The Other War Of 1812

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The Other War of 1812

Author : James G. Cusick
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 0820329215
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (23 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other War of 1812 by : James G. Cusick

Download or read book The Other War of 1812 written by James G. Cusick and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2007-04-01 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resurrecting a forgotten chapter in transatlantic history, James G. Cusick tells how, just before the United States went to war against Great Britain in 1812, an ill-advised invasion of a Spanish colony became a stage on which the young republic clumsily acted out its imperial ambitions and racial fears. With the halfhearted backing of President James Madison and Secretary of State James Monroe, a party of Georgians invaded East Florida, confident that partisans there would help them swiftly wrest the colony away from Spain. The raid was a strategic and political disaster. Few sympathizers materialized, official U.S. support dissolved, and an extended guerrilla war ensued. This was the "other war of 1812," or the Patriot War. Cusick, a lively storyteller as well as a meticulous scholar, conveys the savagery of the borderlands conflict that pitted American adventurers and anti-Spanish partisans against Spanish loyalists and their allies, who included Seminole Indians and escaped slaves. At the same time, Cusick looks at the American motivations behind the invasion, including apprehensions about Florida's growing population of unregulated blacks and geopolitical intrigues involving Spain, Britain, and France.

The Other War of 1812

Author : James G. Cusick
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813026480
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (264 download)

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Book Synopsis The Other War of 1812 by : James G. Cusick

Download or read book The Other War of 1812 written by James G. Cusick and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: James Cusick tells the story of an early-19th-century American plot that went desperately wrong, plunging the United States into an undeclared war for possession of Spanish East Florida and provoking a conflict that would embarrass the president, destroy a colony, and reshape forever the nature of life in the American South. When the administration of James Madison secretly decided to attempt to overthrow the Spanish colony, it set in motion an invasion that could not be halted--the Patriot War, one of the great but little-known conflicts of the early American republic. In March of 1812, on the eve of a major war with Great Britain, the United States became embroiled in a military invasion of the Florida peninsula that escalated into two years of increasing mayhem. Instead of an easy conquest aided by local rebels, the president discovered that his agent, General George Mathews, a former governor of Georgia, had spearheaded a covert and unjustifiable military occupation of Spanish territory. The drastic action stunned national and international sensibilities, and within weeks a public debate was raging about the rightness of American actions. People in Georgia rose in protest over the Spaniards' willingness to use black troops and militia to defend Spanish rights. At the same time, settlers in East Florida, incensed at having a foreign military presence on their soil, began a propaganda campaign in the press to denounce President Madison's actions. The U.S. Army and Georgia militia, assisted by local volunteers known as Patriots, put St. Augustine under siege, seized towns and forts, and destroyed livestock and homesteads; by 1813 warfare had devolved into a vendetta with practically every plantation and farmstead between the Georgia border and Cape Canaveral looted or consigned to flames.

The War of 1812: Writings from America's Second War of Independence

Author : Various
Publisher : Library of America
ISBN 13 : 1598532642
Total Pages : 928 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis The War of 1812: Writings from America's Second War of Independence by : Various

Download or read book The War of 1812: Writings from America's Second War of Independence written by Various and published by Library of America. This book was released on 2013-04-04 with total page 928 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: On June 18, 1812, the United States formally declared war for the first time. President James Madison’s call to arms against Great Britain provoked outpourings of patriotic fervor and vigorous—some said treasonous—domestic opposition. Over the next three years the War of 1812 would prove as divisive as it was rich in nationalist myth-making: We have met the enemy, and he is ours . . . Don’t give up the ship! . . . Oh, say can you see . . . . Now, on the bicentennial of a conflict that shaped the future of a continent, here is the first comprehensive collection of eyewitness accounts in over a century. Reflecting several generations of scholarly discoveries, it covers all the theaters of war, from frontier battles in Canada, Michigan, and New York to naval confrontations on the high seas and Great Lakes, from the burning of Washington to the defense of New Orleans. Here are 140 letters, memoirs, poems, songs, editorials, journal entries, and proclamations by more than 100 participants, both famous—Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, Tecumseh, Dolley Madison, and the Duke of Wellington, among others—and less well known, such as Laura Secord, the Canadian Paul Revere, and William B. Northcutt, whose remarkable diary provides a common soldier’s view. Features helpful notes, a chronology of the war, and full color endpaper maps.

The War of 1812

Author : Donald R Hickey
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252078373
Total Pages : 483 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis The War of 1812 by : Donald R Hickey

Download or read book The War of 1812 written by Donald R Hickey and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 483 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Bicentennial Edition -- Introduction -- 1. The Road to War, 1801-1812 -- 2. The Declaration of War -- 3. The Baltimore Riots -- 4. The Campaign of 1812 -- 5. Raising Men and Money -- 6. The Campaign of 1813 -- 7. The Last Embargo -- 8. The British Counteroffensive -- 9. The Crisis of 1814 -- 10. The Hartford Convention -- 11. The Treaty of Ghent -- Conclusion -- A Note on Sources -- Notes -- Index -- back cover.

Illinois in the War of 1812

Author : Gillum Ferguson
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252094557
Total Pages : 370 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis Illinois in the War of 1812 by : Gillum Ferguson

Download or read book Illinois in the War of 1812 written by Gillum Ferguson and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2012-01-26 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Russell P. Strange "Book of the Year" Award from the Illinois State Historical Society, 2012. On the eve of the War of 1812, the Illinois Territory was a new land of bright promise. Split off from Indiana Territory in 1809, the new territory ran from the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers north to the U.S. border with Canada, embracing the current states of Illinois, Wisconsin, and a part of Michigan. The extreme southern part of the region was rich in timber, but the dominant feature of the landscape was the vast tall grass prairie that stretched without major interruption from Lake Michigan for more than three hundred miles to the south. The territory was largely inhabited by Indians: Sauk, Potawatomi, Kickapoo, and others. By 1812, however, pioneer farmers had gathered in the wooded fringes around prime agricultural land, looking out over the prairies with longing and trepidation. Six years later, a populous Illinois was confident enough to seek and receive admission as a state in the Union. What had intervened was the War of 1812, in which white settlers faced both Indians resistant to their encroachments and British forces poised to seize control of the upper Mississippi and Great Lakes. The war ultimately broke the power and morale of the Indian tribes and deprived them of the support of their ally, Great Britain. Sometimes led by skillful tacticians, at other times by blundering looters who got lost in the tall grass, the combatants showed each other little mercy. Until and even after the war was concluded by the Treaty of Ghent in 1814, there were massacres by both sides, laying the groundwork for later betrayal of friendly and hostile tribes alike and for ultimate expulsion of the Indians from the new state of Illinois. In this engrossing new history, published upon the war's bicentennial, Gillum Ferguson underlines the crucial importance of the War of 1812 in the development of Illinois as a state. The history of Illinois in the War of 1812 has never before been told with so much attention to the personalities who fought it, the events that defined it, and its lasting consequences. Endorsed by the Illinois Society of the War of 1812 and the Illinois War of 1812 Bicentennial Commission.

1812

Author : Jon Latimer
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780674039957
Total Pages : 664 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (399 download)

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Book Synopsis 1812 by : Jon Latimer

Download or read book 1812 written by Jon Latimer and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2009-07-01 with total page 664 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Listen to a short interview with Jon Latimer Host: Chris Gondek - Producer: Heron & Crane In the first complete history of the War of 1812 written from a British perspective, Jon Latimer offers an authoritative and compelling account that places the conflict in its strategic context within the Napoleonic wars. The British viewed the War of 1812 as an ill-fated attempt by the young American republic to annex Canada. For British Canada, populated by many loyalists who had fled the American Revolution, this was a war for survival. The Americans aimed both to assert their nationhood on the global stage and to expand their territory northward and westward. Americans would later find in this war many iconic moments in their national story--the bombardment of Fort McHenry (the inspiration for Francis Scott Key's Star Spangled Banner); the Battle of Lake Erie; the burning of Washington; the death of Tecumseh; Andrew Jackson's victory at New Orleans--but their war of conquest was ultimately a failure. Even the issues of neutrality and impressment that had triggered the war were not resolved in the peace treaty. For Britain, the war was subsumed under a long conflict to stop Napoleon and to preserve the empire. The one lasting result of the war was in Canada, where the British victory eliminated the threat of American conquest, and set Canadians on the road toward confederation. Latimer describes events not merely through the eyes of generals, admirals, and politicians but through those of the soldiers, sailors, and ordinary people who were directly affected. Drawing on personal letters, diaries, and memoirs, he crafts an intimate narrative that marches the reader into the heat of battle.

Pierre Berton's War of 1812

Author : Pierre Berton
Publisher : Anchor Canada
ISBN 13 : 0385676506
Total Pages : 962 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (856 download)

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Book Synopsis Pierre Berton's War of 1812 by : Pierre Berton

Download or read book Pierre Berton's War of 1812 written by Pierre Berton and published by Anchor Canada. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 962 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To commemorate the bi-centenary of the War of 1812, Anchor Canada brings together Pierre Berton's two groundbreaking books on the subject. The Invasion of Canada is a remarkable account of the war's first year and the events that led up to it; Pierre Berton transforms history into an engrossing narrative that reads like a fast-paced novel. Drawing on personal memoirs and diaries as well as official dispatches, the author has been able to get inside the characters of the men who fought the war - the common soldiers as well as the generals, the bureaucrats and the profiteers, the traitors and the loyalists. The Canada-U.S. border was in flames as the War of 1812 continued. York's parliament buildings were on fire, Niagara-on-the-Lake burned to the ground and Buffalo lay in ashes. Even the American capital of Washington, far to the south, was put to the torch. The War of 1812 had become one of the nineteenth century's bloodiest struggles. Flames Across the Border is a compelling evocation of war at its most primeval - the muddy fields, the frozen forests and the ominous waters where men fought and died. Pierre Berton skilfully captures the courage, determination and terror of the universal soldier, giving new dimension and fresh perspective to this early conflict between the two emerging nations of North America.

The War of 1812

Author : Harry L. Coles
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022622029X
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis The War of 1812 by : Harry L. Coles

Download or read book The War of 1812 written by Harry L. Coles and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2018-01-20 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This compact history of the war attempts to separate myth from reality. Professor Coles narrates the main operations on both land and sea of the three-year struggle. He examines the conflict from the British (and Canadian) as well as the American point of view, relating events in America to the larger war going on in Europe. "A balanced analysis of tactics and strategy, this book also summarizes succinctly and clearly recent scholarship on causes and describes briefly the war's military, economic, and political consequences. Coles has surveyed thoroughly the existing literature but arrives at a number of independent judgments. It is the best single-volume account of the war in all its aspects. In recounting sea battles, Coles puts aside the patriotic blinders that have for so long prevented a sensible understanding of American capabilities and strategic necessities; thus American naval victories are put in a proper perspective. And in dealing with land engagements, he has shunned the mocking and amused attitude which has so often passed for historical judgment. Undergraduates will be stimulated by the hints of modern parallels and will find useful the excellent annotated bibliography and simple maps."—Choice

The War of 1812 and the Rise of the U.S. Navy

Author : Mark Jenkins
Publisher : National Geographic Books
ISBN 13 : 1426209339
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis The War of 1812 and the Rise of the U.S. Navy by : Mark Jenkins

Download or read book The War of 1812 and the Rise of the U.S. Navy written by Mark Jenkins and published by National Geographic Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explore historic documents, letters, ephemera, and artifacts, including fascinating finds from the Navy's most recent underwater excavation of the war's lost ships.

The Rockets' Red Glare

Author : Donald R. Hickey
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 142140155X
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rockets' Red Glare by : Donald R. Hickey

Download or read book The Rockets' Red Glare written by Donald R. Hickey and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2011-10 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The thrilling stories and stunning illustrations of The Rockets' Red Glare are sure to capture the imagination of anyone interested in the fascinating history of the War of 1812.

The Civil War of 1812

Author : Alan Taylor
Publisher : Vintage
ISBN 13 : 0679776737
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (797 download)

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Book Synopsis The Civil War of 1812 by : Alan Taylor

Download or read book The Civil War of 1812 written by Alan Taylor and published by Vintage. This book was released on 2011-10-04 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the early nineteenth century, Britons and Americans renewed their struggle over the legacy of the American Revolution, leading to a second confrontation that redefined North America. Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Alan Taylor’s vivid narrative tells the riveting story of the soldiers, immigrants, settlers, and Indians who fought to determine the fate of a continent. Would revolutionary republicanism sweep the British from Canada? Or would the British contain, divide, and ruin the shaky republic? In a world of double identities, slippery allegiances, and porous boundaries, the leaders of the republic and of the empire struggled to control their own diverse peoples. The border divided Americans—former Loyalists and Patriots—who fought on both sides in the new war, as did native peoples defending their homelands. And dissident Americans flirted with secession while aiding the British as smugglers and spies. During the war, both sides struggled to sustain armies in a northern land of immense forests, vast lakes, and stark seasonal swings in the weather. After fighting each other to a standstill, the Americans and the British concluded that they could safely share the continent along a border that favored the United States at the expense of Canadians and Indians. Moving beyond national histories to examine the lives of common men and women, The Civil War of 1812 reveals an often brutal (sometimes comic) war and illuminates the tangled origins of the United States and Canada. Moving beyond national histories to examine the lives of common men and women, The Civil War of 1812 reveals an often brutal (sometimes comic) war and illuminates the tangled origins of the United States and Canada.

1812

Author : Nicole Eustace
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812206363
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis 1812 by : Nicole Eustace

Download or read book 1812 written by Nicole Eustace and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2012-06-28 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As military campaigns go, the War of 1812 was a disaster. By the time it ended in 1815, Washington, D.C., had been burned to the ground, the national debt had nearly tripled, and territorial gains were negligible. Yet the war gained so much popular support that it ushered in what is known as the "era of good feelings," a period of relative partisan harmony and strengthened national identity. Historian Nicole Eustace's cultural history of the war tells the story of how an expensive, unproductive campaign won over a young nation—largely by appealing to the heart. 1812 looks at the way each major event of the war became an opportunity to capture the American imagination: from the first attempt at invading Canada, intended as the grand opening of the war; to the battle of Lake Erie, where Oliver Perry hoisted the flag famously inscribed with "Don't Give Up the Ship"; to the burning of the Capitol by the British. Presidential speeches and political cartoons, tavern songs and treatises appealed to the emotions, painting war as an adventure that could expand the land and improve opportunities for American families. The general population, mostly shielded from the worst elements of the war, could imagine themselves participants in a great national movement without much sacrifice. Bolstered with compelling images of heroic fighting men and the loyal women who bore children for the nation, war supporters played on romantic notions of familial love to espouse population expansion and territorial aggression while maintaining limitations on citizenship. 1812 demonstrates the significance of this conflict in American history: the war that inspired "The Star-Spangled Banner" laid the groundwork for a patriotism that still reverberates today.

The War of 1812, A Short History

Author : Donald R. Hickey
Publisher : University of Illinois Press
ISBN 13 : 0252094476
Total Pages : 163 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (52 download)

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Book Synopsis The War of 1812, A Short History by : Donald R. Hickey

Download or read book The War of 1812, A Short History written by Donald R. Hickey and published by University of Illinois Press. This book was released on 2012-11-30 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This abridged edition of Donald R. Hickey's comprehensive and authoritative The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict has been thoroughly revised for the 200th anniversary of the historic conflict. A myth-shattering study that will inform and entertain students and general readers alike, The War of 1812: A Short History explores the military, diplomatic, and domestic history of our second war with Great Britain, bringing the study up to date with recent scholarship on all aspects of the war, from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada. With new information on military operations, logistics, and the use and capabilities of weaponry, The War of 1812: A Short History explains how the war promoted American nationalism, reinforced the notion of manifest destiny, stimulated peacetime defense spending, and enhanced America's reputation abroad. Hickey also concludes that the war sparked bloody conflicts between pro-war Republican and anti-war Federalist neighbors, dealt a crippling blow to the independence and treaty rights of American Indians, and solidified the United States' antipathy toward the British. Ideal for students and history buffs, this special edition includes selected illustrations, maps, a chronology of major events during the war, and a list of suggested further reading.

Privateering

Author : Faye Kert
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421417472
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Privateering by : Faye Kert

Download or read book Privateering written by Faye Kert and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2015-09-30 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first book to tell the tale of the War of 1812 from the privateers’ perspective. Winner of the John Lyman Book Award of the North American Society for Oceanic History During the War of 1812, most clashes on the high seas involved privately owned merchant ships, not official naval vessels. Licensed by their home governments and considered key weapons of maritime warfare, these ships were authorized to attack and seize enemy traders. Once the prizes were legally condemned by a prize court, the privateers could sell off ships and cargo and pocket the proceeds. Because only a handful of ship-to-ship engagements occurred between the Royal Navy and the United States Navy, it was really the privateers who fought—and won—the war at sea. In Privateering, Faye M. Kert introduces readers to U.S. and Atlantic Canadian privateers who sailed those skirmishing ships, describing both the rare captains who made money and the more common ones who lost it. Some privateers survived numerous engagements and returned to their pre-war lives; others perished under violent circumstances. Kert demonstrates how the romantic image of pirates and privateers came to obscure the dangerous and bloody reality of private armed warfare. Building on two decades of research, Privateering places the story of private armed warfare within the overall context of the War of 1812. Kert highlights the economic, strategic, social, and political impact of privateering on both sides and explains why its toll on normal shipping helped convince the British that the war had grown too costly. Fascinating, unfamiliar, and full of surprises, this book will appeal to historians and general readers alike.

The Naval War of 1812; Or, the History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain, to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans; Volume 1

Download The Naval War of 1812; Or, the History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain, to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans; Volume 1 PDF Online Free

Author : Theodore Roosevelt
Publisher : Franklin Classics
ISBN 13 : 9780342577903
Total Pages : 398 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (779 download)

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Book Synopsis The Naval War of 1812; Or, the History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain, to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans; Volume 1 by : Theodore Roosevelt

Download or read book The Naval War of 1812; Or, the History of the United States Navy During the Last War with Great Britain, to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans; Volume 1 written by Theodore Roosevelt and published by Franklin Classics. This book was released on 2018-10-12 with total page 398 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron

Author : Ronald Utt
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1621570088
Total Pages : 528 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (215 download)

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Book Synopsis Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron by : Ronald Utt

Download or read book Ships of Oak, Guns of Iron written by Ronald Utt and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2012-12-03 with total page 528 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The War of 1812 is typically noted for a handful of events: the burning of the White House, the rise of the Star Spangled Banner, and the battle of New Orleans. But in fact the greatest consequence of that distant conflict was the birth of the U.S. Navy. During the War of 1812, America’s tiny fleet took on the mightiest naval power on earth, besting the British in a string of victories that stunned both nations. In his new book, Ships of Oak and Guns of Iron: The War of 1812 and the Birth of the American Navy, author Dr. Ronald Utt not only sheds new light on the naval battles of the War of 1812 and how they gave birth to our nation’s great navy, but tells the story of the War of 1812 through the portraits of famous American war heroes. From the cunning Stephen Decatur to the fierce David Porter, Ships of Oak and Guns of Iron relates how thousands of American men and boys gave better than they got against the British Navy. The great age of fighting sail is as rich in heroic drama as any epoch. Dr. Utt’s Ships of Oak and Guns of Iron retrieves the American chapter of that epoch from unjustified obscurity, and offers readers an intriguing chronicle of the War of 1812 as well as a unique perspective on the birth of the U.S. Navy.

America's First Crisis

Author : Robert P. Watson
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 1438451350
Total Pages : 427 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (384 download)

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Book Synopsis America's First Crisis by : Robert P. Watson

Download or read book America's First Crisis written by Robert P. Watson and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2013-12-05 with total page 427 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gold Medalist, 2015 Independent Publisher Book Awards in the U.S. History Category The War of 1812, sometimes called "America's forgotten war," was a curious affair. At the time, it was dismissed as "Mr. Madison's War." Later it was hailed by some as America's "Second War for Independence" and ridiculed by others, such as President Harry Truman, as "the silliest damned war we ever had." The conflict, which produced several great heroes and future presidents, was all this and more. In America's First Crisis Robert P. Watson tells the stories of the most intriguing battles and leaders and shares the most important blunders and victories of the war. What started out as an effort to invade Canada, fueled by anger over the harassment of American merchant ships by the Royal Navy, soon turned into an all-out effort to fend off an invasion by Britain. Armies marched across the Canadian border and sacked villages; navies battled on Lake Ontario, Lake Champlain, and the world's oceans; both the American and Canadian capitals were burned; and, in a final irony, the United States won its greatest victory in New Orleans—after the peace treaty had been signed.