The Nature of Being Human

Download The Nature of Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 0801895359
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Being Human by : Harold Fromm

Download or read book The Nature of Being Human written by Harold Fromm and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2009-05-04 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Essays exploring humanity’s connection with the environment. Although the physical relationship between the natural world and individuals is quantifiable, the psychosocial effect of the former on the latter is often less tangible. What, for instance, is the connection between the environment in which we live and our creativity? How is our consciousness bounded and delimited by our materiality? And from whence does our idea of self and our belief in free will derive and when do our surroundings challenge these basic assumptions? Eco-critic Harold Fromm’s challenging exploration of these and related questions twines his own physical experiences and observations with insights gathered from both the humanities and the sciences. Writing broadly and personally, Fromm explores our views of nature and how we write about it. He ties together ecology, evolutionary psychology, and consciousness studies to show that our perceived separation from our surroundings is an illusory construct. He argues for a naturalistic vision of creativity, free will, and the literary arts unimpeded by common academic and professional restraints. At each point of this intellectual journey, Fromm is honest, engaging, and unsparing. Philosophical, critical, often personal, Fromm’s sweeping, interdisciplinary, and sometimes combative essays will change the way you think about your place in the environment. “How rare it is that a work of philosophical inquiry is written with the passion of a cri de coeur, but Harold Fromm’s brilliantly conceived The Nature of Being Human resonates with such uncanny depths. Here is an utterly engrossing first-person account of a harrowing pilgrimage into the 21st century and its disturbing revelations about humankind’s truest nature, in contrast to the comforting solicitudes of a “humanist” past. If the role of the philosopher is to force us to think, Harold Fromm is a born philosopher.” —Joyce Carol Oates “Fromm, an erudite, prolific author of numerous works ranging from ecocritical commentary to self-reflective discourses, presents a compilation of essays that illuminate his views regarding why most Americans seem oblivious to the destruction of their environment.” —Choice “Fromm’s journey from victim, to campaigner, to pioneer of eco-criticism (that is, the study of literature from an ecological viewpoint) is documented here, alongside challenging analyses of man’s place in nature, free will, our relationship with technology and more. Scholarly but engaging, Fromm is an environmentalist, but also a realist.” —Organic Gardener

Being Human

Download Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IVP Academic
ISBN 13 : 9780830815029
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (15 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Human by : Ranald Macaulay

Download or read book Being Human written by Ranald Macaulay and published by IVP Academic. This book was released on 1998-08-20 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Who is right about what it means to be human? The Greeks envisioned an ideal humanity. Their ethereal sculptures depict a transcendent, spiritual model. But today many scientists view human beings as mere machines. And some believe we will be able to make machines with human-like intelligence in the near future. The biblical view of humanity is different from both of these. For the writers of Scripture, to be human is to be in the image of God. Guided by this view, Ranald Macaulay and Jerram Barrs discuss the nature of spiritual experience. As the pursuit of true spirituality takes us away from sinfulness, it moves us closer to what God intended us to be. When we are truly spiritual, we are fully human. Macauley and Barrs begin by stressing the centrality of Christ. Then they distinguish between self and the sinfulness of self, argue for using our minds in spiritual matters, and illuminate the many ways God guides us. Their chapter on the family discusses the vexed issue of authority. And they conclude with a look at the evidence, judgment, hope, joy and reward of faith. In short, this book, now back in print due to ongoing demand, presents an integrated model for what human beings really are.

The Nature of Human Persons

Download The Nature of Human Persons PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : University of Notre Dame Pess
ISBN 13 : 0268107750
Total Pages : 545 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (681 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Human Persons by : Jason T. Eberl

Download or read book The Nature of Human Persons written by Jason T. Eberl and published by University of Notre Dame Pess. This book was released on 2020-06-25 with total page 545 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Is there a shared nature common to all human beings? What essential qualities might define this nature? These questions are among the most widely discussed topics in the history of philosophy and remain subjects of perennial interest and controversy. The Nature of Human Persons offers a metaphysical investigation of the composition of the human essence. For a human being to exist, does it require an immaterial mind, a physical body, a functioning brain, a soul? Jason Eberl also considers the criterion of identity for a developing human being—that is, what is required for a human being to continue existing as a person despite undergoing physical and psychological changes over time? Eberl's investigation presents and defends a theoretical perspective from the thirteenth-century philosopher and theologian Thomas Aquinas. Advancing beyond descriptive historical analysis, this book places Aquinas’s account of human nature into direct comparison with several prominent contemporary theories: substance dualism, emergentism, animalism, constitutionalism, four-dimensionalism, and embodied mind theory. These theories inform various conclusions regarding when human beings first come into existence—at conception, during gestation, or after birth—and how we ought to define death for human beings. Finally, each of these viewpoints offers a distinctive rationale as to whether, and if so how, human beings may survive death. Ultimately, Eberl argues that the Thomistic account of human nature addresses the matters of human nature and survival in a much more holistic and desirable way than the other theories and offers a cohesive portrait of one’s continued existence from conception through life to death and beyond.

Exploring Human Nature

Download Exploring Human Nature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789088905582
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Exploring Human Nature by : Jana Lemke

Download or read book Exploring Human Nature written by Jana Lemke and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This work presents a reflexive mixed methods study of young adults' experiences of solo time in the wilderness and the impact on these individuals' attitudes and values in the face of global change.

Being Human

Download Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429619766
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (296 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Human by : Richard Gross

Download or read book Being Human written by Richard Gross and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-03-20 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While there may be no one single characteristic that differentiates humans as a species, it is the combination of differences from other species that makes us unique. The new edition of Being Human examines the psychology of being human through exploring different psychological traditions alongside philosophy and evolutionary theory, covering themes such as culture, cognition, language, morality, and society. Our nature – or ‘essence’ – is something that has preoccupied human beings throughout our history, beginning with philosophy and religion, and continuing through the biological, social, and psychological sciences. Being Human begins by describing some of the major philosophical accounts of human nature, from Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, to major British and Continental philosophers, such as Locke and Nietzsche. The book considers religious accounts of human nature, with their focus on the nature of good and evil, and scientific accounts of genetics and the brain, which underpin the distinctively human cognitive ability of language. Attention then turns to the ideas of the behaviourists, such as Skinner, Freud, and other psychodynamic psychologists, and humanistic-phenomenological psychologists, such as Maslow. Finally, human culture is discussed as the ultimate defining characteristic of human beings: culture represents our ‘natural habitat’ and what defines us as a species. This updated second edition includes increased coverage of social psychology and has a broader scope, in order to identify the defining characteristics of human beings. With reference to current psychological research and philosophical material, this is fascinating reading for students of psychology, philosophy, and the social sciences.

The Laws of Human Nature

Download The Laws of Human Nature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Penguin
ISBN 13 : 0698184548
Total Pages : 626 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (981 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Laws of Human Nature by : Robert Greene

Download or read book The Laws of Human Nature written by Robert Greene and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2018-10-23 with total page 626 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the #1 New York Times-bestselling author of The 48 Laws of Power comes the definitive new book on decoding the behavior of the people around you Robert Greene is a master guide for millions of readers, distilling ancient wisdom and philosophy into essential texts for seekers of power, understanding and mastery. Now he turns to the most important subject of all - understanding people's drives and motivations, even when they are unconscious of them themselves. We are social animals. Our very lives depend on our relationships with people. Knowing why people do what they do is the most important tool we can possess, without which our other talents can only take us so far. Drawing from the ideas and examples of Pericles, Queen Elizabeth I, Martin Luther King Jr, and many others, Greene teaches us how to detach ourselves from our own emotions and master self-control, how to develop the empathy that leads to insight, how to look behind people's masks, and how to resist conformity to develop your singular sense of purpose. Whether at work, in relationships, or in shaping the world around you, The Laws of Human Nature offers brilliant tactics for success, self-improvement, and self-defense.

Being Salmon, Being Human

Download Being Salmon, Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Chelsea Green Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1603587462
Total Pages : 368 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (35 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Salmon, Being Human by : Martin Lee Mueller

Download or read book Being Salmon, Being Human written by Martin Lee Mueller and published by Chelsea Green Publishing. This book was released on 2017-10-24 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nautilus Award Silver Medal Winner, Ecology & Environment In search of a new story for our place on earth Being Salmon, Being Human examines Western culture’s tragic alienation from nature by focusing on the relationship between people and salmon—weaving together key narratives about the Norwegian salmon industry as well as wild salmon in indigenous cultures of the Pacific Northwest. Mueller uses this lens to articulate a comprehensive critique of human exceptionalism, directly challenging the four-hundred-year-old notion that other animals are nothing but complicated machines without rich inner lives and that Earth is a passive backdrop to human experience. Being fully human, he argues, means experiencing the intersection of our horizon of understanding with that of other animals. Salmon are the test case for this. Mueller experiments, in evocative narrative passages, with imagining the world as a salmon might see it, and considering how this enriches our understanding of humanity in the process. Being Salmon, Being Human is both a philosophical and a narrative work, rewarding readers with insightful interpretations of major philosophers—Descartes, Heidegger, Abram, and many more—and reflections on the human–Earth relationship. It stands alongside Abram’s Spell of the Sensuous and Becoming Animal, as well as Andreas Weber’s The Biology of Wonder and Matter and Desire—heralding a new “Copernican revolution” in the fields of biology, ecology, and philosophy.

Being Human

Download Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134657587
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (346 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Human by : Richard Gross

Download or read book Being Human written by Richard Gross and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Richard Gross turns his expert eye to the psychology of human nature in a contemplative account encompassing cognition, consciousness, language, time perception, sense of mortality and human society. This book will help you to consider the unique aspects of being human and to understand the biological underpinnings for the intriguing and distinct behaviours and experiences common to human beings. The book is enhanced throughout by: - its logical arrangement of topics, with key questions, issues for additional focus and reflection points highlighted throughout - useful chapter introductions and summaries to provide clarity and insight - diagrams to help explain difficult concepts - detailed selection of references and useful sources including works from the fields of psychology, philosophy, religion and literature This book is essential reading for students of psychology and related disciplines as well as general readers seeking insights into one of the most enduring questions to have faced humankind throughout history.

On Being Human

Download On Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300217366
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Being Human by : Jerome Kagan

Download or read book On Being Human written by Jerome Kagan and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2016-01-01 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Kagan ponders a series of important nodes of debate while challenging us to examine what we know and why we know it. Most critically he presents an elegant argument for functions of mind that cannot be replaced with sentences about brains while acknowledging that mind emerges from brain activity. He relies on the evidence to argue that thoughts and emotions are distinct from their biological and genetic bases. In separate chapters he deals with the meaning of words, kinds of knowing, the powerful influence of social class, the functions of education, emotion, morality, and other issues. And without fail he sheds light on these ideas while remaining honest to their complexity." -- Publisher's description.

The Beauty of Being Human

Download The Beauty of Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Xlibris Corporation
ISBN 13 : 1664132473
Total Pages : 263 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (641 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Beauty of Being Human by : Nirander Safaya Ph. D.

Download or read book The Beauty of Being Human written by Nirander Safaya Ph. D. and published by Xlibris Corporation. This book was released on 2020-10-31 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this collection of 200 poems, written after retirement from a brilliant scientific career, author Nirander Safaya takes us on a panoramic journey of self-discovery. Collectively, these poems focus on: what it means to be Human. Attachment to life, desire to love and be loved, thirst for knowing, and consciousness are the hall marks of human nature. Dr. Safaya’s poetry portrays the beauty and the challenges of these human gifts and aspirations. The Beauty of Being Human shows how our lives can become truly beautiful and fulfilled by a conscious understanding of the gifts we Sapiens possess. The book is thematically divided into 3 parts: Part I has 70 poems on Life & Living, Part II has 68 poems on Love & Passion, and Part III has 62 poems on Light & Consciousness. By presenting the poems in a sequential order, the poet is taking the serious reader through a gradual unfolding of his aesthetic and philosophical vision of the pragmatic, romantic, and spiritual aspirations of human heart and soul. It also provides a casual poetry lover the freedom to read these poems randomly and enjoy their message and beauty. “Dazzling” and uplifting, the poetry of Nirander Safaya provides “surprising imagery...to uncommon and timeless effect”. The joys and sorrows of life and the saving grace of light and consciousness are the topics and the “sensory delight” of this book.

On Human Nature

Download On Human Nature PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691183031
Total Pages : 159 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (911 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis On Human Nature by : Roger Scruton

Download or read book On Human Nature written by Roger Scruton and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2018-10-16 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A brief, radical defense of human uniqueness from acclaimed philosopher Roger Scruton In this short book, acclaimed writer and philosopher Roger Scruton presents an original and radical defense of human uniqueness. Confronting the views of evolutionary psychologists, utilitarian moralists, and philosophical materialists such as Richard Dawkins and Daniel Dennett, Scruton argues that human beings cannot be understood simply as biological objects. We are not only human animals; we are also persons, in essential relation with other persons, and bound to them by obligations and rights. Scruton develops and defends his account of human nature by ranging widely across intellectual history, from Plato and Averroës to Darwin and Wittgenstein. The book begins with Kant’s suggestion that we are distinguished by our ability to say “I”—by our sense of ourselves as the centers of self-conscious reflection. This fact is manifested in our emotions, interests, and relations. It is the foundation of the moral sense, as well as of the aesthetic and religious conceptions through which we shape the human world and endow it with meaning. And it lies outside the scope of modern materialist philosophy, even though it is a natural and not a supernatural fact. Ultimately, Scruton offers a new way of understanding how self-consciousness affects the question of how we should live. The result is a rich view of human nature that challenges some of today’s most fashionable ideas about our species.

Being Human

Download Being Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780615870274
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (72 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Human by : Amy Johnson

Download or read book Being Human written by Amy Johnson and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Controlling People

Download Controlling People PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781922117649
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Controlling People by : Richard S. Marken

Download or read book Controlling People written by Richard S. Marken and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "We need to strive for a world where people control what is important to themselves while minimizing the controlling of others." We are all controlling people. In fact our feelings of wellbeing depend on staying in control. Just as when we drive a car, we must stay in control in everyday life in order to keep the things we care about going in the right direction. Yet this natural controlling behavior is sometimes the very reason we end up losing control. This happens when we try to control other people as well as when we try to control ourselves. So how do we do better? Based on Perceptual Control Theory (PCT), this entertaining and enlightening book by psychologists Richard S. Marken and Timothy A. Carey explores the paradox of why we often lose control by trying to be in control and why our controlling nature makes it difficult to stop this self-defeating behavior. They show that understanding PCT opens the window to understanding and learning about ourselves as controlling people and equips us to lead more effective and satisfying lives.

Being Human: An Entheological Guide to God, Evolution and the Fractal Energetic Nature of Reality

Download Being Human: An Entheological Guide to God, Evolution and the Fractal Energetic Nature of Reality PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 0615328032
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (153 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Being Human: An Entheological Guide to God, Evolution and the Fractal Energetic Nature of Reality by : Martin W. Ball

Download or read book Being Human: An Entheological Guide to God, Evolution and the Fractal Energetic Nature of Reality written by Martin W. Ball and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2018-04-26 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Being Human is the extraordinary new book that articulates a grand unified vision of reality through the Entheological Paradigm. Skillfully avoiding all speculation and metaphysics, Martin W. Ball, Ph.D., presents a concise explanation for the fundamental nature of reality as the fractal expression of a Unitary Energy Being (God). Ball explores how intentional work with entheogens, such as 5-MeO-DMT, gives individuals direct access to their immediate energetic natures. Through such practices, individuals can liberate themselves from the restrictive confines of their illusion-bound egos and embrace their personalities and bodies as direct expressions of God in physical and conscious form. Radical in its implications, stunning for its simplicity, Being Human is humanity's long-awaited guide to genuine fulfillment, transcendence, and global harmony and peace. If you feel ready to understand and experience the truth for yourself, then Being Human is the only book you will ever need.

What's Left of Human Nature?

Download What's Left of Human Nature? PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : MIT Press
ISBN 13 : 0262549689
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (625 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis What's Left of Human Nature? by : Maria Kronfeldner

Download or read book What's Left of Human Nature? written by Maria Kronfeldner and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A philosophical account of human nature that defends the concept against dehumanization, Darwinian, and developmentalist challenges. Human nature has always been a foundational issue for philosophy. What does it mean to have a human nature? Is the concept the relic of a bygone age? What is the use of such a concept? What are the epistemic and ontological commitments people make when they use the concept? In What's Left of Human Nature? Maria Kronfeldner offers a philosophical account of human nature that defends the concept against contemporary criticism. In particular, she takes on challenges related to social misuse of the concept that dehumanizes those regarded as lacking human nature (the dehumanization challenge); the conflict between Darwinian thinking and essentialist concepts of human nature (the Darwinian challenge); and the consensus that evolution, heredity, and ontogenetic development result from nurture and nature. After answering each of these challenges, Kronfeldner presents a revisionist account of human nature that minimizes dehumanization and does not fall back on outdated biological ideas. Her account is post-essentialist because it eliminates the concept of an essence of being human; pluralist in that it argues that there are different things in the world that correspond to three different post-essentialist concepts of human nature; and interactive because it understands nature and nurture as interacting at the developmental, epigenetic, and evolutionary levels. On the basis of this, she introduces a dialectical concept of an ever-changing and “looping” human nature. Finally, noting the essentially contested character of the concept and the ambiguity and redundancy of the terminology, she wonders if we should simply eliminate the term “human nature” altogether.

Becoming Human

Download Becoming Human PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harvard University Press
ISBN 13 : 0674980859
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (749 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Becoming Human by : Michael Tomasello

Download or read book Becoming Human written by Michael Tomasello and published by Harvard University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-07 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the William James Book Award “Magisterial...Makes an impressive argument that most distinctly human traits are established early in childhood and that the general chronology in which these traits appear can at least—and at last—be identified.” —Wall Street Journal “Theoretically daring and experimentally ingenious, Becoming Human squarely tackles the abiding question of what makes us human.” —Susan Gelman, University of Michigan Virtually all theories of how humans have become such a distinctive species focus on evolution. Becoming Human proposes a complementary theory of human uniqueness, focused on development. Building on the seminal ideas of Vygotsky, it explains how those things that make us most human are constructed during the first years of a child’s life. In this groundbreaking work, Michael Tomasello draws from three decades of experimental research with chimpanzees, bonobos, and children to propose a new framework for psychological growth between birth and seven years of age. He identifies eight pathways that differentiate humans from their primate relatives: social cognition, communication, cultural learning, cooperative thinking, collaboration, prosociality, social norms, and moral identity. In each of these, great apes possess rudimentary abilities, but the maturation of humans’ evolved capacities for shared intentionality transform these abilities into uniquely human cognition and sociality.

Kant's Human Being

Download Kant's Human Being PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199877580
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Kant's Human Being by : Robert B. Louden

Download or read book Kant's Human Being written by Robert B. Louden and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-07-25 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Kant's Human Being, Robert B. Louden continues and deepens avenues of research first initiated in his highly acclaimed book, Kant's Impure Ethics. Drawing on a wide variety of both published and unpublished works spanning all periods of Kant's extensive writing career, Louden here focuses on Kant's under-appreciated empirical work on human nature, with particular attention to the connections between this body of work and his much-discussed ethical theory. Kant repeatedly claimed that the question, "What is the human being" is philosophy's most fundamental question, one that encompasses all others. Louden analyzes and evaluates Kant's own answer to his question, showing how it differs from other accounts of human nature. This collection of twelve essays is divided into three parts. In Part One (Human Virtues), Louden explores the nature and role of virtue in Kant's ethical theory, showing how the conception of human nature behind Kant's virtue theory results in a virtue ethics that is decidedly different from more familiar Aristotelian virtue ethics programs. In Part Two (Ethics and Anthropology), he uncovers the dominant moral message in Kant's anthropological investigations, drawing new connections between Kant's work on human nature and his ethics. Finally, in Part Three (Extensions of Anthropology), Louden explores specific aspects of Kant's theory of human nature developed outside of his anthropology lectures, in his works on religion, geography, education ,and aesthetics, and shows how these writings substantially amplify his account of human beings. Kant's Human Being offers a detailed and multifaceted investigation of the question that Kant held to be the most important of all, and will be of interest not only to philosophers but also to all who are concerned with the study of human nature.