reasons why people participated in demonstrations in the autumn of 1989, especially why the people choose a non-violent way, will be viewed. The paper follows the research question: Why did the protest in Autumn 1989 in East Germany remain peaceful? How does the Peaceful Revolution challenge the classic definition of Revolution? 1989 became a historically important year for Germany and the whole of Europe: The fall of the Wall on November 9th became a symbol for the self-liberation of East Germans. It marked the end of an authoritarian soviet Era and the reunification of one of the economically strongest nations in Europe. Today 30 years later the Peaceful Revolution is celebrated as a unique spontaneous and non-violent revolution in Germany. The GDR (German Democratic Republic) citizens reached for freedom during the Monday demonstrations in the main cities of Leipzig, Dresden, and East-Berlin after they were oppressed for 40 years by a socialist totalitarian regime. Elementary human rights such as freedom of travel, speech, and information were taken away from them. During one month, October 1989, East Germans started writing history: the dictatorship was peacefully challenged with demonstrations and rallies and then completely swept away. Divided Germany and Europe were gone. October 9th is seen as a milestone in Germany's road to freedom and finally resulted in the Fall of the Wall on November 9th.
Book Synopsis Origins of a Spontaneous Revolution by : Karl-Dieter Opp
Download or read book Origins of a Spontaneous Revolution written by Karl-Dieter Opp and published by University of Michigan Press. This book was released on 1995 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explains the extraordinary collapse of Communist East Germany
Book Synopsis Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany by : Steven Pfaff
Download or read book Exit-Voice Dynamics and the Collapse of East Germany written by Steven Pfaff and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2006-07-10 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the Social Science History Association President’s Book Award East Germany was the first domino to fall when the Soviet bloc began to collapse in 1989. Its topple was so swift and unusual that it caught many area specialists and social scientists off guard; they failed to recognize the instability of the Communist regime, much less its fatal vulnerability to popular revolt. In this volume, Steven Pfaff identifies the central mechanisms that propelled the extraordinary and surprisingly bloodless revolution within the German Democratic Republic (GDR). By developing a theory of how exit-voice dynamics affect collective action, Pfaff illuminates the processes that spurred mass demonstrations in the GDR, led to a peaceful surrender of power by the hard-line Leninist elite, and hastened German reunification. While most social scientific explanations of collective action posit that the option for citizens to emigrate—or exit—suppresses the organized voice of collective public protest by providing a lower-cost alternative to resistance, Pfaff argues that a different dynamic unfolded in East Germany. The mass exit of many citizens provided a focal point for protesters, igniting the insurgent voice of the revolution. Pfaff mines state and party records, police reports, samizdat, Church documents, and dissident manifestoes for his in-depth analysis not only of the genesis of local protest but also of the broader patterns of exit and voice across the entire GDR. Throughout his inquiry, Pfaff compares the East German rebellion with events occurring during the same period in other communist states, particularly Czechoslovakia, China, Poland, and Hungary. He suggests that a trigger from outside the political system—such as exit—is necessary to initiate popular mobilization against regimes with tightly centralized power and coercive surveillance.
Book Synopsis East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989 by : C. Joppke
Download or read book East German Dissidents and the Revolution of 1989 written by C. Joppke and published by Springer. This book was released on 1994-11-14 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In contrast to the dissident movements of Eastern Europe, the East German movement remained committed to the 'revisionist' reform of the communist regime. This book tries to explain why. It is argued that the peculiarities of German history and culture prevented the possibility of a 'national' opposition to communism. As a result, East German dissidents had to remain in a paradoxical way 'loyal' to the old regime.
Book Synopsis We Were the People by : Dirk Philipsen
Download or read book We Were the People written by Dirk Philipsen and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 1993 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the night of November 9, 1989, an electrified world watched as the Berlin Wall came down. Communism was dead, the Cold War was over, and freedom was on the rise—or so it seemed. We Were the People tells the story behind this momentous event. In an extraordinary series of interviews, the key actors in the drama that transformed East Germany speak for themselves, describing what they did, what happened and why, and what it has meant to them. The result is a powerful firsthand account of a rare historical moment, one that reverberates far beyond the toppled wall that once divided Germany and the world. The drama We Were the People recreates is remarkable for its richness and complexity. Here are citizens organizing despite threats of bloody crackdowns; party functionaries desperately trying to survive as time-honored political prerogatives crumble beneath their feet; an oppressed people discovering the possibilities of power and freedom, but also the sobering strangeness of new political realities. With their success, East Germans encountered the overpowering might of thie Western neighbor--and stand perplexed before the onslaught of real estate agents, glossy consumer ads, political professionalism--and the discovery that a lifetime of social experience has suddenly lost all usable context. They became, in the words of one participant, a people "without biography." Over all the recent events and unlikely turns recounted here, one thing remains paramount: the sweep of the initial democratic conception that animated the East German revolution. We Were the People brings this movement to life in all its drama and detail, and vividly recovers a historic moment that altered forever the shape of modern Europe. Some Voices of the People Bärbel Bohley/ "Mother of the Revolution" Rainer Eppelmann/ Protestant Pastor Klaus Kaden/ Church Emissary to the Opposition Hans Modrow/ Former Communist Prime Minister Ludwig Mehlhorn/ Opposition Theorist Ingrid Köppe/ Opposition Representative Frank Eigenfeld/ New Forum Harald Wagner/ Democracy Now Sebastian Pflugbeil/ Democratic Strategist East German Workers Cornelia Matzke/ Independent Women's Alliance André Brie/ Party Vice-Chairman Gerhard Ruden/ Environmental Activist Werner Bramke/ Party Academic
Book Synopsis The Fall of the Berlin Wall as a direct cause for German reunification by : Hendrik Doobe
Download or read book The Fall of the Berlin Wall as a direct cause for German reunification written by Hendrik Doobe and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 26 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2002 in the subject History of Germany - Modern History, grade: IB-Diploma full score, Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, course: History, language: English, abstract: This investigation, including the examination of unpublished primary sources, accounts for the Fall of the Berlin Wall as a historical event. The disintegration of the Warsaw Pact along with the interior social, economic and political problems in the GDR are examined as long term causes as well as the influence of the media, the church and the citizens of the GDR themselves as main players in the short term. Additionally, the immediate events in the beginning of November 1989 are scrutinized in connection with the Fall of the Wall. The research question in two parts is whether the events around the 9th of November, 1989, can be labelled ‘peaceful revolution’ and what the causes for that revolution are. What is the historical significance of the event and what was it derived from? Consistent with the primary and secondary sources used, the essay concludes that the Fall of the Wall was indeed a peaceful revolution. Examining the development towards pluralism and democracy by the USSR and her satellite states as the foundation for that revolution, the essay scrutinizes both the work of the media with its fuelling effect and the actions of the church as a ‘replacement public’ as causes for the incident. The state with its restrictive forces impaling every aspect of public life producing social, economic as well as political disadvantages for its citizens is the reason for opposition developing. Encountering this opposition, the party looses control over the people and misses a historical chance. Instead of selling the Fall of the Berlin Wall as a sovereign decision for empowerment of the GDR’s citizens it has to watch how the means of isolating them from foreign influences is dismantled. Therefore the significance of the 9th of November 1989 lying in the irreversible loss of power and control by the SED was initiated by the party itself.
Book Synopsis The 1989 Revolution in East Germany and Its Impact on Unified Germany's Constitutional Law by : Stephan Jaggi
Download or read book The 1989 Revolution in East Germany and Its Impact on Unified Germany's Constitutional Law written by Stephan Jaggi and published by . This book was released on 2016-03 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Die Wende written by Reinhard Glöckner and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-05-06 with total page 110 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pastor Reinhard Glöckner recounts the process of "die Wende" (literally, the change in direction -- the term former East Germans use to refer to German re-unification) as his city of 70,000 in the northeast corner of East Germany experienced it: peace services, marches, public discussions, elections, and beyond. In March 1990, Glöckner became the first democratically elected mayor of Greifswald in over 50 years. His unique account is an insider's view of the events of 1989-92 and their legal, economic, political, administrative, and occasionally personal repercussions. His reflections on local and regional identity both during and after the 40 years of socialism, and on efforts to re-assert that identity in emerging institutions and policies post-Wende, lend rare insight and valuable specificity to Glöckner's narrative.
Book Synopsis The Fall of the Berlin Wall As a Direct Cause for German Reunification by : Hendrik Doobe
Download or read book The Fall of the Berlin Wall As a Direct Cause for German Reunification written by Hendrik Doobe and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2011-07 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essay from the year 2002 in the subject History of Germany - Modern History, grade: IB-Diploma full score, Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa, course: History, language: English, abstract: This investigation, including the examination of unpublished primary sources, accounts for the Fall of the Berlin Wall as a historical event. The disintegration of the Warsaw Pact along with the interior social, economic and political problems in the GDR are examined as long term causes as well as the influence of the media, the church and the citizens of the GDR themselves as main players in the short term. Additionally, the immediate events in the beginning of November 1989 are scrutinized in connection with the Fall of the Wall. The research question in two parts is whether the events around the 9th of November, 1989, can be labelled 'peaceful revolution' and what the causes for that revolution are. What is the historical significance of the event and what was it derived from? Consistent with the primary and secondary sources used, the essay concludes that the Fall of the Wall was indeed a peaceful revolution. Examining the development towards pluralism and democracy by the USSR and her satellite states as the foundation for that revolution, the essay scrutinizes both the work of the media with its fuelling effect and the actions of the church as a 'replacement public' as causes for the incident. The state with its restrictive forces impaling every aspect of public life producing social, economic as well as political disadvantages for its citizens is the reason for opposition developing. Encountering this opposition, the party looses control over the people and misses a historical chance. Instead of selling the Fall of the Berlin Wall as a sovereign decision for empowerment of the GDR's citizens it has to watch how the means of isolating them from foreign influences is dismantled. Therefore the significance of the 9th of November 1989 lying in the irreve
Download or read book End Game written by Ilko-Sascha Kowalczuk and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2022-12-09 with total page 532 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The fall of the Berlin Wall, and the chain of events leading up to it, arguably constitute one of the most thoroughly documented episodes in recent history. Nonetheless, most accounts have focused predominantly on high-level politics and diplomacy along with the most dramatic and photogenic public displays. End Game, a rich, sweeping account of the autumn of 1989 as it was experienced “on the ground” in the German Democratic Republic, powerfully depicting the desolation and dysfunction that shaped everyday life for so many East Germans in the face of economic disruption and political impotence. Citizens’ frustration mounted until it bubbled over in the form of massive demonstrations and other forms of protest. Following the story up to the first free elections in March 1990, the volume combines abundant detail with sharp analysis and helps us to see this familiar historical moment through new eyes.
Book Synopsis The East German Church and the End of Communism by : John P. Burgess
Download or read book The East German Church and the End of Communism written by John P. Burgess and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1997 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on his own research in East Germany and relying primarily on sources published in East Germany itself, author John Burgess demonstrates the roots of the church's theology in Barth, Bonhoeffer, and in the Barmen declaration, which in 1934 pronounced Christianity and Nazi ideology to be incompatible.
Book Synopsis Germany 1989 by : Lothar Kettenacker
Download or read book Germany 1989 written by Lothar Kettenacker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-01-14 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In autumn 1989 the world watched transfixed as East German citizens, demonstrating under the banner ‘We are the people!’, staged the only successful, totally peaceful revolution in German history. By October 1990, the process of reunification was formally concluded, bringing together a nation that had been divided for almost four decades. Now, nearly twenty years later, it is possible to judge the causes and consequences of the revolution more clearly. Was the fall of the Berlin Wall an unexpected fluke, or was it, in fact, the result of a long process of engagement between East and West? And did the momentous events of 1989 really signal the start of a bright new future for a united Germany? In this probing and wide-ranging account, Lothar Kettenacker considers the background behind the division of Germany and explains how the Berlin Wall and its death trap border proved to be the most horrendous manifestation of East-West antagonism. He also looks beyond 1990 to show how the confusion caused by the sudden collapse of the GDR and the fusion of two radically different economies is proving to be a challenge that will preoccupy Germany for generations to come.
Download or read book The GDR Remembered written by Nick Hodgin and published by Camden House. This book was released on 2011 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Competing representations of the former East German state in the German cultural memory.
Book Synopsis Revolution 1989 by : Victor Sebestyen
Download or read book Revolution 1989 written by Victor Sebestyen and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Documents the collapse of the Soviet Union's European empire (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslvakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria) and the transition of each to independent states, drawing on interviews and newly uncovered archival material to offer insight into 1989's rapid changes and the USSR's minimal resistance.
Download or read book The Collapse written by Mary Sarotte and published by Basic Books (AZ). This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On the night of November 9, 1989, massive crowds surged toward the Berlin Wall, drawn by an announcement that caught the world by surprise: East Germans could now move freely to the West. The Wall—infamous symbol of divided Cold War Europe—seemed to be falling. But the opening of the gates that night was not planned by the East German ruling regime—nor was it the result of a bargain between either Ronald Reagan or George H.W. Bush and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It was an accident. In The Collapse, prize-winning historian Mary Elise Sarotte reveals how a perfect storm of decisions made by daring underground revolutionaries, disgruntled Stasi officers, and dictatorial party bosses sparked an unexpected series of events culminating in the chaotic fall of the Wall. With a novelist’s eye for character and detail, she brings to vivid life a story that sweeps across Budapest, Prague, Dresden, and Leipzig and up to the armed checkpoints in Berlin. We meet the revolutionaries Roland Jahn, Aram Radomski, and Siggi Schefke, risking it all to smuggle the truth across the Iron Curtain; the hapless Politburo member Günter Schabowski, mistakenly suggesting that the Wall is open to a press conference full of foreign journalists, including NBC’s Tom Brokaw; and Stasi officer Harald Jäger, holding the fort at the crucial border crossing that night. Soon, Brokaw starts broadcasting live from Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate, where the crowds are exulting in the euphoria of newfound freedom—and the dictators are plotting to restore control. Drawing on new archival sources and dozens of interviews, The Collapse offers the definitive account of the night that brought down the Berlin Wall.
Book Synopsis Exit, Voice, and Loyalty by : Albert O. Hirschman
Download or read book Exit, Voice, and Loyalty written by Albert O. Hirschman and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1972-02-01 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovator in contemporary thought on economic and political development looks here at decline rather than growth. Albert O. Hirschman makes a basic distinction between alternative ways of reacting to deterioration in business firms and, in general, to dissatisfaction with organizations: one, “exit,” is for the member to quit the organization or for the customer to switch to the competing product, and the other, “voice,” is for members or customers to agitate and exert influence for change “from within.” The efficiency of the competitive mechanism, with its total reliance on exit, is questioned for certain important situations. As exit often undercuts voice while being unable to counteract decline, loyalty is seen in the function of retarding exit and of permitting voice to play its proper role. The interplay of the three concepts turns out to illuminate a wide range of economic, social, and political phenomena. As the author states in the preface, “having found my own unifying way of looking at issues as diverse as competition and the two-party system, divorce and the American character, black power and the failure of ‘unhappy’ top officials to resign over Vietnam, I decided to let myself go a little.”
Book Synopsis Keine Gewalt! No Violence! by : Roger J. Newell
Download or read book Keine Gewalt! No Violence! written by Roger J. Newell and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2017-10-04 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A study tour to Leipzig in the former East Germany (GDR) raised new questions for Roger Newell about the long struggle of the Protestant church with the German state in the twentieth century. How was it possible that a church, unable to stop the Nazis, helped bring a totalitarian government to its knees fifty years later? How did an institution marginalized in every way possible by the state education system, stripped of its traditional privileges, ridiculed by the government and the media as a dinosaur, become the catalyst for a transformation that enabled a great but troubled nation to be peacefully reunited—something unprecedented in German history? What were the connecting relationships and theological struggles that joined the church’s failed resistance to Hitler with the peaceful revolution of 1989? The chapters that follow tell the backstory of the theological debates and personal acts of faith and courage leading to the moment when the church became the cradle for Germany’s only nonviolent revolution. The themes that emerge remain relevant for our own era of seemingly endless conflict.
