The Origin Function And Diagnostic Potential Of Extracellular Microrna In Human Body Fluids

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The origin, function and diagnostic potential of extracellular microRNA in human body fluids

Author : Andrey Turchinovich
Publisher : Frontiers E-books
ISBN 13 : 2889192423
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis The origin, function and diagnostic potential of extracellular microRNA in human body fluids by : Andrey Turchinovich

Download or read book The origin, function and diagnostic potential of extracellular microRNA in human body fluids written by Andrey Turchinovich and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on 2014-07-28 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Short non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression in living cells. In recent years, miRNAs have been found in a wide spectrum of mammalian body fluids including blood plasma, saliva, urine, milk, seminal plasma, tears and amniotic fluid as extracellular circulating nuclease-resistant entities. The changes in miRNA spectra observed in certain fluids correlated with various pathological conditions suggesting that extracellular miRNAs can serve as informative biomarkers for certain diseases including cancer. However, the mechanism of generation and a biological role of extracellular miRNAs remain unclear. The current theories regarding extracellular miRNA origin and function suggest that these miRNAs can be either non-specific ‘by-products’ of cellular activity and cell death or specifically released cell-cell signaling messengers. The goal of this Research Topic is to bring together up-to-date knowledge about the extracellular miRNA and its role in disease diagnostics and, possibly, inter-cellular communication.

Circulating MicroRNAs

Author : Takahiro Ochiya
Publisher : Humana Press
ISBN 13 : 9781627034524
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (345 download)

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Book Synopsis Circulating MicroRNAs by : Takahiro Ochiya

Download or read book Circulating MicroRNAs written by Takahiro Ochiya and published by Humana Press. This book was released on 2013-05-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate various biological phenomena, such as development and homeostasis. The dysregulation of miRNA leads to disease progression, particularly of cancer. In Circulating MicroRNAs: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers in the field detail recent advances in the isolation, purification and analysis of circulating miRNAs from a variety of sources for research. The book is divided into three main topics. The first section involves the study of secretory miRNAs in cell-cell communication, and the second, the study of circulating miRNAs in body fluids. The last describes the novel techniques used to study circulating miRNAs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and key tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Circulating MicroRNAs: Methods and Protocols seeks to aid scientists in dealing with the recent advances of RNAi technology from the bench to the bedside.

New Developments in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis

Author : Lazaros Sakkas
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 9535129694
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (351 download)

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Book Synopsis New Developments in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis by : Lazaros Sakkas

Download or read book New Developments in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis written by Lazaros Sakkas and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2017-02-22 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is incompletely understood. HLA class II alleles and T cells have been implicated for many years. The discovery of anticitrullinated peptide antibodies (ACPAs), along with the effectiveness of biological treatments targeting cytokines, such as TNF-?, IL-6, and also T cells and B cells, reinforced the pathogenetic role of the respective factors. ACPAs, induced by cigarette smoking and periodontitis in individuals with HLA-DRB1 shared epitope, appear to be autoantigens that initiate the inflammatory immune response in RA. MicroRNAs, part of epigenetic mechanisms, which also include DNA methylation, and histone modification, as well as microbiota, the composition of microbes in body cavities, also appear to influence arthritis and are discussed in this book.

RNA Delivery Function for Anticancer Therapeutics

Author : Loutfy H. Madkour
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000532232
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis RNA Delivery Function for Anticancer Therapeutics by : Loutfy H. Madkour

Download or read book RNA Delivery Function for Anticancer Therapeutics written by Loutfy H. Madkour and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-01-26 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of the current status of translating the RNAi cancer therapeutics in the clinic, a brief description of the biological barriers in drug delivery, and the roles of imaging in aspects of administration route, systemic circulation, and cellular barriers for the clinical translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics, and with partial content for discussing the safety concerns. It then focuses on imaging-guided delivery of RNAi therapeutics in preclinical development, including the basic principles of different imaging modalities, and their advantages and limitations for biological imaging. With growing number of RNAi therapeutics entering the clinic, various imaging methods will play an important role in facilitating the translation of RNAi cancer therapeutics from bench to bedside. RNAi technique has become a powerful tool for basic research to selectively knock down gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Our scientific and industrial communities have started to develop RNAi therapeutics as the next class of drugs for treating a variety of genetic disorders, such as cancer and other diseases that are particularly hard to address with current treatment strategies. Key Features Provides insight into the current advances and hurdles of RNAi therapeutics. Accelerates RNAi, miRNAs, and siRNA drug development for cancer therapy from bench to bedside. Addresses various modifications and novel delivery strategies for miRNAs, piRNAs and siRNA delivery in anticancer therapeutics. Explores the need for the interaction of hematologists,cell biologists, immunologists, and material scientists in the development of novel cancer therapies. Describes the current status of clinical trials related to miRNA and siRNA-based cancer therapy Presents remaining issues that need to be overcome to establish successful therapies.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes

Author : Yaoliang Tang
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128004975
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes by : Yaoliang Tang

Download or read book Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes written by Yaoliang Tang and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-09-02 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes are at the forefront of research in two of the most high profile and funded scientific areas – cardiovascular research and stem cells. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Exosomes provides insight into the biofunction and molecular mechanisms, practical tools for research, and a look toward the clinical applications of this exciting phenomenon which is emerging as an effective diagnostic. Primarily focused on the cardiovascular applications where there have been the greatest advancements toward the clinic, this is the first compendium for clinical and biomedical researchers who are interested in integrating MSC-derived exosomes as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Introduces the MSC-exosome mediated cell-cell communication Covers the major functional benefits in current MSC-derived exosome studies Discusses strategies for the use of MSC-derived exosomes in cardiovascular therapies

Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Drugs and Environmental Toxicants

Author : Yvonne Will
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119329736
Total Pages : 816 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Drugs and Environmental Toxicants by : Yvonne Will

Download or read book Mitochondrial Dysfunction Caused by Drugs and Environmental Toxicants written by Yvonne Will and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-03-21 with total page 816 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Developed as a one-stop reference source for drug safety and toxicology professionals, this book explains why mitochondrial failure is a crucial step in drug toxicity and how it can be avoided. • Covers both basic science and applied technology / methods • Allows readers to understand the basis of mitochondrial function, the preclinical assessments used, and what they reveal about drug effects • Contains both in vitro and in vivo methods for analysis, including practical screening approaches for drug discovery and development • Adds coverage about mitochondrial toxicity underlying organ injury, clinical reports on drug classes, and discussion of environmental toxicants affecting mitochondria

The MicroRNA 2000 Transformer

Author : Yoichi Robertus Fujii
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819931657
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis The MicroRNA 2000 Transformer by : Yoichi Robertus Fujii

Download or read book The MicroRNA 2000 Transformer written by Yoichi Robertus Fujii and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-09-14 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition includes new findings that were only a theory in the first edition, clarifying what is beginning to be proven true. All chapters have been updated, and new data on the analysis of major depressive disorder from exosome microRNA (miRNA) in plasma, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer's disease, brain glioma from cerebrospinal fluid miRNA, liver cancer, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell tumorigenesis, and other topics have been added. As predicted in the first edition, diseases can be predicted using the miRNA memory package (MMP) and miRNA entangling target sorting (METS), which could clarify the etiology of human diseases. Because researchers are investigating the relationship between circulating miRNAs and human diseases to develop new medicines, miRNA deep sequencing and detection methods will be high-speed and clever. The microRNA 2000 Transformer - Quantum Computing and Artificial Intelligence for Health is aimed at intermediate and advanced scientists, clinicians, students, and science enthusiasts. The Author hopes to lay the groundwork for future human health innovation.

The microRNA 2000: from HIV-1 to Healthcare

Author : Yoichi Robertus Fujii
Publisher : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA
ISBN 13 : 1618963864
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (189 download)

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Book Synopsis The microRNA 2000: from HIV-1 to Healthcare by : Yoichi Robertus Fujii

Download or read book The microRNA 2000: from HIV-1 to Healthcare written by Yoichi Robertus Fujii and published by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. USA. This book was released on with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: microRNA (miRNA), like a language, is full of regulators for our lives. Function of miRNAs is simple to tell – for instance, post-transcriptional suppression; however, its mechanisms are more tricky and explanation of miRNAs’ role in evolution causes difficulty even graduated students and top researchers. How exactly is the information of miRNA used? What is the difference between CeRNA theory and RNA wave 2000? What are the real rules for disease induction and cure? When do we use the expression of miRNAs? How do you say, miRNA is information and not epigene? Where does miRNA locate? When are miRNAs transmitted? And so on, and so on. This book would be a practical reference guide to problems of these kinds. But there is no point that is lie or truth. Therefore, the book is intend for not only intermediate and advanced scientists or students but also scientific enthusiasts. Being references, it contains information at various journals, ranging from review articles to very unique articles. Finally readers would decide lie or truth, or near pin or not because research of concept in miRNAs is in progress day by day by over 10,000 references per year on 2016.

Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens

Author : Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128149671
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens by : Moulay Mustapha Ennaji

Download or read book Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens written by Moulay Mustapha Ennaji and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-09-14 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Emerging and Reemerging Viral Pathogens: Applied Virology Approaches Related to Human, Animal and Environmental Pathogens, Volume Two presents new research information on viruses and their impact on the scientific community. It provides a reference book on certain viruses in humans, animals and vegetal, along with a comprehensive discussion on interspecies interactions. The book then looks at the drug, vaccine and bioinformatical strategies that can be used against these viruses, giving the reader a clear understanding of transmission. The book's end goal is to create awareness that the appearance of newly transmissible pathogens is a global risk that requires shared/adoptable policies for prevention and control. Covers most emerging viral disease in humans, animals and plants Provides the most advanced tools and techniques in molecular virology and the modeling of viruses Creates awareness that the appearance of new transmissible pathogens is a global risk Highlights the need to adopt shared policies for the prevention and control of infectious diseases

Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics

Author : José Luis García-Giménez
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128019212
Total Pages : 696 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics by : José Luis García-Giménez

Download or read book Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics written by José Luis García-Giménez and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 696 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetic Biomarkers and Diagnostics comprises 31 chapters contributed by leading active researchers in basic and clinical epigenetics. The book begins with the basis of epigenetic mechanisms and descriptions of epigenetic biomarkers that can be used in clinical diagnostics and prognostics. It goes on to discuss classical methods and next generation sequencing-based technologies to discover and analyze epigenetic biomarkers. The book concludes with an account of DNA methylation, post-translational modifications and noncoding RNAs as the most promising biomarkers for cancer (i.e. breast, lung, colon, etc.), metabolic disorders (i.e. diabetes and obesity), autoimmune diseases, infertility, allergy, infectious diseases, and neurological disorders. The book describes the challenging aspects of research in epigenetics, and current findings regarding new epigenetic elements and modifiers, providing guidance for researchers interested in the most advanced technologies and tested biomarkers to be used in the clinical diagnosis or prognosis of disease. Focuses on recent progress in several areas of epigenetics, general concepts regarding epigenetics, and the future prospects of this discipline in clinical diagnostics and prognostics Describes the importance of the quality of samples and clinical associated data, and also the ethical issues for epigenetic diagnostics Discusses the advances in epigenomics technologies, including next-generation sequencing based tools and applications Expounds on the utility of epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of several diseases, highlighting the study of these biomarkers in cancer, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, infertility, and infectious diseases Includes a special section that discusses the relevance of biobanks in the maintenance of high quality biosamples and clinical-associated data, and the relevance of the ethical aspects in epigenetic studies

Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders

Author : Nagy Youssef
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128230622
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders by : Nagy Youssef

Download or read book Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders written by Nagy Youssef and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-02-18 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Epigenetics of Stress and Stress Disorders, a new volume in the Translational Epigenetics series, examines the epigenetic mechanisms involved in modifying DNA following prolonged stress or trauma. This is accomplished through the evaluation of both the physiological and molecular effects of stress on the body that can eventually lead to stress disorders. The book begins by providing a psychiatric, biological, and phenomenological foundation for understanding stress disorders, before delving into the genomics of stress disorders. From here, chapter authors discuss a range of recent epigenetic research in the area, highlighting epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), exciting developments in noncoding RNA studies, possible effects of prolonged stress on telomere shortening, and the long-term physical effects of PTSD on the health of patients. The book also examines the effect of adversity during sensitive periods or development and across the life span. The book concludes by looking at possible transgenerational stress-induced epigenetic alterations on future offspring and important areas of research for public health, along with the potential for epigenetic therapeutics or “epidrugs. Examines the epigenetics of stress, trauma, and related stress disorders Connects new research to clinical practice and highlights implications for patient care, drug discovery, and public health Discusses the epigenetic effect of adversity across the life span, and transgenerational stress-induced epigenetic alterations Features chapter contributions from international experts in the field

Cerebral endothelial and glial cells are more than bricks in the Great Wall of the brain: insights into the way the blood-brain barrier actually works (Celebrating the centenary of Goldman’s experiments)

Download Cerebral endothelial and glial cells are more than bricks in the Great Wall of the brain: insights into the way the blood-brain barrier actually works (Celebrating the centenary of Goldman’s experiments) PDF Online Free

Author : Elena García-Martín
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889195724
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (891 download)

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Book Synopsis Cerebral endothelial and glial cells are more than bricks in the Great Wall of the brain: insights into the way the blood-brain barrier actually works (Celebrating the centenary of Goldman’s experiments) by : Elena García-Martín

Download or read book Cerebral endothelial and glial cells are more than bricks in the Great Wall of the brain: insights into the way the blood-brain barrier actually works (Celebrating the centenary of Goldman’s experiments) written by Elena García-Martín and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2015-07-02 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When Ehrlich discovered the first evidence of the blood-brain barrier in 1885, he probably did not perceive the Great Wall that remained hidden from consciousness inside the central nervous system. Ehrlich had observed that acidic vital dyes did not stain the brain if they were injected into the blood stream. A century ago (1913), Goldman showed that the injection of trypan blue in the cerebrospinal fluid stained only the brain, but not the other organs. For almost a century it was thought that the blood-brain barrier (BBB) consisted in a physical barrier, resulting from the restricted permeability of the cerebral endothelial cell layer, as they are joined by tight junctions. However, as scientists are always looking for news in what is already discovered, in the end of the 20th century we had evidences that cerebral endothelial and glial cells express several drug metabolizing enzymes consisting in a second protection system: a metabolic barrier. Furthermore, the drugs and their metabolites must overcome the activity of several multidrug resistance proteins that function as ATP-dependent efflux pumps, consisting in the third line of defence: the active barrier. Therefore, the way the BBB actually works should be better explained. Several endogenous compounds, as well as xenobiotics, may be activated by enzymes of the metabolic barrier, generating reactive oxygen species that could damage neurons. Therefore, endothelial and glial cells possess endogenous protecting compounds and enzymes against oxidants, consisting in an antioxidant barrier. When all these systems fail, glial cells, mainly microglia, secrete cytokines in an attempt to crosstalk with defence cells asking for help, which consists in an immune barrier. In cerebral regions that are devoid of the physical barrier, such as circumventricular organs, the metabolic, active, antioxidant and immune barriers are reinforced. It is important to understand how cells involved in the BBB interact with one another and the dynamic mechanisms of their functions. This Research Topic published in this e-Book considers recent highlights in BBB structure, cell and molecular biology, biotransformation, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, immunology and how these basic knowledges can be applied in drug discovery and clinical researches, rewriting what is already written, and paving the way that goes to the Great Wall in the Frontiers of the Brain in this new century that is just beginning.

The Role of ncRNAs in Solid Tumors Prognosis: From Laboratory To Clinical Utility

Author : Jian-Guo Zhou
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889666093
Total Pages : 599 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis The Role of ncRNAs in Solid Tumors Prognosis: From Laboratory To Clinical Utility by : Jian-Guo Zhou

Download or read book The Role of ncRNAs in Solid Tumors Prognosis: From Laboratory To Clinical Utility written by Jian-Guo Zhou and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-23 with total page 599 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Brain Neurotrauma

Author : Firas H. Kobeissy
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466565993
Total Pages : 718 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)

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Book Synopsis Brain Neurotrauma by : Firas H. Kobeissy

Download or read book Brain Neurotrauma written by Firas H. Kobeissy and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-02-25 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the contribution from more than one hundred CNS neurotrauma experts, this book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account on the latest developments in the area of neurotrauma including biomarker studies, experimental models, diagnostic methods, and neurotherapeutic intervention strategies in brain injury research. It discusses neurotrauma mechanisms, biomarker discovery, and neurocognitive and neurobehavioral deficits. Also included are medical interventions and recent neurotherapeutics used in the area of brain injury that have been translated to the area of rehabilitation research. In addition, a section is devoted to models of milder CNS injury, including sports injuries.

Biomarkers and Immunotherapy of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Cancers

Author : Yunfei Xu
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832540376
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomarkers and Immunotherapy of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Cancers by : Yunfei Xu

Download or read book Biomarkers and Immunotherapy of Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Cancers written by Yunfei Xu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2024-02-29 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancers, mainly including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, are highly aggressive malignancies with few treatment options and poor prognoses. Effects of the traditional systemic treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, are quite limited to hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancers. For the patients who suffer from hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancer and lose the opportunity of radical surgery, few targeted drugs are available. Even for the drugs in clinical trial, potential drug targets and prognostic biomarkers for hepatic-biliary-pancreatic cancer are less studied compared to other common cancers such as lung cancer. Prognostic biomarker study is the initiation to explore new drug targets and revelation of the underlying mechanisms of tumor progression.

Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology

Author : Yi-Wei Tang
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319951114
Total Pages : 760 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology by : Yi-Wei Tang

Download or read book Advanced Techniques in Diagnostic Microbiology written by Yi-Wei Tang and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-09 with total page 760 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, advanced molecular techniques in diagnostic microbiology have been revolutionizing the practice of clinical microbiology in the hospital setting. Molecular diagnostic testing in general and nucleic acid-based amplification methods in particular have been heralded as diagnostic tools for the new millennium. This third edition covers not only the most recent updates and advances, but details newly invented omic techniques, such as next generation sequencing. It is divided into two distinct volumes, with Volume 1 describing the techniques, and Volume 2 addressing their applications in the field. In addition, both volumes focus more so on the clinical relevance of the test results generated by these techniques than previous editions.

Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases

Author : Junjie Xiao
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811043973
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases by : Junjie Xiao

Download or read book Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases written by Junjie Xiao and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-09-19 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides and intensive overview on exosomes in cardiovascular diseases, its potential as biomarkers, as well as pathological and therapeutic effects. It firstly describes the general aspects of exosomes including the definition, formation and secretion of exosomes and highlight their roles as biomarkers and pathological and therapeutic effects in cardiovascular diseases as well. Secondly, basic aspects of exosomes including the purification methods of exosomes, exosomes content, and functional roles of the cardiovascular exosomes are summarized. Thirdly, exosomes as biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases are overviewed including their roles in diagnosis, prognosis and reaction to therapy. Fourthly, pathological effects of exosomes and therapeutic effects of exosomes are highlighted. Finally, future prospects of exosomes in cardiovascular research would be provided. This is an essential reference for researchers working in cell biology and regeneration, as well as clinicians such as cardiologist.