The New Ecology

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The New Ecology

Author : Oswald J. Schmitz
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691182825
Total Pages : 252 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Ecology by : Oswald J. Schmitz

Download or read book The New Ecology written by Oswald J. Schmitz and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-12-18 with total page 252 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Our species has transitioned from being one among millions on Earth to the species that is single-handedly transforming the entire planet to suit its own needs. In order to meet the daunting challenges of environmental sustainability in this epoch of human domination--known as the Anthropocene--ecologists have begun to think differently about the interdependencies between humans and the natural world. This concise and accessible book provides the best available introduction to what this new ecology is all about--and why it matters more than ever before. Oswald Schmitz describes how the science of ecology is evolving to provide a better understanding of how human agency is shaping the natural world, often in never-before-seen ways. The new ecology emphasizes the importance of conserving species diversity, because it can offer a portfolio of options to keep our ecosystems resilient in the face of environmental change. It envisions humans taking on new roles as thoughtful stewards of the environment to ensure that ecosystems have the enduring capacity to supply the environmental services on which our economic well-being--and our very existence--depend. It offers the ecological know-how to maintain and enhance our planet's environmental performance and ecosystem production for the benefit of current and future generations. Informative and engaging, The New Ecology shows how today's ecology can provide the insights we need to appreciate the crucial role we play in this era of unprecedented global environmental transition. -- Provided by publisher.

A New Ecology

Author : Sven Erik Jørgensen
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 9780080497396
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (973 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Ecology by : Sven Erik Jørgensen

Download or read book A New Ecology written by Sven Erik Jørgensen and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-08-30 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A New Ecology presents an ecosystem theory based on the following ecosystem properties: physical openness, ontic openness, directionality, connectivity, a complex dynamic for growth and development, and a complex dynamic response to disturbances. Each of these properties is developed in detail to show that these basic and characteristic properties can be applied to explain a wide spectrum of ecological obsevations and convections. It is also shown that the properties have application for environmental management and for assessment of ecosystem health. * Demonstrates an ecosystem theory that can be applied to explain ecological observations and rules * Presents an ecosystem theory based upon a systems approach * Discusses an ecosystem theory that is based on a few basic properties that are characteristic for ecosystmes

The New Ecology of Leadership

Author : David K. Hurst
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231159714
Total Pages : 364 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (311 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Ecology of Leadership by : David K. Hurst

Download or read book The New Ecology of Leadership written by David K. Hurst and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2014-10-07 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: David Hurst has a unique knowledge of organizationsÑtheir function and their failureÑboth in theory and in practice. He has spent twenty-five years as an operating manager, often in crises and turnaround conditions, and is also a widely experienced consultant, teacher, and writer on business. This book is his innovative integration of management practice and theory, using a systems perspective and analogies drawn from nature to illustrate groundbreaking ideas and their practical application. It is designed for readers unfamiliar with sophisticated management concepts and for active practitioners seeking to advance their management and leadership skills. HurstÕs objective is to help readers make meaning from their own management experience and education, and to encourage improvement in their practical judgment and wisdom. His approach takes an expansive view of organizations, connecting their development to humankindÕs evolutionary heritage and cultural history. It locates the origins of organizations in communities of trust and follows their development and maturation. He also crucially tracks the decline of organizations as they age and shows how their strengths become weaknesses in changing circumstances. HurstÕs core argument is that the human mind is rational in an ecological, rather than a logical, sense. In other words, it has evolved to extract cues to action from the specific situations in which it finds itself. Therefore contexts matter, and Hurst shows how passion, reason, and power can be used to change and sustain organizations for good and ill. The result is an inspirational synthesis of management theory and practice that will resonate with every readerÕs experience.

Religion and the New Ecology

Author : David M. Lodge
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 358 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion and the New Ecology by : David M. Lodge

Download or read book Religion and the New Ecology written by David M. Lodge and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 358 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many years, ecologists and the environmentalists who looked to ecology for authority depicted a dichotomy between a pristine, stable nature and disruptive human activity. Most contemporary ecologists, however, conceive of nature as undergoing continual change and find that "flux of nature" is a more accurate and fruitful metaphor than "balance of nature." The contributors to this volume address how this new paradigm fits into the broader history of ecological science and the cultural history of the West and, in particular, how environmental ethics and ecotheology should respond to it. Their discussions ask us to reconsider the intellectual foundations on which theories of human responsibility to nature are built. The provisional answer that develops throughout the book is to reintegrate scientific understanding of nature and human values, two realms of thought severed by intellectual and cultural forces during the last two centuries. Religious reflection and practice point the way toward a new humility in making the tough decisions and trade-offs that will always characterize environmental management. "Ecology has experienced a major paradigm shift over the last half of the twentieth century. This shift requires major rethinking of the relation of religion and environmental ethics to ecology because our scientific understanding of the nature side of that relationship has changed. This book is the first, to my knowledge, that is meeting this challenge head on and it is doing so in an exemplary way." --J. Baird Callicott, University of North Texas

The Ecology Book

Author : Jean Lightner
Publisher : New Leaf Publishing Group
ISBN 13 : 161458317X
Total Pages : 93 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ecology Book by : Jean Lightner

Download or read book The Ecology Book written by Jean Lightner and published by New Leaf Publishing Group. This book was released on 2013-04-15 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Study the relationship between living organisms and our place in God's wondrous creation! Learn important words and concepts from different habitats around the world to mutual symbiosis as a product of the relational character of God. Designed with a multi-age level format especially for homeschool educational programs. Examine influential Scientists and their work, more fully understand practical aspects of stewardship, and investigate ecological connections in creation! The best-selling Wonders of Creation series adds a new biology-focused title that unveils the intricate nature of God's world and the harmony that was broken by sin. This educational resource is color-coded with three educational levels in mind: 5th to 6th grades, 7th to 8th grades, and 9th through 11th grades, which can be utilized for the classroom, independent study, or homeschool setting. Whether used as part of our newly developed science curriculum or simply as a unique unit study, the book includes full-color photos, informative illustrations, and meaningful descriptions. The text encourages an understanding of a world designed, not as a series of random evolutionary accidents, but instead as a wondrous, well-designed system of life around the globe created to enrich and support one another.

The New Wild

Author : Fred Pearce
Publisher : Beacon Press
ISBN 13 : 0807039551
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Wild by : Fred Pearce

Download or read book The New Wild written by Fred Pearce and published by Beacon Press. This book was released on 2016-04-05 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Named one of the best books of 2015 by The Economist A provocative exploration of the “new ecology” and why most of what we think we know about alien species is wrong For a long time, veteran environmental journalist Fred Pearce thought in stark terms about invasive species: they were the evil interlopers spoiling pristine “natural” ecosystems. Most conservationists and environmentalists share this view. But what if the traditional view of ecology is wrong—what if true environmentalists should be applauding the invaders? In The New Wild, Pearce goes on a journey across six continents to rediscover what conservation in the twenty-first century should be about. Pearce explores ecosystems from remote Pacific islands to the United Kingdom, from San Francisco Bay to the Great Lakes, as he digs into questionable estimates of the cost of invader species and reveals the outdated intellectual sources of our ideas about the balance of nature. Pearce acknowledges that there are horror stories about alien species disrupting ecosystems, but most of the time, the tens of thousands of introduced species usually swiftly die out or settle down and become model eco-citizens. The case for keeping out alien species, he finds, looks increasingly flawed. As Pearce argues, mainstream environmentalists are right that we need a rewilding of the earth, but they are wrong if they imagine that we can achieve that by reengineering ecosystems. Humans have changed the planet too much, and nature never goes backward. But a growing group of scientists is taking a fresh look at how species interact in the wild. According to these new ecologists, we should applaud the dynamism of alien species and the novel ecosystems they create. In an era of climate change and widespread ecological damage, it is absolutely crucial that we find ways to help nature regenerate. Embracing the new ecology, Pearce shows us, is our best chance. To be an environmentalist in the twenty-first century means celebrating nature’s wildness and capacity for change.

General Ecology

Author : Erich Hörl
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1350014710
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis General Ecology by : Erich Hörl

Download or read book General Ecology written by Erich Hörl and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2017-05-04 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecology has become one of the most urgent and lively fields in both the humanities and sciences. In a dramatic widening of scope beyond its original concern with the coexistence of living organisms within a natural environment, it is now recognized that there are ecologies of mind, information, sensation, perception, power, participation, media, behavior, belonging, values, the social, the political... a thousand ecologies. This proliferation is not simply a metaphorical extension of the figurative potential of natural ecology: rather, it reflects the thoroughgoing imbrication of natural and technological elements in the constitution of the contemporary environments we inhabit, the rise of a cybernetic natural state, with its corresponding mode of power. Hence this ecology of ecologies initiates and demands that we go beyond the specificity of any particular ecology: a general thinking of ecology which may also constitute an ecological transformation of thought itself is required. In this ambitious and radical new volume of writings, some of the most exciting contemporary thinkers in the field take on the task of revealing and theorizing the extent of the ecologization of existence as the effect of our contemporary sociotechnological condition: together, they bring out the complexity and urgency of the challenge of ecological thought-one we cannot avoid if we want to ask and indeed have a chance of affecting what forms of life, agency, modes of existence, human or otherwise, will participate-and how-in this planet's future.

The Ecology Book

Author : DK
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 1465488421
Total Pages : 704 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (654 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ecology Book by : DK

Download or read book The Ecology Book written by DK and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2019-04-02 with total page 704 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn about species, environments, ecosystems and biodiversity in The Ecology Book. Part of the fascinating Big Ideas series, this book tackles tricky topics and themes in a simple and easy to follow format. Learn about Ecology in this overview guide to the subject, great for novices looking to find out more and experts wishing to refresh their knowledge alike! The Ecology Book brings a fresh and vibrant take on the topic through eye-catching graphics and diagrams to immerse yourself in. This captivating book will broaden your understanding of Ecology, with: - More than 90 of the greatest ideas in ecology - Packed with facts, charts, timelines and graphs to help explain core concepts - A visual approach to big subjects with striking illustrations and graphics throughout - Easy to follow text makes topics accessible for people at any level of understanding The Ecology Book is a captivating introduction to what’s happening on our planet with the environment and climate change, aimed at adults with an interest in the subject and students wanting to gain more of an overview. Here you’ll discover more than 90 of the greatest ideas when it comes to understanding the living world and how it works, through exciting text and bold graphics. Your Ecological Questions, Simply Explained How do species interact with each other and their environment? How do ecosystems change? What is biodiversity and can we afford to damage it? This fresh new guide looks at our influence on the planet as it grows, and answers these profound questions. If you thought it was difficult to learn about this field of science, The Ecology Book presents the information in a clear layout. Learn the key theories, movements, and events in biology, geology, geography, and environmentalism from the ideas of classical thinkers in this comprehensive guide. The Big Ideas Series With millions of copies sold worldwide, The Ecology Book is part of the award-winning Big Ideas series from DK. The series uses striking graphics along with engaging writing, making big topics easy to understand.

Discordant Harmonies

Author : Daniel B. Botkin
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Discordant Harmonies by : Daniel B. Botkin

Download or read book Discordant Harmonies written by Daniel B. Botkin and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 1990 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Global warming, acid rain, the depletion of forests, the polluting of the atmosphere and the oceans--Botkin (biology and environmental studies, U. of California, Santa Barbara) argues that our ability to solve these problems is limited not by our scientific knowledge, but by the myths and metaphors that shape our perception of the natural world. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Restoration Ecology

Author : Jelte van Andel
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118223152
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Restoration Ecology by : Jelte van Andel

Download or read book Restoration Ecology written by Jelte van Andel and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-04-12 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Enlarged, enhanced and internationalized edition of the first restoration ecology textbook to be published, with foreword by Dr. Steven Whisnant of Texas A&M University and Chair of the Society of Ecological Restoration. Since 2006, when the first edition of this book appeared, major advances have taken place in restoration science and in the practice of ecological restoration. Both are now accepted as key components of the increasingly urgent search for sustainability at global, national, and community levels – hence the phrase 'New Frontier' in the title. While the first edition focused on ecosystems and landscapes in Europe, this new edition covers biomes and contexts all over the world. Several new chapters deal with broad issues such as biological invasions, climate change, and agricultural land abandonment as they relate to restoration science and ecological restoration. Case studies are included from Australia, North America, and the tropics. This is an accessible textbook for senior undergraduate and graduate level students, and early career scientists. The book also provides a solid scientific background for managers, volunteers, and mid-career professionals involved in the practice of ecological restoration. Review of the first edition: "I suspect that this volume will find its way onto the shelves of many restoration researchers and practitioners and will be used as a key text in graduate courses, where it will help fill a large void. My own copy is already heavily bookmarked, and will be a constant source of research ideas and lecture material." (Environmental Conservation) Companion Website: A companion website with downloadable figures is available at www.wiley.com/go/vanandel/restorationecology

A New Ecological Order

Author : Stefan Dorondel
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Press
ISBN 13 : 0822988844
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis A New Ecological Order by : Stefan Dorondel

Download or read book A New Ecological Order written by Stefan Dorondel and published by University of Pittsburgh Press. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rise of industrial capitalism in the nineteenth century forged a new ecological order in North American and Western European states, radically transforming the environment through science and technology in the name of human progress. Far less known are the dramatic environmental changes experienced by Eastern Europe, in many ways a terra incognita for environmental historians and anthropologists. A New Ecological Order explores, from a historical and ethnographic perspective, the role of state planners, bureaucrats, and experts—engineers, agricultural engineers, geographers, biologists, foresters, and architects—as agents of change in the natural world of Eastern Europe from 1870 to the early twenty-first century. Contributors consider territories engulfed by empires, from the Habsburg to the Ottoman to tsarist Russia; territories belonging to disintegrating empires; and countries in the Balkan Peninsula, Central and Eastern Europe, and Eurasia. Together, they follow a rhetoric of “correcting nature,” a desire to exploit the natural environment and put its resources to work for the sake of developing the economies and infrastructures of modern states. They reveal an eagerness among newly established nation-states, after centuries of imperial economic and political impositions, to import scientific knowledge and new technologies from Western Europe that would aid in their economic development, and how those imports and ideas about nature ultimately shaped local projects and policies.

Curiosity Studies

Author : Perry Zurn
Publisher : U of Minnesota Press
ISBN 13 : 1452963622
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Curiosity Studies by : Perry Zurn

Download or read book Curiosity Studies written by Perry Zurn and published by U of Minnesota Press. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first English-language collection to establish curiosity studies as a unique field From science and technology to business and education, curiosity is often taken for granted as an unquestioned good. And yet, few people can define curiosity. Curiosity Studies marshals scholars from more than a dozen fields not only to define curiosity but also to grapple with its ethics as well as its role in technological advancement and global citizenship. While intriguing research on curiosity has occurred in numerous disciplines for decades, no rigorously cross-disciplinary study has existed—until now. Curiosity Studies stages an interdisciplinary conversation about what curiosity is and what resources it holds for human and ecological flourishing. These engaging essays are integrated into four clusters: scientific inquiry, educational practice, social relations, and transformative power. By exploring curiosity through the practice of scientific inquiry, the contours of human learning, the stakes of social difference, and the potential of radical imagination, these clusters focus and reinvigorate the study of this universal but slippery phenomenon: the desire to know. Against the assumption that curiosity is neutral, this volume insists that curiosity has a history and a political import and requires precision to define and operationalize. As various fields deepen its analysis, a new ecosystem for knowledge production can flourish, driven by real-world problems and a commitment to solve them in collaboration. By paying particular attention to pedagogy throughout, Curiosity Studies equips us to live critically and creatively in what might be called our new Age of Curiosity. Contributors: Danielle S. Bassett, U of Pennsylvania; Barbara M. Benedict, Trinity College; Susan Engel, Williams College; Ellen K. Feder, American U; Kristina T. Johnson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Narendra Keval; Christina León, Princeton U; Tyson Lewis, U of North Texas; Amy Marvin, U of Oregon; Hilary M. Schor, U of Southern California; Seeta Sistla, Hampshire College; Heather Anne Swanson, Aarhus U.

Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation

Author : Oswald J. Schmitz
Publisher : Island Press
ISBN 13 : 9781597265980
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (659 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation by : Oswald J. Schmitz

Download or read book Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation written by Oswald J. Schmitz and published by Island Press. This book was released on 2013-03-19 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Meeting today’s environmental challenges requires a new way of thinking about the intricate dependencies between humans and nature. Ecology and Ecosystem Conservation provides students and other readers with a basic understanding of the fundamental principles of ecological science and their applications, offering an essential overview of the way ecology can be used to devise strategies to conserve the health and functioning of ecosystems. The book begins by exploring the need for ecological science in understanding current environmental issues and briefly discussing what ecology is and isn’t. Subsequent chapters address critical issues in conservation and show how ecological science can be applied to them. The book explores questions such as: • What is the role of ecological science in decision making? • What factors govern the assembly of ecosystems and determine their response to various stressors? • How does Earth’s climate system function and determine the distribution of life on Earth? • What factors control the size of populations? • How does fragmentation of the landscape affect the persistence of species on the landscape? • How does biological diversity influence ecosystem processes? The book closes with a final chapter that addresses the need not only to understand ecological science, but to put that science into an ecosystem conservation ethics perspective.

The New Ecological Order

Author : Luc Ferry
Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 0226244830
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (262 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Ecological Order by : Luc Ferry

Download or read book The New Ecological Order written by Luc Ferry and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 1995-08-15 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is ecology in the process of becoming the object of our contemporary passions, in the same way that Fascism was in the 30s, or Communism under Stalin? In The New Ecological Order, Luc Ferry offers a penetrating critique of the ideological root of the "Deep Ecology" movement spreading throughout the United States, Germany, and France. Traditional ecological movements, or "democratic ecology," seek to protect the environment of human societies; they are pragmatic and reformist. But another movement has become the refuge both of nostalgic counterrevolutionaries and of leftist illusions. This is "deep ecology." Its followers go beyond practical critique of human greed and waste: they call into question the very possibility of human coexistence with nature. Ferry launches his critique by examining early European legal cases concerning the status and rights of animals, including a few notorious cases where animals were brought to trial, found guilty, and publicly hanged. He then demonstrates that German Romanticism embraced certain key ideas of the deep ecology movement concerning the protection of animals and the environment. Later adopted by the Nazis, many of these ideas point to a profoundly antihumanistic component of deep ecology that is compatible with totalitarianism. Ferry shows how deep ecology casts aside all the gains of human autonomy since the Enlightenment. Far from denying our "duty in relation to nature," The New Ecological Order offers a bracing caution - against the dangers of environmental claims and, more important, against the threat to democracy contained in the deep ecology doctrine when pushed to its extreme.

Cities in the Anthropocene

Author : Ihnji Jon
Publisher : Pluto Press (UK)
ISBN 13 : 9780745341507
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (415 download)

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Book Synopsis Cities in the Anthropocene by : Ihnji Jon

Download or read book Cities in the Anthropocene written by Ihnji Jon and published by Pluto Press (UK). This book was released on 2021-07-20 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From Australia to North America, we need to rethink how our cities resist environmental change in the age of climate catastrophe.

The Ecological World View

Author : Charles Krebs
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 9780520254794
Total Pages : 596 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (547 download)

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Book Synopsis The Ecological World View by : Charles Krebs

Download or read book The Ecological World View written by Charles Krebs and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2008-04-02 with total page 596 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Filled with many examples of topic issues and current events, this book develops a basic understanding of how the natural world works and of how humans interact with the planet's natural ecosystems. It covers the history of ecology and describes the general approaches of the scientific method, then takes a look at basic principles of population dynamics and applies them to everyday practical problems.

Ecology

Author : Michael Begon
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119279372
Total Pages : 864 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Ecology by : Michael Begon

Download or read book Ecology written by Michael Begon and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-11-11 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A definitive guide to the depth and breadth of the ecological sciences, revised and updated The revised and updated fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems – now in full colour – offers students and practitioners a review of the ecological sciences. The previous editions of this book earned the authors the prestigious ‘Exceptional Life-time Achievement Award’ of the British Ecological Society – the aim for the fifth edition is not only to maintain standards but indeed to enhance its coverage of Ecology. In the first edition, 34 years ago, it seemed acceptable for ecologists to hold a comfortable, objective, not to say aloof position, from which the ecological communities around us were simply material for which we sought a scientific understanding. Now, we must accept the immediacy of the many environmental problems that threaten us and the responsibility of ecologists to play their full part in addressing these problems. This fifth edition addresses this challenge, with several chapters devoted entirely to applied topics, and examples of how ecological principles have been applied to problems facing us highlighted throughout the remaining nineteen chapters. Nonetheless, the authors remain wedded to the belief that environmental action can only ever be as sound as the ecological principles on which it is based. Hence, while trying harder than ever to help improve preparedness for addressing the environmental problems of the years ahead, the book remains, in its essence, an exposition of the science of ecology. This new edition incorporates the results from more than a thousand recent studies into a fully up-to-date text. Written for students of ecology, researchers and practitioners, the fifth edition of Ecology: From Individuals to Ecosystems is anessential reference to all aspects of ecology and addresses environmental problems of the future.