The Problem Of Unbelief In The Sixteenth Century

Download The Problem Of Unbelief In The Sixteenth Century full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Problem Of Unbelief In The Sixteenth Century ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century

Author : Lucien Febvre
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674708266
Total Pages : 556 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (82 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century by : Lucien Febvre

Download or read book The Problem of Unbelief in the Sixteenth Century written by Lucien Febvre and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1982 with total page 556 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lucien Febvre's magisterial study of sixteenth century religious and intellectual history, published in 1942, is at long last available in English, in a translation that does it full justice. The book is a modern classic. Febvre, founder with Marc Bloch of the journal Annales, was one of France's leading historians, a scholar whose field of expertise was the sixteenth century. This book, written late in his career, is regarded as his masterpiece. Despite the subtitle, it is not primarily a study of Rabelais; it is a study of the mental life, the mentalit , of a whole age. Febvre worked on the book for ten years. His purpose at first was polemical: he set out to demolish the notion that Rabelais was a covert atheist, a freethinker ahead of his time. To expose the anachronism of that view, he proceeded to a close examination of the ideas, information, beliefs, and values of Rabelais and his contemporaries. He combed archives and local records, compendia of popular lore, the work of writers from Luther and Erasmus to Ronsard, the verses of obscure neo-Latin poets. Everything was grist for his mill: books about comets, medical texts, philological treatises, even music and architecture. The result is a work of extraordinary richness of texture, enlivened by a wealth of concrete details--a compelling intellectual portrait of the period by a historian of rare insight, great intelligence, and vast learning. Febvre wrote with Gallic flair. His style is informal, often witty, at times combative, and colorful almost to a fault. His idiosyncrasies of syntax and vocabulary have defeated many who have tried to read, let alone translate, the French text. Beatrice Gottlieb has succeeded in rendering his prose accurately and readably, conveying a sense of Febvre's strong, often argumentative personality as well as his brilliantly intuitive feeling for Renaissance France.

An Analysis of Lucien Febvre's The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century

Author : Joseph Tendler
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 0429939833
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (299 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis An Analysis of Lucien Febvre's The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century by : Joseph Tendler

Download or read book An Analysis of Lucien Febvre's The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century written by Joseph Tendler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-02-21 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Febvre asked this core question in The Problem of Unbelief: “Could sixteenth-century people hold religious views that were not those of official, Church-sanctioned Christianity, or could they simply not believe at all?” The answer informed a wider debate on modern history, particularly modern French history. Did the religious attitudes of the Enlightenment and the twentieth century—notably secularism and atheism—first take root in the sixteenth century? Could the spirit of scientific and rational inquiry of the twentieth century have begun with the rejection of God and Christianity by men such as Rabelais, writing in his allegorical novel Gargantua and Pantagruel – the work most often cited as a proto-"atheist" text prior to Febvre's study? The debate hinged on some key differences of interpretation. Was Rabelais mocking the structures of the Christian Church (in which case he might be anticlerical)? Was he mocking the Bible scriptures or Church doctrines (in which case he might be anti-Christian)? Or was he mocking the very idea of God’s existence (in which case he might be an atheist)? The other great contribution that Febvre made to the study of history can be found not so much in the fine detail of this work as in the additions that he made to the historian's toolkit. In this sense, Febvre was highly creative; indeed it can be argued that he ranks among the most creative of all historians. He sought to move the study of history itself beyond its traditional focus on documentary records, arguing instead that close analysis of language could open up a gateway into the ways in which people actually thought, and to their subconscious minds. This concept, the focus on "mentalities," is core to the hugely influential approach of the Annales group of historians, and it enabled a switch in the focus of much historical inquiry, away from the study of elites and their deeds and towards new forms of broader social history. Febvre also used techniques and models drawn from anthropology and sociology to create new ways of framing and answering questions, further extending the range of problems that could be addressed by historians. Working together with colleagues such as Marc Bloch, his understanding of what constituted evidence and of the meanings that could be attributed to it, radically redefined what history is – and what it should aspire to be.

The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century

Author : Joseph Tendler
Publisher : Macat Library
ISBN 13 : 9781912302536
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (25 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century by : Joseph Tendler

Download or read book The Problem of Unbelief in the 16th Century written by Joseph Tendler and published by Macat Library. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Febvre asked this core question in The Problem of Unbelief: "Could sixteenth-century people hold religious views that were not those of official, Church-sanctioned Christianity, or could they simply not believe at all?" The answer informed a wider debate on modern history, particularly modern French history. Did the religious attitudes of the Enlightenment and the twentieth century--notably secularism and atheism--first take root in the sixteenth century? Could the spirit of scientific and rational inquiry of the twentieth century have begun with the rejection of God and Christianity by men such as Rabelais, writing in his allegorical novel Gargantua and Pantagruel - the work most often cited as a proto-"atheist" text prior to Febvre's study? The debate hinged on some key differences of interpretation. Was Rabelais mocking the structures of the Christian Church (in which case he might be anticlerical)? Was he mocking the Bible scriptures or Church doctrines (in which case he might be anti-Christian)? Or was he mocking the very idea of God's existence (in which case he might be an atheist)? The other great contribution that Febvre made to the study of history can be found not so much in the fine detail of this work as in the additions that he made to the historian's toolkit. In this sense, Febvre was highly creative; indeed it can be argued that he ranks among the most creative of all historians. He sought to move the study of history itself beyond its traditional focus on documentary records, arguing instead that close analysis of language could open up a gateway into the ways in which people actually thought, and to their subconscious minds. This concept, the focus on "mentalities," is core to the hugely influential approach of the Annales group of historians, and it enabled a switch in the focus of much historical inquiry, away from the study of elites and their deeds and towards new forms of broader social history. Febvre also used techniques and models drawn from anthropology and sociology to create new ways of framing and answering questions, further extending the range of problems that could be addressed by historians. Working together with colleagues such as Marc Bloch, his understanding of what constituted evidence and of the meanings that could be attributed to it, radically redefined what history is - and what it should aspire to be.

Life in Renaissance France

Author : Lucien Febvre
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674531802
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Life in Renaissance France by : Lucien Febvre

Download or read book Life in Renaissance France written by Lucien Febvre and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 1977 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In writing about sixteenth-century France, Lucien Febvre looked for those changes in human consciousness that explain the process of civilization--the most specific and tangible examples of men's experience, the most vivid details of their daily lives. These essays, written at the height of Febvre's powers and sensitively edited and translated by Marian Rothstein, are the most lucid, evocative, and accessible examples of his art.

Unbelievers

Author : Alec Ryrie
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674243277
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (742 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unbelievers by : Alec Ryrie

Download or read book Unbelievers written by Alec Ryrie and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “How has unbelief come to dominate so many Western societies? The usual account invokes the advance of science and rational knowledge. Ryrie’s alternative, in which emotions are the driving force, offers new and interesting insights into our past and present.” —Charles Taylor, author of A Secular Age Why have societies that were once overwhelmingly Christian become so secular? We think we know the answer, pointing to science and reason as the twin culprits, but in this lively, startlingly original reconsideration, Alec Ryrie argues that people embraced unbelief much as they have always chosen their worldviews: through the heart more than the mind. Looking back to the crisis of the Reformation and beyond, he shows how, long before philosophers started to make the case for atheism, powerful cultural currents were challenging traditional faith. As Protestant radicals eroded time-honored certainties and ushered in an age of anger and anxiety, some defended their faith by redefining it in terms of ethics, setting in motion secularizing forces that soon became transformational. Unbelievers tells a powerful emotional history of doubt with potent lessons for our own angry and anxious times. “Well-researched and thought-provoking...Ryrie is definitely on to something right and important.” —Christianity Today “A beautifully crafted history of early doubt...Unbelievers covers much ground in a short space with deep erudition and considerable wit.” —The Spectator “Ryrie traces the root of religious skepticism to the anger, the anxiety, and the ‘desperate search for certainty’ that drove thinkers like...John Donne to grapple with church dogma.” —New Yorker

Heresy and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Paris: François Le Picart and the Beginnings of the Catholic Reformation

Author : Larissa Juliet Taylor
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004476466
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Heresy and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Paris: François Le Picart and the Beginnings of the Catholic Reformation by : Larissa Juliet Taylor

Download or read book Heresy and Orthodoxy in Sixteenth-Century Paris: François Le Picart and the Beginnings of the Catholic Reformation written by Larissa Juliet Taylor and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-10-11 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the story of Paris from the Reformation to the Religious Wars. Through the works of François Le Picart, the most popular preacher from 1530-1556, the book delineates the increasing tensions sparked by Reformation ideas. Targeted by Calvin and Beza, Le Picart was considered the reason Paris remained in the Catholic fold. Exiled by Francis I for his incendiary preaching, he would later serve as a professor and lecturer coming into close contact with the first Jesuits. A fierce opponent of heresy, he helped compile the Articles of Faith, read heretical books, lectured on scripture, and presided at executions. His 270 sermons, the only substantial preaching source for this period, offer glimpses of life during these increasingly troubled times that challenge works by Denis Crouzet suggesting that France was in the grip of eschatological anguish.

The Sixteenth Century

Author : Euan Cameron
Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191524921
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Sixteenth Century by : Euan Cameron

Download or read book The Sixteenth Century written by Euan Cameron and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2006-03-23 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The sixteenth century witnessed some of the most abrupt and traumatic transformations ever seen in European society and culture. Population growth strained the old fabric of community and economic relations. New supplies of precious metals from east and west re-wrote the rules of finance and commerce. Politics was dominated first by the gladiatorial struggle of two great Renaissance monarchs, then by the bitter and bloody entanglement of religion and politics. Society became more disciplined but also more fragmented. Yet this was also the age when the Renaissance became a European rather than just an Italian phenomenon, an age of art, architecture, and literature, of unprecedented reflection on the thinking person's role in government and civic life. It was the era of the Reformation and Catholic reform, when the ideals and priorities of the life of faith were examined and reshaped in the light of new readings of Scripture. For the first time Europeans not only learned more about the world beyond their continent; they reached out and grasped huge new overseas empires. Six leading scholars in their respective fields have here contributed their insights into the challenging and tumultuous sixteenth century. The economy, politics, society, and secular and religious thought all receive careful thematic treatment and analysis. A detailed picture also emerges of how Europeans made and managed their overseas empires. The volume challenges, tests, and revises the received wisdom of past accounts in the light of the most modern scholarship. The diverse experiences of regions of Europe often ignored, including the East and the Mediterranean, receive particular attention where their destinies were different from the more better-known experiences of France and Germany. Many clichés of textbook history, from the multiple 'revolutions' to the rise of the nation-states, emerge transformed from this account.

Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century

Author : Christopher F. Black
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521531139
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (311 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century by : Christopher F. Black

Download or read book Italian Confraternities in the Sixteenth Century written by Christopher F. Black and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-08-28 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Confraternities were - and are - religious brotherhoods for lay people to promote their religious life in common. Though designed to prepare for the afterlife, they were fully involved in the social, political and cultural life of the community and could affect all men and women, as members or as the recipients of charity. Confraternities organised a great range of devotional, cultural and indeed artistic activities in addition to other functions such as the provision of dowries and the escort of condemned men to the scaffold. Other works have studied the local activities of specific confraternities, but this is the first to attempt a broad survey of such organisations across the breadth of early modern Italy. Christopher Black demonstrates clearly the extent, diversity and influence of confraternal behaviour, and shows how such brotherhoods adapted to the religious and social crises of the sixteenth century - thus illuminating current debates about Catholic Reform, the Counter-Reformation, poverty, philanthropy and social control.

Le problème de l'incroyance au XVIe siècle

Author : Lucien Febvre
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 600 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Le problème de l'incroyance au XVIe siècle by : Lucien Febvre

Download or read book Le problème de l'incroyance au XVIe siècle written by Lucien Febvre and published by . This book was released on 1942 with total page 600 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide

Author : Oxford University Press
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199809291
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide by : Oxford University Press

Download or read book The Reformation and Wars of Religion in France: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide written by Oxford University Press and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2010-06-01 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This ebook is a selective guide designed to help scholars and students of Islamic studies find reliable sources of information by directing them to the best available scholarly materials in whatever form or format they appear from books, chapters, and journal articles to online archives, electronic data sets, and blogs. Written by a leading international authority on the subject, the ebook provides bibliographic information supported by direct recommendations about which sources to consult and editorial commentary to make it clear how the cited sources are interrelated related. This ebook is a static version of an article from Oxford Bibliographies Online: Renaissance and Reformation, a dynamic, continuously updated, online resource designed to provide authoritative guidance through scholarship and other materials relevant to the study of European history and culture between the 14th and 17th centuries. Oxford Bibliographies Online covers most subject disciplines within the social science and humanities, for more information visit www.oxfordbibliographies.com.

Fifty Key Thinkers on History

Author : Marnie Hughes-Warrington
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134482604
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (344 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Fifty Key Thinkers on History by : Marnie Hughes-Warrington

Download or read book Fifty Key Thinkers on History written by Marnie Hughes-Warrington and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-04 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fifty Key Thinkers on History is an essential guide to the most influential historians, theorists and philosophers of history. The entries offer comprehensive coverage of the long history of historiography ranging from ancient China, Greece and Rome, through the Middle Ages to the contemporary world. This third edition has been updated throughout and features new entries on Machiavelli, Ranajit Guha, William McNeil and Niall Ferguson. Other thinkers who are introduced include: Herodotus Bede Ibn Khaldun E. H. Carr Fernand Braudel Eric Hobsbawm Michel Foucault Edward Gibbon Each clear and concise essay offers a brief biographical introduction; a summary and discussion of each thinker’s approach to history and how others have engaged with it; a list of their major works and a list of resources for further study.

The Coming of the Book

Author : Lucien Febvre
Publisher : Verso
ISBN 13 : 9781859841082
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (41 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Coming of the Book by : Lucien Febvre

Download or read book The Coming of the Book written by Lucien Febvre and published by Verso. This book was released on 1997 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Books, and the printed word more generally, are aspects of modern life that are all too often taken for granted. Yet the emergence of the book was a process of immense historical importance and heralded the dawning of the epoch of modernity. In this much praised history of that process, Lucien Febvre and Henri-Jean Martin mesh together economic and technological history, sociology and anthropology, as well as the study of modes of consciousness, to root the development of the printed word in the changing social relations and ideological struggles of Western Europe.

EPSA15 Selected Papers

Author : Michela Massimi
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331953730X
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis EPSA15 Selected Papers by : Michela Massimi

Download or read book EPSA15 Selected Papers written by Michela Massimi and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-26 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited collection showcases some of the best recent research in the philosophy of science. It comprises of thematically arranged papers presented at the 5th conference of the European Philosophy of Science Association (EPSA15), covering a broad variety of topics within general philosophy of science, and philosophical issues pertaining to specific sciences. The collection will appeal to researchers with an interest in the philosophical underpinnings of their own discipline, and to philosophers who wish to study the latest work on the themes discussed.

Unquiet Things

Author : Colin Jager
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812246640
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Unquiet Things by : Colin Jager

Download or read book Unquiet Things written by Colin Jager and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Great Britain during the Romantic period, governmental and social structures were becoming more secular as religion was privatized and depoliticized. If the discretionary nature of religious practice permitted spiritual freedom and social differentiation, however, secular arrangements produced new anxieties. Unquiet Things investigates the social and political disorders that arise within modern secular cultures and their expression in works by Jane Austen, Horace Walpole, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, and Percy Shelley among others. Emphasizing secularism rather than religion as its primary analytic category, Unquiet Things demonstrates that literary writing possesses a distinctive ability to register the discontent that characterizes the mood of secular modernity. Colin Jager places Romantic-era writers within the context of a longer series of transformations begun in the Reformation, and identifies three ways in which romanticism and secularism interact: the melancholic mood brought on by movements of reform, the minoritizing capacity of literature to measure the disturbances produced by new arrangements of state power, and a prospective romantic thinking Jager calls "after the secular." The poems, novels, and letters of the romantic period reveal uneasy traces of the spiritual past, haunted by elements that trouble secular politics; at the same time, they imagine new and more equitable possibilities for the future. In the twenty-first century, Jager contends, we are still living within the terms of the romantic response to secularism, when literature and philosophy first took account of the consequences of modernity.

Benjamin's Library

Author : Jane O. Newman
Publisher : Cornell University Press and Cornell University Library
ISBN 13 : 0801460883
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (14 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Benjamin's Library by : Jane O. Newman

Download or read book Benjamin's Library written by Jane O. Newman and published by Cornell University Press and Cornell University Library. This book was released on 2011-12-15 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Benjamin’s Library, Jane O. Newman offers, for the first time in any language, a reading of Walter Benjamin’s notoriously opaque work, Origin of the German Tragic Drama that systematically attends to its place in discussions of the Baroque in Benjamin’s day. Taking into account the literary and cultural contexts of Benjamin’s work, Newman recovers Benjamin’s relationship to the ideologically loaded readings of the literature and political theory of the seventeenth-century Baroque that abounded in Germany during the political and economic crises of the Weimar years. To date, the significance of the Baroque for Origin of the German Tragic Drama has been glossed over by students of Benjamin, most of whom have neither read it in this context nor engaged with the often incongruous debates about the period that filled both academic and popular texts in the years leading up to and following World War I. Armed with extraordinary historical, bibliographical, philological, and orthographic research, Newman shows the extent to which Benjamin participated in these debates by reconstructing the literal and figurative history of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century books that Benjamin analyzes and the literary, art historical and art theoretical, and political theological discussions of the Baroque with which he was familiar. In so doing, she challenges the exceptionalist, even hagiographic, approaches that have become common in Benjamin studies. The result is a deeply learned book that will infuse much-needed life into the study of one of the most influential thinkers of the twentieth century.

Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia

Author : Victoria Frede
Publisher : University of Wisconsin Pres
ISBN 13 : 0299284433
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (992 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia by : Victoria Frede

Download or read book Doubt, Atheism, and the Nineteenth-Century Russian Intelligentsia written by Victoria Frede and published by University of Wisconsin Pres. This book was released on 2011-09-08 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The autocratic rule of both tsar and church in imperial Russia gave rise not only to a revolutionary movement in the nineteenth century but also to a crisis of meaning among members of the intelligentsia. Personal faith became the subject of intense scrutiny as individuals debated the existence of God and the immortality of the soul, debates reflected in the best-known novels of the day. Friendships were formed and broken in exchanges over the status of the eternal. The salvation of the entire country, not just of each individual, seemed to depend on the answers to questions about belief. Victoria Frede looks at how and why atheism took on such importance among several generations of Russian intellectuals from the 1820s to the 1860s, drawing on meticulous and extensive research of both published and archival documents, including letters, poetry, philosophical tracts, police files, fiction, and literary criticism. She argues that young Russians were less concerned about theology and the Bible than they were about the moral, political, and social status of the individual person. They sought to maintain their integrity against the pressures exerted by an autocratic state and rigidly hierarchical society. As individuals sought to shape their own destinies and searched for truths that would give meaning to their lives, they came to question the legitimacy both of the tsar and of Russia’s highest authority, God.

Reason’s Inquisition

Author : Christopher A. Colmo
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1666921963
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (669 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Reason’s Inquisition by : Christopher A. Colmo

Download or read book Reason’s Inquisition written by Christopher A. Colmo and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2023-08-29 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Theory and practice, reason and revelation, ancients and moderns are the key themes running through the eighteen studies of the literature of political philosophy in Reason’s Inquisition. Alfarabi is a pivotal figure, but the range is wide, from Plato and Thucydides to Shakespeare and Hobbes, extending to such contemporary figures as Leo Strauss and Eric Voegelin.