The Impact Of A Mega Sports Event For A Nation

Download The Impact Of A Mega Sports Event For A Nation full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Impact Of A Mega Sports Event For A Nation ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Impact of a Mega Sports Event for a Nation

Author : Anja Wyludda
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3640358090
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (43 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Impact of a Mega Sports Event for a Nation by : Anja Wyludda

Download or read book The Impact of a Mega Sports Event for a Nation written by Anja Wyludda and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2009-06 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2008 in the subject Sport - Sport Economics, Sport Management, grade: 7 (2,3), Copenhagen Business School, course: Sports Economics, language: English, abstract: The assignment answers the question which impacts a mega sports event like the FIFA World Cup 2006 in Germany can have on a nation. Cultural, environmental and economic effects - or tangible and intangible effects - are analysed in this case. The cultural impact on Germany was significant. The supporting programme of the World Cup helped to increase Germany's reputation all over the world and improved its hospitality image worldwide. Environmental aspects were in the focus during the World Cup and several important actions helped to solve problems like waste management, water consumption and electricity consumption. The sustainability of these actions has to be observed in the future. The economic aspect was less significant. Although Germany invested large sums in infrastructure and stadiums, and had earnings of 500 million Euros from tourists, the growth in GDP is negligible. This is a general problem in large economies, because a movement of GDP needs extremely high monetary items. But in conclusion the FIFA World Cup 2006 was a success. Not from an economic point of view but with regard to international relationships and the reputation of Germany. A mega sports event needs a careful planning and a high willingness to invest money in infrastructure and venues. Then the impact can be very positive and must not be measured only from a financial point of view.

International Handbook on the Economics of Mega Sporting Events

Author : Wolfgang Maennig
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0857930273
Total Pages : 641 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (579 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis International Handbook on the Economics of Mega Sporting Events by : Wolfgang Maennig

Download or read book International Handbook on the Economics of Mega Sporting Events written by Wolfgang Maennig and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 641 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Olympics to the World Cup, mega sporting events are a source of enjoyment for tens of thousands, but can also be a source of intense debate and controversy. This insightful new Handbook addresses a number of central questions, including: How are host cities selected and under what economic conditions? How are these events organized, and how is local resistance overcome? Based on historical and empirical experience, what are the pitfalls for the organizers of these events? What are the potential economic benefits, including any international image effects? How can the costs be minimized and the benefits maximized for host cities and countries? How do these mega events impact the challenges of globalization and what is their environmental legacy? Compiled and edited by two internationally renowned sports economists, the expert contributions elaborate on the specific mechanisms of the bid processes, analyse the determining factors of winning bids, and illustrate how to construct future bid campaigns. Underpinned by case studies from four continents and by theoretical considerations, the reasons for seemingly systemic cost overruns are explored and analysed, as are the effects on national and regional employment and income, property values, non-traditional economic variables (such as psychological and marketing benefits) and urban branding and transformation. The Handbook also reflects on important elements of design of the games in order to better plan, prepare and allocate resources – including, for example, sustainability issues and the use of campaigns to secure positive perceptions. This book provides an up-to-date analysis of the financing and economic impact of mega sporting events, as well as a full discussion of how host cities can maximize the benefits from their experience. As such, it will prove a fascinating read for academics, students, researchers and policymakers with an interest in economics and public sector economics generally, and more specifically, in the economics of sport.

Encyclopedia of Sport Management

Author : Pedersen, Paul M.
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1800883285
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Sport Management by : Pedersen, Paul M.

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Sport Management written by Pedersen, Paul M. and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-14 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together preeminent international researchers, emerging scholars and practitioners, Paul M. Pedersen presents the comprehensive Encyclopedia of Sport Management, offering detailed entries for the critical concepts and topics in the field.

Legacies and Mega Events

Author : Ian Brittain
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9780367667634
Total Pages : 268 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (676 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Legacies and Mega Events by : Ian Brittain

Download or read book Legacies and Mega Events written by Ian Brittain and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-09-30 with total page 268 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The use of sporting and other mega-events to bring about transformation of socially deprived areas of major cities is becoming an increasingly important part of the raison d'être for hosting such events, especially given the immense costs involved and the current economic climate. The tax-paying public increasingly has to be persuaded of the benefits, beyond the event itself, to spend the nation's resources in this way. This edited book, written by international experts, critically explores these multiple facets of the Mega Event legacy looking at the various economic, environmental and social impacts and benefits in multiple continents. It considers topics such as volunteering, participation, economics, sponsorship, ethics and technology in relation to legacy. This timely book provides a further understanding of the legacy discourse, as well as the potential pitfalls connected to legacy in relation to mega events. Filling a gap in the literature on legacy research, Legacies and Mega Events will be of interest to events, sports, tourism, urban development students, researchers and academics.

The Impact and Evaluation of Major Sporting Events

Author : Holger Preuss
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131799597X
Total Pages : 113 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (179 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Impact and Evaluation of Major Sporting Events by : Holger Preuss

Download or read book The Impact and Evaluation of Major Sporting Events written by Holger Preuss and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-09-13 with total page 113 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of politicians is to attract new investment to their city or region in order to develop infrastructure such as telecommunications, transportation, housing or even sport and entertainment facilities. Sporting events are also intended to achieve intangible ends such as a better image, more know-how, stronger networks, emotional commitment and additional cultural benefits and enhanced identity. All these so called ‘event structures’ can improve sites in a city/region by strengthening certain location factors. They may improve general living conditions in the longer term and also boost the income of citizens by attracting new businesses, tourists, conventions or new events. Finally they may foster economic growth at the city, regional or national level. This collection is of particular interest for anyone who intends to enter a bidding process for a major sporting event. It offers the host of an event a good introduction to the potential ways to generate economic benefits and will enhance understanding of the economics behind major sporting events. This book was previously published as a special issue of European Sport Management Quarterly

Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events

Author : J. Grix
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137371188
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (373 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events by : J. Grix

Download or read book Leveraging Legacies from Sports Mega-Events written by J. Grix and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume offers a panoramic and interdisciplinary view of the growing field of Sports Mega-Event studies. Contributions explore leveraging strategies and the legacies from previous sports megas (London, Seoul, Sydney, Vancouver) and recent and future 'emerging' states and their hosting strategies (India, China, Qatar, Russia, Brazil).

Mega Events in Post-Soviet Eurasia

Author : Andrey Makarychev
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137490950
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mega Events in Post-Soviet Eurasia by : Andrey Makarychev

Download or read book Mega Events in Post-Soviet Eurasia written by Andrey Makarychev and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-29 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The edited volume explains why sport mega events can be discussed from the viewpoint of politics and power, and what this discussion can add to the existing scholarship on political regimes, international norms, national identities, and cultural narratives. The book collects case studies written by insiders from different countries of post-Soviet Eurasia that have recently hosted— or intend to host in the future —sporting events of a global scale. Contributing authors discuss cultural, political, and economic strategies of host governments, examining them from the vantage point of an increasing shift of the global sport industry to non-Western countries. Mega-events often draw domestic lines of cultural and social exclusion within host’s polities. It is these ruptures and gaps this volume explores, contributing to a better understanding of the intricate interconnections between global institutions and national identities.

Key Concepts in Sport Management

Author : Dr. Terri Byers
Publisher : SAGE
ISBN 13 : 1446268829
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (462 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Key Concepts in Sport Management by : Dr. Terri Byers

Download or read book Key Concepts in Sport Management written by Dr. Terri Byers and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2012-08-16 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An accessible and different guide for students and practitioners alike... I′m sure that it will become a standard reference text for sports management" - Peter Taylor, Sport Industry Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University "A must have introductory reference guide for graduate and undergraduate sport management students" - Paul M. Pedersen, Indiana University "Provides students, practitioners and researchers in the field of sport management with a valuable compilation of sensitizing concepts, definitions and interesting references" - Michel van Slobbe, European Sport Management Quarterly Sharp, clear and relevant this book meets the needs of those studying and researching within the growing discipline of sport management. The intelligently cross-referenced entries provide a concise overview of the key concepts in the field guiding you through the important debates, sources and research methods in the management and delivery of sport. The book introduces readers to the concepts at the centre of their studies; it suggests relevant further reading and thoughts for future research and applies academic theory to business and organizational problems in a real-world context. Written for students, academics and practitioners the entries are designed to meet study needs and include: Clear definitions Comprehensive examples Practical applications Effective research methods.

Circus Maximus

Author : Andrew Zimbalist
Publisher : Brookings Institution Press
ISBN 13 : 0815738625
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (157 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Circus Maximus by : Andrew Zimbalist

Download or read book Circus Maximus written by Andrew Zimbalist and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Beyond the headlines of the world's most beloved sporting events Brazil hosted the 2016 men's World Cup at a cost of $15 billion to $20 billion, building large, new stadiums in cities that have little use for them anymore. The projected cost of Tokyo's 2020 Summer Olympic Games is estimated to be as high as $30 billion, much of it coming from the public trough. In the updated and expanded edition of his bestselling book, Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup, Andrew Zimbalist tackles the claim that cities chosen to host these high-profile sporting events experience an economic windfall. In this new edition he looks at upcoming summer and winter Olympic games, discusses the recent Women's World Cup, and the upcoming men's tournament in Qatar. Circus Maximus focuses on major cities, like London, Rio, and Barcelona, that have previously hosted these sporting events, to provide context for future host cities that will bear the weight of exploding expenses, corruption, and protests. Zimbalist offers a sobering and candid look at the Olympics and the World Cup from outside the echo chamber.

Managing Sport Mega-Events

Author : Stephen Frawley
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317633792
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Managing Sport Mega-Events by : Stephen Frawley

Download or read book Managing Sport Mega-Events written by Stephen Frawley and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-06-17 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Managing Sport Mega-Events explores global developments in the management of sport mega-events. Sport mega-events such as the Olympic Games and the Football World Cup have been examined from a number of academic perspectives including history, sociology, politics, urban planning and economics. What is lacking, however, is a book which identifies and evaluates the current issues and complexities faced by those charged with the responsibility of managing these sport mega-events. This book fills the gap. The book addresses three broad but interconnected themes. First, strategic matters are explored focusing on the rise of sport mega-events, the management of stakeholders and governance issues. Second, how organisers can best ensure the sustainable management of sport mega-events is considered. Third, operational matters and related issues are examined including media management, broadcast management, venue management, risk management, marketing and sponsorship management. The book draws on leading international sport management scholars, each of whom has expertise in the organisation of sport mega-events. It makes a valuable contribution to the existing literature.

Megaevents and Modernity

Author : Maurice Roche
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1134729154
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (347 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Megaevents and Modernity by : Maurice Roche

Download or read book Megaevents and Modernity written by Maurice Roche and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2002-11-01 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This analysis explores the social history and politics of mega-events from the late 19th century to the present. Through case studies of events such as the 1851 Crystal Palace Expo, the 1936 Berlin Olympics and the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, Maurice Roche investigates the impact Expos and Olympics have had on national identities, on the marking of public time and space, and on visions of national citizenship and international society in modern times. Historical chapters deal with the production of Expos by power elites, their impacts on mass culture, and the political uses and abuses of international sport and Olympic events. Chapters also deal with the impact of Olympics on cities, the growth of Olympics as media events and the current crisis of the Olympic movement in world politics and culture.

Sport, Media and Mega-Events

Author : Lawrence A. Wenner
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1317397444
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (173 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sport, Media and Mega-Events by : Lawrence A. Wenner

Download or read book Sport, Media and Mega-Events written by Lawrence A. Wenner and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2017-03-27 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bringing together many of the most influential scholars in sport and media studies, this book examines the diverse ways that media influences our understanding of the world’s most important sport events, dubbed sports mega-events. It sheds new light on how these events have been changed by the media, and have, in turn, adapted to media to further their brand’s cultural influence. Focusing on the central concept of "mediatization" – the permeation of media into all spheres of contemporary life – the book presents original case studies of major events including the Olympics, FIFA, rugby and cricket World Cups, Tour de France, Super Bowl, World Series, Monaco Grand Prix, Wimbledon, and many more. Written from a truly international perspective, this is a seminal work in sport and media studies that reveals the growing political, economic, and cultural influences of sport mega-events in contemporary society. Sport, Media and Mega-Events is an essential text for any course on the sociology of sport, event management, sport marketing, or featuring a cultural, communication or media studies approach to sport.

Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management

Author : Milena M. Parent
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135104301
Total Pages : 462 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (351 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management by : Milena M. Parent

Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management written by Milena M. Parent and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-07-14 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From the Olympic Games to community-level competitions, sports events can be complex and pose a particular set of managerial challenges. The Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management surveys the management of sports events around the world of every size and scale, from small to mega-events, including one-off and recurring events, and single-sport and multi-sport events. The book adopts a unique stakeholder perspective, structured around the groups and individuals who have an interest in and co-create sports events, including organising committees, promoters, sport organisations, spectators, community groups, sponsors, host governments, the media and NGOs. Each chapter addresses a specific stakeholder, defines that stakeholder and its relationships with sports events, describes the managerial requirements for a successful event, assesses current research and directions for future research, and outlines the normative dimensions of stakeholder engagement (such as sustainability and legacy). No other book takes such a broad view of sports event management, surveying key theory, current research, best practice, and moral and ethical considerations in one volume. With contributions from leading sport and event scholars from around the world, the Routledge Handbook of Sports Event Management is essential reading for any advanced student, researcher or professional with an interest in sport management, sport development, sport policy or events.

National Identity and Global Sports Events

Author : Alan Tomlinson
Publisher : State University of New York Press
ISBN 13 : 0791482480
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis National Identity and Global Sports Events by : Alan Tomlinson

Download or read book National Identity and Global Sports Events written by Alan Tomlinson and published by State University of New York Press. This book was released on 2012-02-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: National Identity and Global Sports Events looks at the significance of international sporting events and why they generate enormous audiences worldwide. Focusing on the Olympic Games and the men's football (soccer) World Cup, the contributors examine the political, cultural, economic, and ideological influences that frame these events. Selected case studies include the 1936 Nazi Olympics in Berlin, the 1934 World Cup Finals in Italy, the unique case of the 1972 Munich Games, the transformative 1984 Games in Los Angeles, and the 2002 Asian World Cup Finals, among others. The case studies show how the Olympics and the World Cup Finals provide a basis for the articulation of entrenched and dominant political ideologies, encourage persisting senses of national identity, and act as barometers for the changing ideological climate of the modern and increasingly globalized contemporary world. Through rigorous scholarly analyses, the book's contributors help to illuminate the increasing significance of large-scale sporting events on the international stage.

Handbook on the Economics of Sport

Author : Wladimir Andreff
Publisher : Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1847204074
Total Pages : 849 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (472 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Handbook on the Economics of Sport by : Wladimir Andreff

Download or read book Handbook on the Economics of Sport written by Wladimir Andreff and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2006 with total page 849 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The editors should be commended for taking on such a big task, and succeeding so well. This book should be in the library of every institution where students have to write a paper that may be related to sport, or on the shelf of any lecturer teaching economics or public finance who has even a remote interest in sport. The material is very accessible, and useful in many different settings. Ruud H. Koning, Jahrbücher f. Nationalökonomie u. Statistik Edward Elgar s brilliant market niche is identifying a topic in economics, finding editors who know the area backwards and challenging them to assemble the best cross-section of relevant articles either already published or newly commissioned. Handbook on the Economics of Sport is Edward Elgar at its very best. If you love economics you ll find many fascinating insights here; if you love sport but know little economics then this book is mostly accessible and will teach you a lot; and if you are a sports-mad economist then you will be in hog heaven. Furthermore, if, like this reviewer, you are broadly very sceptical about the reports consultants produce for governments on the supposed economic windfall from hosting a big event or subsidising a stadium then you will get a lot of good counter-arguments in this volume. Indeed there are several chapters on the above theme that I m sure I ll be copying frequently to government officials in years to come. . . The demand for sport is a fascinating subject and it is hard to pick out just one chapter from the second section. Read them all they make a wonderful 65-page treat. . . Part VI was a real feast, a smorgasbord. . . This is a magnificent piece of work and the 36-page index rounds it all off splendidly. John Blundell, Economic Affairs The book covers the most important areas of research of an emerging economic sub-discipline spanning the past half a century. It serves admirably the purpose of an introduction into the rich and growing area of reflection for all concerned. . . the editors and authors of the Handbook have done a commendable job of accumulating sophisticated material for many economists, managers, politicians and self-conscious fans, who are sure to find excellent training ground for the whole heptathlon. . . This book will be invaluable for advanced students investigating professional sport. From the point of view of lawyers, particularly those engaged with the relationship between law and sports governance, the Handbook offers invaluable analysis of the economic issues that are alluded to in those debates but rarely examined in detail. . . These insights will also prove useful for policy analysts and sports administrators for whom many sections should be considered mandatory reading. Aleksander Sulejewicz, Journal of Contemporary European Research Over 800 pages on the economics of sport. What a feast! What a treat! The editors have done a wonderful job both in terms of breadth from David Beckham to child labour in Pakistan and depth, tournaments and luxury taxes for example. . . The 86 chapters are uniformly of a very high standard and illuminating. And there are real gems in some of the contributions. British Journal on the Economics of Sport This very interesting and comprehensive book achieves its objective, namely to present an overview of research in sports economics at an introductory level. . . [The editors] have produced an excellent reference book that belongs in all academic institutions libraries. It provides extensive introduction to the growing body of literature in the rising field of economics of sport. The book s relevant monographs should be read by institutions, cities and countries prior to their committing major resources towards sports facilities or a sporting event. James Angresano, Journal of Sports Economics One could think of this book as the sports-and-economics counterpart to Joy of Cooking, because it will satisfy the needs of those with a keen interest in such subjects as the

Leveraging Mega-Event Legacies

Author : Jonathan Grix
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1315439824
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (154 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Leveraging Mega-Event Legacies by : Jonathan Grix

Download or read book Leveraging Mega-Event Legacies written by Jonathan Grix and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-10-11 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a multi-disciplinary contribution to the burgeoning literature on and around mega-events in general and sports mega-events in particular. The volume is not specifically about mega-events or their management, but rather how such events act as a lens through which a number of important and critical questions about the decisions to host, the host nation, its society and the politics of culture, sport and leisure more broadly can be dealt with. In doing so this book seeks to build on, and out from initial work on (sports) mega events by acknowledging the major shift towards ‘emerging’ states awarded such events since 2006 and incorporating the latest advances in research that have taken place in recent years. For example, debates about what constitutes a ‘mega-event’, what is meant by a ‘legacy’, what is ‘soft power’ and so on are dealt with from a team of leading academics from a variety of academic disciplines. This book was previously published as a special issue of Leisure Studies.

NOlympians

Author : Jules Boykoff
Publisher : Fernwood Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1773632779
Total Pages : 231 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (736 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis NOlympians by : Jules Boykoff

Download or read book NOlympians written by Jules Boykoff and published by Fernwood Publishing. This book was released on 2020-04-08T00:00:00Z with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOlympians: Inside the Fight Against Capitalist Mega-Sports in Los Angeles, Tokyo and Beyond investigates the intersection of the global rise of anti-Olympics activism and the declining popularity of hosting of the Games. The Olympics were once buoyed by myths of luminous prosperity and upticks in tourism and jobs, but in recent years these assurances have been debunked. Now more than ever, it’s clear that the Olympics have transmogrified into a political-economic juggernaut that arrives with displacement, expanded policing, and anti-democratic backroom deals. Jules Boykoff – a former professional soccer player who represented the US Olympic soccer team – zooms in on Los Angeles, where the Democratic Socialists of America have launched the NOlympics LA campaign ahead of the 2028 Summer Games. Boykoff shows how DSA-LA’s anti-Olympics activism fits with the resurgence of socialism in the US and beyond. Boykoff’s research, based on more than 100 interviews with anti-Olympics activists, personal experiences at protests in Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro, London, and Tokyo, academic research, mass- and alternative-media coverage, and Olympic archives, is the backbone for this story of activists fighting against the odds and embracing the transformative politics of democratic socialism.