The Past and Future of America's Economy

Download The Past and Future of America's Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9781781008836
Total Pages : 374 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (88 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Past and Future of America's Economy by : Robert D. Atkinson

Download or read book The Past and Future of America's Economy written by Robert D. Atkinson and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 374 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Anyone interested in American history as well as the future contours of our economy will find Dr. Atkinson's analyses a guide to the past and a provocative challenge for the future. Economists, business leaders, scholars, and economic policymakers will find it a necessary addition to the literature on economic cycles and growth economics."--BOOK JACKET.

The Rise and Fall of American Growth

Download The Rise and Fall of American Growth PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400888956
Total Pages : 785 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Rise and Fall of American Growth by : Robert J. Gordon

Download or read book The Rise and Fall of American Growth written by Robert J. Gordon and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2017-08-29 with total page 785 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How America's high standard of living came to be and why future growth is under threat In the century after the Civil War, an economic revolution improved the American standard of living in ways previously unimaginable. Electric lighting, indoor plumbing, motor vehicles, air travel, and television transformed households and workplaces. But has that era of unprecedented growth come to an end? Weaving together a vivid narrative, historical anecdotes, and economic analysis, The Rise and Fall of American Growth challenges the view that economic growth will continue unabated, and demonstrates that the life-altering scale of innovations between 1870 and 1970 cannot be repeated. Gordon contends that the nation's productivity growth will be further held back by the headwinds of rising inequality, stagnating education, an aging population, and the rising debt of college students and the federal government, and that we must find new solutions. A critical voice in the most pressing debates of our time, The Rise and Fall of American Growth is at once a tribute to a century of radical change and a harbinger of tougher times to come.

Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity

Download Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : W. W. Norton & Company
ISBN 13 : 0393254062
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (932 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity by : Joseph E. Stiglitz

Download or read book Rewriting the Rules of the American Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity written by Joseph E. Stiglitz and published by W. W. Norton & Company. This book was released on 2015-11-02 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It’s time to rewrite the rules—to curb the runaway flow of wealth to the top one percent, to restore security and opportunity for the middle class, and to foster stronger growth rooted in broadly shared prosperity. Inequality is a choice. The United States bills itself as the land of opportunity, a place where anyone can achieve success and a better life through hard work and determination. But the facts tell a different story—the U.S. today lags behind most other developed nations in measures of inequality and economic mobility. For decades, wages have stagnated for the majority of workers while economic gains have disproportionately gone to the top one percent. Education, housing, and health care—essential ingredients for individual success—are growing ever more expensive. Deeply rooted structural discrimination continues to hold down women and people of color, and more than one-fifth of all American children now live in poverty. These trends are on track to become even worse in the future. Some economists claim that today’s bleak conditions are inevitable consequences of market outcomes, globalization, and technological progress. If we want greater equality, they argue, we have to sacrifice growth. This is simply not true. American inequality is the result of misguided structural rules that actually constrict economic growth. We have stripped away worker protections and family support systems, created a tax system that rewards short-term gains over long-term investment, offered a de facto public safety net to too-big-to-fail financial institutions, and chosen monetary and fiscal policies that promote wealth over full employment.

The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath

Download The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Random House Trade Paperbacks
ISBN 13 : 0812980042
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (129 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath by : Robert J. Samuelson

Download or read book The Great Inflation and Its Aftermath written by Robert J. Samuelson and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2010-01-26 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Great Inflation in the 1960s and 1970s, notes award-winning columnist Robert J. Samuelson, played a crucial role in transforming American politics, economy, and everyday life. The direct consequences included stagnation in living standards, a growing belief—both in America and abroad—that the great-power status of the United States was ending, and Ronald Reagan’s election to the presidency in 1980. But that is only half the story. The end of high inflation led to two decades of almost uninterrupted economic growth, rising stock prices and ever-increasing home values. Paradoxically, this prolonged prosperity triggered the economic and financial collapse of 2008 and 2009 by making Americans—from bank executives to ordinary homeowners—overconfident, complacent, and careless. The Great Inflation and its Aftermath, Samuelson contends, demonstrated that we have not yet escaped the boom-and-bust cycles common in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This is a sobering tale essential for anyone who wants to understand today’s world.

Building the Next American Century

Download Building the Next American Century PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Woodrow Wilson Center Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 574 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (97 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Building the Next American Century by : Kent H. Hughes

Download or read book Building the Next American Century written by Kent H. Hughes and published by Woodrow Wilson Center Press. This book was released on 2005-02-09 with total page 574 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collaboration between the public and private sectors helped the U.S. economy recover from its last period of economic malaise, and similar collaboration is needed today, according to a key participant in the 1980s–1990s competitiveness movement. In Building the Next American Century, Kent H. Hughes describes that movement, beginning with the conditions that stimulated it: stagflation in the early 1970s, declines in manufactured exports, and challenges from German and Japanese manufacturers. The United States responded with monetary and fiscal reform, technological innovation, and formation of a culture of lifelong learning. Although a great deal of leadership came from government, a new sense of partnership with the private sector and its leaders was crucial. Hughes attributes much of the national prosperity of the late 1990s to contributions from the private sectors. Hughes argues that a twenty-first-century competitiveness strategy with a system-wide approach to innovation, learning, and global engagement can meet today's challenges, even in the demanding environment shaped by national security concerns after 9/11.

Bourbon Empire

Download Bourbon Empire PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 014310814X
Total Pages : 322 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (431 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bourbon Empire by : Reid Mitenbuler

Download or read book Bourbon Empire written by Reid Mitenbuler and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2016-05-10 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Pulls aside the curtain of puffery to show . . . the business of liquor to be every bit as fascinating as the fictions in which the distillers love to swaddle themselves.” —Wayne Curtis, The Wall Street Journal Walk into a well-stocked liquor store and you’ll see countless whiskey brands, each boasting an inspiring story of independence and heritage. And yet, more than 95% of the nation’s whiskey comes from a small handful of giant companies with links to organized crime, political controversy, and a colorful history that is far different than what appears on modern labels. In Bourbon Empire, Reid Mitenbuler shows how bourbon, America’s most iconic style of whiskey, and the industry surrounding it, really came to be—a saga of shrewd capitalism as well as dedicated craftsmanship. Mitenbuler traces the big names—Jim Beam, Maker’s Mark, Evan Williams, and more—back to their origins, exploring bourbon’s founding myths and great successes against the backdrop of America’s economic history. Illusion is separated from reality in a tale reaching back to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794, when the ideologies of Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton battled to define the soul of American business. That debate continues today, punctuated along the way by Prohibition-era bootleggers, the liquor-fueled origins of NASCAR, intense consolidation driven by savvy lobbying, and a Madison Avenue plot to release five thousand parrots—trained to screech the name of a popular brand—into the nation’s bars. Today, the whiskey business takes a new turn as a nascent craft distilling movement offers the potential to revolutionize the industry once again. But, as Mitenbuler shows, many take advantage of this excitement while employing questionable business practices, either by masquerading whiskey made elsewhere as their own or by shortcutting the proven production standards that made many historic brands great to begin with. A tale of innovation, success, downfall, and resurrection, Bourbon Empire is an exploration of the spirit in all its unique forms, creating an indelible portrait of both American whiskey and the people who make it.

Aftershock

Download Aftershock PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0307594521
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (75 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Aftershock by : Robert B. Reich

Download or read book Aftershock written by Robert B. Reich and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2010-09-21 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brilliant new reading of the economic crisis—and a plan for dealing with the challenge of its aftermath—by one of our most trenchant and informed experts. When the nation’s economy foundered in 2008, blame was directed almost universally at Wall Street. But Robert B. Reich suggests a different reason for the meltdown, and for a perilous road ahead. He argues that the real problem is structural: it lies in the increasing concentration of income and wealth at the top, and in a middle class that has had to go deeply into debt to maintain a decent standard of living. Persuasively and straightforwardly, Reich reveals how precarious our situation still is. The last time in American history when wealth was so highly concentrated at the top—indeed, when the top 1 percent of the population was paid 23 percent of the nation’s income—was in 1928, just before the Great Depression. Such a disparity leads to ever greater booms followed by ever deeper busts. Reich’s thoughtful and detailed account of where we are headed over the next decades reveals the essential truth about our economy that is driving our politics and shaping our future. With keen insight, he shows us how the middle class lacks enough purchasing power to buy what the economy can produce and has adopted coping mechanisms that have a negative impact on their quality of life; how the rich use their increasing wealth to speculate; and how an angrier politics emerges as more Americans conclude that the game is rigged for the benefit of a few. Unless this trend is reversed, the Great Recession will only be repeated. Reich’s assessment of what must be done to reverse course and ensure that prosperity is widely shared represents the path to a necessary and long-overdue transformation. Aftershock is a practical, humane, and much-needed blueprint for both restoring America’s economy and rebuilding our society.

Capitalism in America

Download Capitalism in America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0735222452
Total Pages : 496 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (352 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Capitalism in America by : Alan Greenspan

Download or read book Capitalism in America written by Alan Greenspan and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 496 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the legendary former Fed Chairman and the acclaimed Economist writer and historian, the full, epic story of America's evolution from a small patchwork of threadbare colonies to the most powerful engine of wealth and innovation the world has ever seen. Shortlisted for the 2018 Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award From even the start of his fabled career, Alan Greenspan was duly famous for his deep understanding of even the most arcane corners of the American economy, and his restless curiosity to know even more. To the extent possible, he has made a science of understanding how the US economy works almost as a living organism--how it grows and changes, surges and stalls. He has made a particular study of the question of productivity growth, at the heart of which is the riddle of innovation. Where does innovation come from, and how does it spread through a society? And why do some eras see the fruits of innovation spread more democratically, and others, including our own, see the opposite? In Capitalism in America, Greenspan distills a lifetime of grappling with these questions into a thrilling and profound master reckoning with the decisive drivers of the US economy over the course of its history. In partnership with the celebrated Economist journalist and historian Adrian Wooldridge, he unfolds a tale involving vast landscapes, titanic figures, triumphant breakthroughs, enlightenment ideals as well as terrible moral failings. Every crucial debate is here--from the role of slavery in the antebellum Southern economy to the real impact of FDR's New Deal to America's violent mood swings in its openness to global trade and its impact. But to read Capitalism in America is above all to be stirred deeply by the extraordinary productive energies unleashed by millions of ordinary Americans that have driven this country to unprecedented heights of power and prosperity. At heart, the authors argue, America's genius has been its unique tolerance for the effects of creative destruction, the ceaseless churn of the old giving way to the new, driven by new people and new ideas. Often messy and painful, creative destruction has also lifted almost all Americans to standards of living unimaginable to even the wealthiest citizens of the world a few generations past. A sense of justice and human decency demands that those who bear the brunt of the pain of change be protected, but America has always accepted more pain for more gain, and its vaunted rise cannot otherwise be understood, or its challenges faced, without recognizing this legacy. For now, in our time, productivity growth has stalled again, stirring up the populist furies. There's no better moment to apply the lessons of history to the most pressing question we face, that of whether the United States will preserve its preeminence, or see its leadership pass to other, inevitably less democratic powers.

The Road Taken

Download The Road Taken PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 1632863626
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (328 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Road Taken by : Henry Petroski

Download or read book The Road Taken written by Henry Petroski and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2017-02-21 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A renowned historian and engineer explores the past, present, and future of America's crumbling infrastructure. Acclaimed engineer and historian Henry Petroski explores our core infrastructure from both historical and contemporary perspectives, explaining how essential their maintenance is to America's economic health. Petroski reveals the genesis of the many parts of America's highway system--our interstate numbering system, the centerline that divides roads, and such taken-for-granted objects as guardrails, stop signs, and traffic lights--all crucial to our national and local infrastructure. A compelling work of history, The Road Taken is also an urgent clarion call aimed at American citizens, politicians, and anyone with a vested interest in our economic well-being. Physical infrastructure in the United States is crumbling, and Petroski reveals the complex and challenging interplay between government and industry inherent in major infrastructure improvement. The road we take in the next decade toward rebuilding our aging infrastructure will in large part determine our future national prosperity.

The Economy of Early America

Download The Economy of Early America PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penn State Press
ISBN 13 : 9780271027111
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (271 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Economy of Early America by : Cathy D. Matson

Download or read book The Economy of Early America written by Cathy D. Matson and published by Penn State Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, scholars in a number of disciplines have focused their attention on understanding the early American economy. This text enters the resurgent discussion by showcasing the work of leading scholars who represent a spectrum of historiographical and methodological viewpoints.

Democracy and the Next American Economy

Download Democracy and the Next American Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781558858763
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (587 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Democracy and the Next American Economy by : Henry A. J. Ramos

Download or read book Democracy and the Next American Economy written by Henry A. J. Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Progressive intellectual Henry A. J. Ramos believes the United States is at a crossroads, facing the most challenging moment since the civil rights movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s. In fact, absent major new interventions and investments, he sees this moment as a pivotal turning point in the American journey in which political polarization, income and wealth disparity and public violence"€"much of which is race related"€"threaten the very essence and integrity of our democracy and economy. Ramos examines the policies that have contributed to America's decline, including those that have led to the concentration of great wealth in the hands of a few while condemning many to systemic poverty and inequality. Current economic and social trends, he stresses, are unsustainable and call for organized, concerted action by people of conscience and those affected. Ultimately, Ramos provides a roadmap for the future so the United States can continue to provide opportunities for its people and serve again as a leader in the international community. He offers case studies of organizations that have successfully created and administered programs that further equity in society, restore democratic practices, implement better urban and city planning and protect the environment. Demonstrating both the critical importance and real possibility of leveraging prosperity and justice for all Americans, this compelling work is a must-read for anyone interested in democracy, economic restoration and environmental sustainability.

EconAmerica

Download EconAmerica PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470165898
Total Pages : 226 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (71 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis EconAmerica by : Jeff Thredgold

Download or read book EconAmerica written by Jeff Thredgold and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2007-05-23 with total page 226 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Praise for EconAmerica "If you live in the real world, this book is a must-read. It is packed withusable insights into the future, the global economy, and what you and yourcompany need to know to be competitive now and in the future. Jeff Thredgold makes the dismal science a fun adventure to prepare you for not only what is coming, but how to take advantage of the great opportunities ahead." --Terry L. Brocksyndicated columnist, marketing coach, www.TerryBrock.com "In this insightful and practical book, Jeff Thredgold proves that 'interesting economist' isn't an oxymoron. Jeff takes the mystery out of economics and makes it easy to understand. If you want to know what's really going on in the American economy and the impact it has on your quality of living, read this book." --Mark Sanbornspeaker and bestselling author of The Fred Factor andYou Don't Need a Title to Be a Leader "With all the economic gloom and doom thrust upon us by the mediaand politicians, through econAmerica, Jeff Thredgold is a fresh breath ofeconomic hope--something that we all so desperately need today." --Ed RigsbeePresident of Rigsbee Research and author of PartnerShift "This account of history, economic data, and humanbehavior makes a compelling statement about how the Americaneconomy will prevail as globalization evolves." --Hazel J. PankeyDirector, Conference Programs, Industrial Asset Management Council "You continue to amaze us with your outstanding ability to present economic information in terms that everyone can understand, while also making it extremely interesting." --JOE BELEW President, Consumer Bankers Association

Land of Promise

Download Land of Promise PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper Collins
ISBN 13 : 0062097725
Total Pages : 554 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (62 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Land of Promise by : Michael Lind

Download or read book Land of Promise written by Michael Lind and published by Harper Collins. This book was released on 2012-04-17 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "[An] ambitious economic history of the united States...rich with details." ?—David Leonhardt, New York Times Book Review How did a weak collection of former British colonies become an industrial, financial, and military colossus? From the eighteenth to the twenty-first centuries, the American economy has been transformed by wave after wave of emerging technology: the steam engine, electricity, the internal combustion engine, computer technology. Yet technology-driven change leads to growing misalignment between an innovative economy and anachronistic legal and political structures until the gap is closed by the modernization of America's institutions—often amid upheavals such as the Civil War and Reconstruction and the Great Depression and World War II. When the U.S. economy has flourished, government and business, labor and universities, have worked together in a never-ending project of economic nation building. As the United States struggles to emerge from the Great Recession, Michael Lind clearly demonstrates that Americans, since the earliest days of the republic, have reinvented the American economy - and have the power to do so again.

History of the American Economy

Download History of the American Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Thomson South-Western
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 648 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (321 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis History of the American Economy by : Gary M. Walton

Download or read book History of the American Economy written by Gary M. Walton and published by Thomson South-Western. This book was released on 2005 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resource added for the Economics "10-809-195" courses.

The Past and Future City

Download The Past and Future City PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 161091709X
Total Pages : 353 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Past and Future City by : Stephanie Meeks

Download or read book The Past and Future City written by Stephanie Meeks and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2016-10-04 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At its most basic, historic preservation is about keeping old places alive, in active use, and relevant to the needs of communities today. As cities across America experience a remarkable renaissance, and more and more young, diverse families choose to live, work, and play in historic neighborhoods, the promise and potential of using our older and historic buildings to revitalize our cities is stronger than ever. This urban resurgence is a national phenomenon, boosting cities from Cleveland to Buffalo and Portland to Pittsburgh. Experts offer a range of theories on what is driving the return to the city—from the impact of the recent housing crisis to a desire to be socially engaged, live near work, and reduce automobile use. But there’s also more to it. Time and again, when asked why they moved to the city, people talk about the desire to live somewhere distinctive, to be some place rather than no place. Often these distinguishing urban landmarks are exciting neighborhoods—Miami boasts its Art Deco district, New Orleans the French Quarter. Sometimes, as in the case of Baltimore’s historic rowhouses, the most distinguishing feature is the urban fabric itself. While many aspects of this urban resurgence are a cause for celebration, the changes have also brought to the forefront issues of access, affordable housing, inequality, sustainability, and how we should commemorate difficult history. This book speaks directly to all of these issues. In The Past and Future City, Stephanie Meeks, the president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation, describes in detail, and with unique empirical research, the many ways that saving and restoring historic fabric can help a city create thriving neighborhoods, good jobs, and a vibrant economy. She explains the critical importance of preservation for all our communities, the ways the historic preservation field has evolved to embrace the challenges of the twenty-first century, and the innovative work being done in the preservation space now. This book is for anyone who cares about cities, places, and saving America’s diverse stories, in a way that will bring us together and help us better understand our past, present, and future.

Financialization and the US Economy

Download Financialization and the US Economy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1848440162
Total Pages : 177 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (484 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Financialization and the US Economy by : È Orhangazi

Download or read book Financialization and the US Economy written by È Orhangazi and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 177 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Profound transformations have taken place both in the US and the global economy, most especially in the realm of finance. This title brings together a comprehensive analysis of financialization in the US economy that encompasses historical, theoretical, and empirical sides of the issues.

The American Economy from Roosevelt to Trump

Download The American Economy from Roosevelt to Trump PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319969536
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The American Economy from Roosevelt to Trump by : Vittorio Valli

Download or read book The American Economy from Roosevelt to Trump written by Vittorio Valli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-19 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ‘This is essential reading for anybody interested in global history.’ —Professor Ugo Panizza, The Graduate Institute of Geneva, Switzerland This illuminating book offers a compact survey and new interpretation of trends and policies in the US economy from the end of the nineteenth century to the initial period of the Trump administration. Valli maps three stages in this period of US economic history: first, the economic and demographic consequences of the frontier; second, the Fordist model of growth; and third, the attempt to build an economic empire through economic and financial globalization, military and political power and rapid technological progress. Examining pivotal moments from the Wall Street Crash and the World Wars to the recent Great Recession, Obamacare and Trump's electoral promises and first controversial decisions, this book is essential reading for all those interested in American economic power and its future.