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Author : Sir Graham CUNNINGHAM
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 7 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (558 download)
Download or read book The Export Problem and Quality written by Sir Graham CUNNINGHAM and published by . This book was released on 1946 with total page 7 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Christian Henn
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1484378296
Total Pages : 34 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (843 download)
Download or read book Export Quality in Developing Countries written by Christian Henn and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-05-15 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper develops new, far more extensive estimates of export quality, covering 178 countries and hundreds of products over 1962–2010. Quality upgrading is particularly rapid during the early stages of development, with quality convergence largely completed as a country reaches upper middle-income status. There is significant cross-country heterogeneity in quality growth rates. Within any given product line, quality converges both conditionally and unconditionally to the world frontier; increases in institutional quality and human capital are associated with faster quality upgrading. In turn, faster growth in quality is associated with more rapid output growth. The evidence suggests that quality upgrading is best encouraged through a broadly conducive domestic environment, rather than sector-specific policies. Diversification is important to create new upgrading opportunities.
Author : Jason Katzman
Publisher : Skyhorse Publishing Inc.
ISBN 13 : 1616081112
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (16 download)
Download or read book A Basic Guide to Exporting written by Jason Katzman and published by Skyhorse Publishing Inc.. This book was released on 2011-03-23 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Here is practical advice for anyone who wants to build their business by selling overseas. The International Trade Administration covers key topics such as marketing, legal issues, customs, and more. With real-life examples and a full index, A Basic Guide to Exporting provides expert advice and practical solutions to meet all of your exporting needs.
Author : United Nations
Publisher : United Nations Publications
ISBN 13 : 9789291373994
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (739 download)
Download or read book Export Quality Management written by United Nations and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2011 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Rajat Acharyya
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009354671
Total Pages : 153 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (93 download)
Download or read book Export Quality and Income Distribution written by Rajat Acharyya and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2023-01-31 with total page 153 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the increasing sensitivity of buyers in the richer countries towards quality of goods they consume, low-quality exports largely constrain export-growth of the developing countries. This Element documents the attempts to estimate cross-country quality variations and reviews the demand side and supply side explanations for the low-quality phenomenon. It examines how trade policies can incentivize export-quality upgrading, and discusses the underlying channels through which a reverse causality from export-quality upon within-country income or wage inequality may develop.
Author : Natalie Chen
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1498348343
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (983 download)
Download or read book Quality and the Great Trade Collapse written by Natalie Chen and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2016-02-18 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We explore whether the global financial crisis has had heterogeneous effects on traded goods differentiated by quality. Combining a dataset of Argentinean firm-level destination-specific wine exports with quality ratings, we show that higher quality exports grew faster before the crisis, but this trend reversed during the recession. Quantitatively, the effect is large: up to nine percentage points difference in trade performance can be explained by the quality composition of exports. This flight from quality was triggered by a fall in aggregate demand, was more acute when households could substitute imports by domestic alternatives, and was stronger for smaller firms' exports.
Author : International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO.
Publisher : United Nations Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)
Download or read book Export Quality Management written by International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO. and published by United Nations Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations significantly reduced tariff barriers to trade. However, exporters continue to face non-tariff barriers in the form of standards, technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and conformity assessment procedures. To meet the requirements these impose and demonstrate compliance with them is a difficult and costly process for exporters in developing countries and transition economies. Many of these countries have not yet been able to take full advantage of the WTO Agreements largely because of a lack of resources. Given this, the International Trade Center has produced this guide providing SME managers in developing countries and transition economies with answers in simple language to their most frequently asked questions on standards and conformity assessment. The questions address issues such as technical regulations and standards, product certification, testing, metrology, quality management, ISO 9000, other management systems, accreditation and the Agreements on TBT and SPS.
Author : ITC.
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789213614891
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (148 download)
Download or read book Export Quality Management written by ITC. and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication seeks to provide small- and medium-sized exporters in developing countries and transition economies with a comprehensive understanding of crucial quality-related issues linked to the quality infrastructure. Structured in a question and answer format, the book answers 95 frequently asked questions by exporters about quality, technical requirements (standards, technical regulations, sanitary and phytosanitary measures), management systems, conformity assessment (testing, inspection, certification), metrology, accreditation, and the WTO Agreements on Technical Barriers to Trade and the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
Author : Eric H. Tseng
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (966 download)
Download or read book Trade Costs and Quality written by Eric H. Tseng and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first chapter examines the role that trade costs and sunk investment costs play in affecting firm production decisions with respect to quality, market selection, and export selection. Deriving a complete theoretical model that integrates the quality of intermediate inputs and outputs in a food and agricultural setting, this analysis finds that falling trade costs should induce the production of higher-quality goods, the sorting of the most productive non-exporters into the export market, and the least productive firms to select out of the market. Additionally, how sunk investment costs to upgrade quality affect market and export selection depends on the parameters of the capability distribution (i.e., market structure) and the structure of fixed costs. These results are translated into an empirical framework to show strong evidence for firms utilizing input complementarity in production and the impact of sunk investment costs on a firm’s quality choices, market selection and export selection. Some evidence for the role of trade costs on quality choices, market selection, and export selection is presented. The second chapter analyzes the firm’s reshoring choice from a theoretical perspective. Due to uncertainty embedded in the contract that previously fragmented production of the intermediate input, it is possible for final good producers to decide that producing upstream goods domestically is more profitable despite the cost disadvantage. Through this offshoring and reshoring framework, the final good producer’s reshoring decision is analyzed in detail to show when the firm reshores the production of the intermediate input and the economic welfare impact of such a decision. Results show that the quality distortion and welfare loss seen in the offshoring and free-trade equilibrium outcome can be resolved entirely through reshoring. However, reshoring cannot resolve the quantity holdup problem and the resulting welfare loss, even when investments to reduce cost disadvantages and government subsidy are included. Examining the government subsidy problem further reveals that the government may subsidize more or less under political economy, since the cost of the policy’s impact on welfare motivates the government’s decision. The third chapter examines the impact of trade costs and financial constraints on firm performance, as measured by revenue per worker. A heterogeneous-firms framework is used to analyze the impact of these variables by endogenizing the firm’s technological choice, showing that when trade costs fall and when financial constraints loosen, firm performance as measured by revenue per worker will improve for the remaining firms in the market. These theoretical results are translated into an empirical framework that tests out these hypotheses in a cross-sectional firm-level data set from multiple countries, an empirical extension that has not been seen in the prior literature. In addition, this analysis notably introduces firm-level measures and predictors for their level of financial constraints as opposed to the more common industrial-level measures. Overall, the econometric analysis shows reasonable support for the model across six separate specifications, but this is heavily dependent on introducing or excluding various country- and industry-specific effects and additional firm attributes as controls.
Author : Mr.Chris Papageorgiou
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513519220
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Quality Upgrading and Export Performance in the Asian Growth Miracle written by Mr.Chris Papageorgiou and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We explore the contribution of product-quality upgrading to the export performance of six fast-growing Asian economies: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, and Thailand. We focus on measuring the impact of quality upgrading on the changes in these countries’ sectoral export shares during 1970–2010. We build a multisector Ricardian trade model which allows for changes in product quality, and calibrate it to generate predictions about export volumes. Unlike previous literature, our approach allows estimation without employing domestic production data. Our results point to quality upgrading being a key driver of export shares.
Author : Martin Kellermann
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464813728
Total Pages : 275 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)
Download or read book Ensuring Quality to Gain Access to Global Markets written by Martin Kellermann and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2019-04-09 with total page 275 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In a modern world with rapidly growing international trade, countries compete less based on the availability of natural resources, geographical advantages, and lower labor costs and more on factors related to firms' ability to enter and compete in new markets. One such factor is the ability to demonstrate the quality and safety of goods and services expected by consumers and confirm compliance with international standards. To assure such compliance, a sound quality infrastructure (QI) ecosystem is essential. Jointly developed by the World Bank Group and the National Metrology Institute of Germany, this guide is designed to help development partners and governments analyze a country's quality infrastructure ecosystems and provide recommendations to design and implement reforms and enhance the capacity of their QI institutions.
Author : Pravin Krishna
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (748 download)
Download or read book Export Quality Dynamics written by Pravin Krishna and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Parisa Kamali
Publisher : International Monetary Fund
ISBN 13 : 1513519875
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (135 download)
Download or read book Exporting Through Intermediaries: Impact on Export Dynamics and Welfare written by Parisa Kamali and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2019-12-27 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In many countries, a sizable share of international trade is carried out by intermediaries. While large firms tend to export to foreign markets directly, smaller firms typically export via intermediaries (indirect exporting). I document a set of facts that characterize the dynamic nature of indirect exporting using firm-level data from Vietnam and develop a dynamic trade model with both direct and indirect exporting modes and customer accumulation. The model is calibrated to match the dynamic moments of the data. The calibration yields fixed costs of indirect exporting that are less than a third of those of direct exporting, the variable costs of indirect exporting are twice higher, and demand for the indirectly exported products grows more slowly. Decomposing the gains from indirect and direct exporting, I find that 18 percent of the gains from trade in Vietnam are generated by indirect exporters. Finally, I demonstrate that a dynamic model that excludes the indirect exporting channel will overstate the welfare gains associated with trade liberalization by a factor of two.
Author : André Gordon
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128013516
Total Pages : 187 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)
Download or read book Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries written by André Gordon and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2015-06-02 with total page 187 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Food Safety and Quality Systems in Developing Countries, Volume One: Export Challenges and Implementation Strategies considers both the theoretical and practical aspects of food safety and quality systems implementation by major world markets and new and emerging markets in developing countries. This reference examines issues facing exporters and importers of traditional foods the characteristics of the food and its distribution channels, and market access from a historical and current context to present best practices. This must-have reference offers real-life, practical approaches for foods from around the world, offering help to those who have found it difficult to implement sustainable, certifiable food safety and quality systems into their businesses and provides scientifically sound solutions to support their implementation. Includes accessible, relevant case studies of instances when food safety was compromised and offers practical scientific input in dealing with and preventing these issues Discusses the role and importance of research and documentation of food safety when exporting products Presents risk analysis examples from the past and present for products from various countries and different perspectives including the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, India, South Africa, Haiti, Jamaica, and more Offers successful strategies for developing food safety and quality systems from a national and firm-level perspective relevant to academics, regulators, exporters, importers and major distributors handling food from various developing countries
Author : Alvaro Felipe Garcia Marin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 179 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (897 download)
Download or read book Essays on Firms and International Trade written by Alvaro Felipe Garcia Marin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 179 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation empirically examines three different questions related to the behavior and performance of firms participating of international trade. In the first essay, I ask whether exporting allows firms to charge higher markups. To study this question, I use a unique dataset of Chilean manufacturing firms that contains product-level data on the price and average cost for all goods produced and exported. This allows me to compute direct markup measures, and to identify whether markups variation is accounted by different pricing policies or changes in the production cost. Although within firms the export markup premium is moderate -about 2%-, the study of the trajectories of markups before and after export entry reveals the presence of ongoing gains after export entry. While at the moment of export entry the markup of exported products is not different than the markup of domestic products, three periods after export entry the markup wedge increases to about 7-9%. A decomposition of the markup premium reveals that, within firms, the higher markups on exported products is accounted by both higher prices and marginal cost. In contrast, after export entry, prices and average cost tend to decrease. In the second essay -based on joint work with Nico Voigtlaender-, we revisit the old question of whether firms become more productive after export entry. While there is strong evidence for productivity-driven selection into exporting, previous research has mostly failed to identify export-related efficiency gains within plants. This non-result is typically derived from revenue productivity, which reflects price variation. Using a census panel of Chilean manufacturing plants, we first confirm the non-result for revenue productivity. We then compute plant-product level marginal cost as an efficiency measure that is not affected by prices. We find within-plant efficiency gains of 15-25%, the same order of magnitude as selection effects across plants. Evidence suggests that technology upgrading in combination with export entry is an important driver behind these gains. The final essay studies firms' quality patterns across destinations, when they produce products in different quality segments. I develop a quality model with non-homothetic quality demand and heterogeneity in consumers' income. The model features quality sorting of consumers according to their income level. This implies that firm's quality allocation depends not only on the average income of the country, but on the entire income distribution of the country. The main prediction of the model is related to the role of income inequality on within-firm quality patters. I find that in countries with a smaller middle classes, firms' tend to skew their exports towards products of higher quality. This effect tends to be weaker in countries with higher income. To illustrate the main predictions of the model, I use a unique dataset from the Chilean wine industry. This dataset allows me to construct measures of product quality, that are not affected by aggregation or markup issues. In line with the model's predictions, I find that firms tend export proportionally more high quality products to more unequal countries. However, I find this effect to be quantitatively important only in low and middle-income countries.
Author : OECD
Publisher : OECD Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9264085416
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (64 download)
Download or read book Export and Import Price Index Manual: Theory and Practice written by OECD and published by OECD Publishing. This book was released on 2010-04-06 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint production by six international organizations, this manual explores the conceptual and theoretical issues that national statistical offices should consider in the daily compilation of export and import price indices. Intended for use by both ...
Author : Massimo Suardi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789052015057
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (15 download)
Download or read book The Effects of Voluntary Export Restraints on the Quality of Imports written by Massimo Suardi and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
