The Philosophy Of Metareality

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The Philosophy of MetaReality

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136454667
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis The Philosophy of MetaReality by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book The Philosophy of MetaReality written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 2012. The Philosophy of MetaReality: creativity, love and freedom is the third of three books elaborating Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy of metaReality, which appeared in rapid succession in 2002. A big, rich book teaming with ideas, The Philosophy of MetaReality is undoubtedly the magnum opus of Bhaskar’s spiritual turn. Building on a radical new analysis of the self, human agency and society, Roy Bhaskar shows how the world of alienation and crisis we currently inhabit is sustained by the ground-state qualities of intelligence, creativity, love, a capacity for right-action and a potential for human self-realisation or fulfilment. A new introduction to this edition by Mervyn Hartwig, founding editor of Journal of Critical Realism and editor of A Dictionary of Critical Realism (Routledge, 2007), describes the context, significance and impact of the philosophy of metaReality, and supplies an expert guide to its content. This book is essential reading for students and practitioners of both philosophy and the human sciences.

Reflections on metaReality

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136631437
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (366 download)

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Book Synopsis Reflections on metaReality by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book Reflections on metaReality written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reflections on meta-Reality is now widely regarded as a landmark in contemporary philosophy. It initiates the philosophy of meta-Reality, the third main phase of Roy Bhaskar’s philosophical thoughts, after original or basic critical realism and dialectical critical realism. Originally published in 2002 and based on talks given in India, Europe and America, Roy Bhaskar presents his new philosophy of meta-Reality as a radical extension, systematic development and proleptic completion of critical realism. This brilliant series of studies contains seminal and far-reaching discussions of critical realism and the nature of being; an incisive and limpid account of modernity, modernism and post-modernism; a sublime discourse on the nature of the self and compelling considerations on the relationship between social science and self-realization. Together, they demonstrate the ubiquity of transcendental phenomena in everyday life and the orientation of enlightenment towards collective human emancipation and universal self-realization. A new introduction to this edition by Mervyn Hartwig, founding editor of The Journal of Critical Realism and editor of A Dictionary of Critical Realism (Routledge, 2007), describes the context, significance and impact of Reflections on meta-Reality, and supplies an expert guide to its content. This book is essential reading for students and practitioners in both philosophy and the human sciences.

Meta-Reality

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Meta-Reality by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book Meta-Reality written by Roy Bhaskar and published by SAGE Publications Pvt. Limited. This book was released on 2002-12-26 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new, long awaited study, is the first and defining volume in which Roy Bhaskar, originator of the increasingly influential, interdisciplinary and international philosophy of critical realism, systematically presents and expounds the principles of his new philosophy of meta-Reality, a philosophy which is already the subject of worldwide attention and debate. Building on a radically new analysis of the self, human agency and society, Roy Bhaskar shows how the world of alienation and crisis we currently inhabit is sustained by the ground-state qualities of intelligence, creativity, love, a capacity for right-action and a potential for human self-realisation or fulfilment. He then demonstrates how transcendence and non-duality are necessary and ubiquitous features of all social interaction and human agency; and how these and connected features of human being and activity sustain the totality of the structures of the world of duality and oppression in which we live. Moreover, meta-Reality argues that any objective an agent chooses in life will ultimately set him or her on a process or dialectic to self-realisation, entailing a commitment to universal self-realisation; and it shows how these goals or ideals are explicit or implicit in all emancipatory projects, of whatever political, social or religious declension. Furthermore they all imply the same principles of clarity and commitment to social transformation (on all the planes of social being), which Roy Bhaskar articulates here. In a very real sense he demonstrates how these principles, for the first time clearly elaborated here in meta-Reality, are indeed the culmination of all traditions of thought and practice oriented to human well-being, emancipation or flourishing.

Enlightened Common Sense

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134867956
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (348 download)

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Book Synopsis Enlightened Common Sense by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book Enlightened Common Sense written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the 1970s, critical realism has grown to address a range of subjects, including economics, philosophy, science, and religion. It has become a complex and mature philosophy. Enlightened Common Sense: The Philosophy of Critical Realism looks back over this development in one concise and accessible volume. The late Roy Bhaskar was critical realism’s philosophical originator and chief exponent. He draws on a lifetime’s experience to give a definitive, systematic account of this increasingly influential, international and multidisciplinary approach. Critical realism’s key element has always been its vindication and deepening of our understanding of ontology. Arguing that realist ontology is inexorable in knowledge and action, Bhaskar sees this as the key to a new enlightened common sense. From the definition of critical realism and its applicability in the social sciences, to explanation of dialectical critical realism and the philosophy of metaReality, this is the essential introduction for students of critical realism.

From Science to Emancipation

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113649720X
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

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Book Synopsis From Science to Emancipation by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book From Science to Emancipation written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Science to Emancipation: Alienation and the Actuality of Enlightenment is the second of three books elaborating Roy Bhaskar’s new philosophy of metaReality, which appeared in rapid succession in 2002. With a new introduction from Mervyn Hartwig, this book contains some of the original transcripts and the questions and answers they provoked, from a variety of lecture and workshop tours Roy Bhaskar presented for Indian audiences before this book was first published. Because of the spontaneous and informal nature of these talks and discussions, this book continues to provide the most immediate and accessible introduction to Roy Bhaskar's philosophy as it charts his intellectual journey. The talks recorded here have retained an immediate local but also deeply universal interest. From Science to Emancipation provides an indispensible resource for all students of philosophy and the human sciences.

Reality and Self-Realization

Author : MinGyu Seo
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131775560X
Total Pages : 123 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

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Book Synopsis Reality and Self-Realization by : MinGyu Seo

Download or read book Reality and Self-Realization written by MinGyu Seo and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-03-21 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the publication of Roy Bhaskar’s A Realist Theory of Science in 1975, critical realism has been evolved as one of the new developments in the areas of philosophy of natural and social science which offers an alternatively fresh view to the existing theories including positivism and post-modernism. Bhaskar’s intellectual movement, which is now fully international and multi-disciplinary, and continues to influence the philosophies of natural and social science, has transformed into ‘Dialectical Critical Realism’ (hereafter DCR) and the philosophy of ‘meta-Reality.’ MinGyu will conclude that his anti-anthropic Non-duality continues through all the steps of Bhaskar’s thought, maintaining the consistency of his scientific, metaphysical, and spiritual journey. The anti-anthropic motif is fully realized in the philosophy of Non-duality - the ‘constellational identification of dualism, duality and non-duality’ in his meta-Reality. Defending Bhaskar against Collier, Agar, and Morgan, MinGyu tries to show how its anti-anthropic and non-dualistic foundation is sustained through the whole of Bhaskar’s journey, involving a transformation of its subject matters from reality, to the dialectic of reality, to the real truth underlying the former stages. This book provides an indispensible resource for all students of philosophy and the human sciences.

Dialectic

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134050933
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Dialectic by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book Dialectic written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2008-07-02 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dialectic: The Pulse of Freedom is now widely regarded as a classic of contemporary philosophy. Written by the renowned founder of the philosophy of critical realism, first published in 1993, this book sets itself three main aims: the development of a general theory of dialectic – of which Hegelian dialectic can be seen to be a special case; the dialectical enrichment and deepening of critical realism – into the system of dialectical critical realism; and the outline of the elements of a totalizing critique of Western philosophy.

The Formation of Critical Realism

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113405064X
Total Pages : 526 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis The Formation of Critical Realism by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book The Formation of Critical Realism written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-01-25 with total page 526 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This series of interviews, conducted in the form of exchanges between Roy Bhaskar and Mervyn Hartwig, tells a riveting story of the formation and development of critical realism. Three intersecting and interweaving narratives unfold in the course of this unfinished story: the personal narrative of Roy Bhaskar, born of an Indian father and English mother, a child of post-war Britain and Indian partition and independence; the intellectual narrative of the emergence and growth of critical realism; and a world-historical story, itself theorized by critical realism in its discussion of the development of modernity. This book gives an invaluable account of the development of critical realism, and its consolidation as a leading philosophy of our times. It takes us through the major moments of its formation, the principal objections to and controversies within critical realism, the establishment of its institutions, and considers its limits and future development. Special features of the book include discussion of the genesis of critical realism, and the origins and nature of the so-called dialectical and spiritual turns. The informal dialogical style of The Formation of Critical Realism makes it compelling reading and an invaluable source for students of critical realism as well as all those interested in the intellectual story of our times.

Metatheory for the Twenty-First Century

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317423828
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Metatheory for the Twenty-First Century by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book Metatheory for the Twenty-First Century written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Metatheory for the 21st Century is one of the many exciting results of over four years of in-depth engagement between two communities of scholar-practitioners: critical realism and integral theory. Building on its origins at a symposium in Luxembourg in 2010, this book examines the points of connection and divergence between critical realism and integral theory, arguably two of the most comprehensive and sophisticated contemporary metatheories. The Luxembourg symposium and the four more that followed explored the possibilities for their cross-pollination, culminating in five positions on their potential for integration, and began the process of fashioning a whole new evolutionary trajectory for both integral theory and critical realism. The contributors to this book bring together critical realism and integral theory in order to explore the potential of this collaboration for the advancement of both. Highlighting the ways in which these metatheories can transform scholarship and address the most pressing global issues of the 21st century, this book will be of interest to students, scholars and practitioners in the areas of metatheory, philosophy, social theory, critical realism, integral theory and current affairs more generally.

Against the Spiritual Turn

Author : Sean Creaven
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134009135
Total Pages : 614 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Against the Spiritual Turn by : Sean Creaven

Download or read book Against the Spiritual Turn written by Sean Creaven and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The argument presented in this book is that the recent ‘spiritual’ trajectory of Roy Bhaskar’s work, upon which he first embarked with the publication of his From East to West, undermines the fundamental achievements of his earlier work. The problem with Bhaskar’s new philosophical system (Transcendental Dialectical Critical Realism or simply Meta-Reality), from the critical-realist Marxist perspective endorsed here, is that it marks both a departure from and a negation of the earlier concerns of Bhaskar to develop a realist philosophy of science and under-labour for an emancipatory materialist socio-historical science. The end-result is a meta-philosophy which is irrealist, speculative, under-theorized, internally self-contradictory, and which cannot provide philosophical guidance to liberatory social practices. In opposition to theist ontological logics more generally (including the rather more rational theism presented by Margaret Archer, Andrew Collier and Doug Porpora), the argument of this book is that the earth-bound materialist dialectics of the classical Marxist tradition, and the naturalistic humanism these dialectics under-labour on the terrain of socio-historical being, offer a much more promising way forward for critical realist theory and for liberatory politics and ethics.

Critical Realism, Somalia and the Diaspora Community

Author : Abdullahi Haji-Abdi
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317928075
Total Pages : 137 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Realism, Somalia and the Diaspora Community by : Abdullahi Haji-Abdi

Download or read book Critical Realism, Somalia and the Diaspora Community written by Abdullahi Haji-Abdi and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-12-17 with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Realism, Somalia and the Diaspora Community equips new researchers with a simplified knowledge of critical realism suitable to the degree of their comprehension. Moreover, it offers a step by step example of research using all levels of critical realism. This book resulted from the endeavour of a researcher, new to critical realism who, however, sought to apply all parts and phases of critical realism to his subject matter. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 provides an outline of the three phases of critical realism: original/basic critical realism, dialectical critical realism and the philosophy of metaReality. Part 2 presents a case study that applied critical realism as a research-theory framework. The case study explores the formation of the Somali Community Organisations in the UK and develops a retroductive model that outlines their role in engaging the Somali Diaspora Community with the issue of sustainability. Part 3 presents reflections towards the geo-historical study of Somalia and explains the origins of the civil war and the dispersal that resulted in the formation of Somali Diaspora Communities in different parts of the world. This book will be of interest to Critical Realists, researchers on and in Africa, agencies interested in Somali affairs, researchers on diaspora and refugees, Somali Community Co-ordinators and local council authorities in the UK and Europe.

Roy Bhaskar

Author : David Scott
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9783319198354
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (983 download)

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Book Synopsis Roy Bhaskar by : David Scott

Download or read book Roy Bhaskar written by David Scott and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-21 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an account of an original educational philosophy, developed by one of the most significant philosophers of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, Roy Bhaskar. Though he directed his attention to wider matters than education, his philosophy has implications for the way we can understand how the world is structured and in turn how we can transform it to accommodate a desire for a better arrangement of resources for human well-being. It is thus both a theory of mind and world and in addition, a theory of education. Roy Bhaskar’s philosophy has a view on the following important matters: intentionality, agential capacity, materialism, the possibility of describing and changing the world, progression, education and the lifecourse, essentialism and human nature, pedagogy, knowledge and knowledge-development, the formation of the self, curricular aims and objectives, being with other people, the self in the learning process, the relationship between the self (or agency) and the environment, stratification, emergence, representation and its different modes, structures and mechanisms, the dialectic and criticality.

The Order of Natural Necessity

Author : Roy Bhaskar
Publisher : Createspace Independent Publishing Platform
ISBN 13 : 9781537546827
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (468 download)

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Book Synopsis The Order of Natural Necessity by : Roy Bhaskar

Download or read book The Order of Natural Necessity written by Roy Bhaskar and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2016-11-16 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Order of Natural Necessity: A Kind of Introduction to Critical Realism is based on the transcripts from six hours of live streamed talks given by Professor Roy Bhaskar, originator of Critical Realism (CR), in 2014, at University College London: Institute of Education. The Order of Natural Necessity draws the transcript of the talks into book form. Keeping as close as possible to the original intention of the talks, which aimed to present the complexity of CR in an accessible and informative way, assuming that the reader has had little exposure to both the philosophical position taken by CR and the philosophical positions that CR challenges. The Order of Natural Necessity departs from the usual academic presentation of CR, which therefore makes the book ideal for anyone wanting to begin his or her investigation of CR whilst it offers the reader that is more familiar with Roy Bhaskar a handy guide to the most important feature of the three phases of his work. Gary Hawke, who hosted and worked closely with Roy Bhaskar in producing the original streamed talks, has edited the book. He has expanded the original text addressing the questions that students raised during the live streaming through the inclusion of over a 100 footnotes, tables, and diagrams. The Order of Natural Necessity then is not just a book about Roy Bhaskar's work; it also becomes a field guide to other critical realists. This allows The Order of Natural Necessity to become an important starting point in the understanding of Roy Bhaskar's work, and further, application of Critical Realism. Unlike Roy Bhaskar's writing style, his lectures were very clear and listener-friendly. Fortunately, Gary Hawke recorded some of Roy Bhaskar's final lectures, and has edited them into this excellent book, valuable both for beginners and for more experienced critical realists. Priscilla Alderson, Professor Emerita, University College London Institute of Education

Critical Realist Activity Theory

Author : Iskra Nunez
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113512812X
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Realist Activity Theory by : Iskra Nunez

Download or read book Critical Realist Activity Theory written by Iskra Nunez and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-08-15 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Realist Activity Theory provides an exciting new contribution to the New Studies in Critical Realism and Education series by showing how the nature of learning is tantamount to the critical realist notion of the dialectic. The science of learning is too important to leave solely to the sciences; it needs philosophy as well. The task of this book is to take a further step and clear the conceptual field for an ontologically grounded view of the science of learning through critical realism, making use of dialectical critical realism and the philosophy of meta-Reality, as well as basic critical realism. The objective of the book is neither to accommodate the nature of learning to strategies and techniques, nor to adjust to the demands of institutions and authorities. Its key goal is to explain how the very nature of learning constitutes itself; that is, its aim is to explain how a stratum of learning emerges out of the need to absent something that has been left out in human reality. In this precise sense, the book does much more than simply reveal the aspects of reality that have been omitted from the conceptualization of learning, it helps to reformulate a proper understanding of the nature of learning. An implication of this understanding of learning is that it begins to advance the fundamental question of what it means to be a human being. This book will be of great interest to academics and students interested in Vygotsky, Luria, Activity Theory and Critical Realism more generally across both Europe and the US.

Dictionary of Critical Realism

Author : Mervyn Hartwig
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317420705
Total Pages : 686 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Dictionary of Critical Realism by : Mervyn Hartwig

Download or read book Dictionary of Critical Realism written by Mervyn Hartwig and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-01-30 with total page 686 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dictionary of Critical Realism fulfils a vital gap in the literature, Critical Realism is often criticised for being too opaque and deploying too much jargon, thereby making the concepts inaccessible for a wider audience. However, as Hartwig puts it 'Just as the tools of the various skilled trades need to be precision-engineered for specific, interrelated functions, so meta-theory requires concepts honed for specific interrelated tasks: it is impossible to think creatively at that level without them.' This Dictionary seeks to redress this problem; to throw open the important contribution of Critical Realism to a wider audience for the first time, by thoroughly explaining all the key concepts and key developments. It includes 500 entries on these themes, and has contributions from major players in field. However this text does not stop there, it goes further than simply elucidating the concepts and includes a number of essays which use the notions in important areas, thereby demonstrating the appropriate use of the concepts in action to encourage their wider use. This book will become a requisite reference tool for Critical Realist scholars and Philosophers and Social scientists alike will enjoy this vital introduction and explanatory text of the indispensable ideas contained within the dynamic and vibrant school of Critical Realism.

Metahuman

Author : Deepak Chopra, M.D.
Publisher : Harmony
ISBN 13 : 0307338339
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Metahuman by : Deepak Chopra, M.D.

Download or read book Metahuman written by Deepak Chopra, M.D. and published by Harmony. This book was released on 2019-10-01 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is it possible to venture beyond daily living and experience heightened states of awareness? Deepak Chopra says that higher consciousness is available here and now. “Metahuman helps us harvest peak experiences so we can see our truth and mold the universe’s chaos into a form that brings light to the world.”—Dr. Mehmet Oz, attending physician, New York–Presbyterian, Columbia University New York Times bestselling author Deepak Chopra unlocks the secrets to moving beyond our present limitations to access a field of infinite possibilities. How does one do this? By becoming metahuman. To be metahuman, however, isn’t science fiction and is certainly not about being a superhero. To be metahuman means to move past the limitation constructed by the mind and enter a new state of awareness where we have deliberate and concrete access to peak experiences that can transform people’s lives from the inside out. Humans do this naturally—to a point. For centuries the great artists, scientists, writers, and many so-called ordinary people have gone beyond the everyday physical world. But if we could channel these often bewildering experiences, what would happen? Chopra argues we would wake up to experiences that would blow open your body, mind, and soul. Metahuman invites the reader to walk the path here and now. Waking up, we learn, isn’t just about mindfulness or meditation. Waking up, to become metahuman, is to expand our consciousness in all that we think, say, and do. By going beyond, we liberate ourselves from old conditioning and all the mental constructs that underlie anxiety, tension, and ego-driven demands. Waking up allows life to make sense as never before. To make this as practical as possible, Chopra ends the book with a 31-day guide to becoming metahuman. Once you wake up, he writes, life becomes transformed, because pure consciousness—which is the field of all possibilities—dawns in your life. Only then does your infinite potential become your personal reality.

Critical Realism and Spirituality

Author : Mervyn Hartwig
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134005296
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (34 download)

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Book Synopsis Critical Realism and Spirituality by : Mervyn Hartwig

Download or read book Critical Realism and Spirituality written by Mervyn Hartwig and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-03-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Critical Realism and Spirituality contextualizes, delineates, explores and critiques the turn to spirituality and religion in critical realism, which has been under way since the mid-1990s, as well as telling its story. It provides incisive discussion and anaysis of the following broad questions: How does critical realism allow and facilitate the resolution of problems in the area of comparative religion? Can it help you to justify your own faith or belief? What are the implications of the new philosophy of meta-Reality for traditional religious studies and how we organize and conduct our lives? A range of distinguished critical realists, theological critical realists and scholars working with related approaches (Roland Benedikter, Roy Bhaskar, Terry Eagleton, Mervyn Hartwig, Alister McGrath, Markus Molz, Jamie Morgan, Andrew Wright and others) bring their talents to bear on this task. While their personal beliefs span the whole spectrum from theism to atheism, they are united by the desire to open up a space for dialogue of one kind or another (intra-faith, inter-faith and/or extra-faith), promoting mutual understanding, respect and the unity and capability for collective emancipatory action on a global scale that humanity is so sorely in need of. This book is therefore, essential reading for students and academics alike in Religous Studies, Theology and Philosophy.