The Enduring Legacy Of Salo W Baron

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Salo Baron

Author : Rebecca Kobrin
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231555709
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Salo Baron by : Rebecca Kobrin

Download or read book Salo Baron written by Rebecca Kobrin and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2022-03-15 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1930, Columbia University appointed Salo Baron to be the Nathan L. Miller Professor of Jewish History, Literature, and Institutions—marking a turning point in the history of Jewish studies in America. Baron not only became perhaps the most accomplished scholar of Jewish history in the twentieth century, the author of many books including the eighteen-volume A Social and Religious History of the Jews. He also created a program and a discipline, mentoring hundreds of scholars, establishing major institutions including the first academic center to study Israel in the United States, building Columbia’s Judaica collection, intervening as a public intellectual, and exerting an unparalleled influence on what it meant to study the Jewish past. This book brings together leading scholars to consider how Baron transformed the course of Jewish studies in the United States. From a variety of perspectives, they reflect on his contributions to the study of Jewish history, literature, and culture, as well as his scholarship, activism, and mentorship. Among many distinguished contributors, David Sorkin engages with Baron’s arguments on Jewish emancipation; Francesca Trivellato puts him in conversation with economic history; David Engel examines his use of anti-Semitism as an analytical category; Deborah Lipstadt explores his testimony at the trial of Adolf Eichmann; and Robert Chazan and Jane Gerber, both once Baron’s doctoral students, offer personal and intellectual reminiscences. Together, they testify to Baron’s singular legacy in shaping Jewish studies in America.

Tears of History

Author : Pierre Birnbaum
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 0231558023
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Tears of History by : Pierre Birnbaum

Download or read book Tears of History written by Pierre Birnbaum and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2023-08-01 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For many Jews, for more than a century, the United States has seemed to be a safe haven. There has been antisemitic prejudice, but nothing on the scale of the discrimination, persecution, pogroms, and genocide witnessed in Europe. White American ethnic violence has assailed many targets, but Jews have rarely been among them. Observing what he took to be an American exception, the influential historian Salo Baron challenged the “lachrymose conception” of Jewish history as an unending flow of oppressions, and many have followed him in seeing American Jews as sheltered from violence. But in recent years a spate of antisemitic attacks has cast doubt on this rosy view. The eminent French scholar Pierre Birnbaum offers a timely reconsideration of the tear-stained pages of Jewish history and the persistence of antisemitism. He explores the promise of American tolerance as well as the darkest moments of American intolerance, such as the 1913 lynching of Leo Frank. Birnbaum engages deeply with Baron’s views about Jewish history and tracks the echoes of European antisemitic violence in American culture. He argues that a new and insidious form of antisemitic ideology has arisen, one that sees the state as an instrument of Jewish control—and threatens further bloodshed. Thoughtful and eloquent, Tears of History is an important reflection on the roots of antisemitic violence and hatred.

The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora

Author : Hasia R. Diner
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197554814
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora by : Hasia R. Diner

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora written by Hasia R. Diner and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-10-27 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For as long as historians have contemplated the Jewish past, they have engaged with the idea of diaspora. Dedicated to the study of transnational peoples and the linkages these people forged among themselves over the course of their wanderings and in the multiple places to which they went, the term "diaspora" reflects the increasing interest in migrations, trauma, globalism, and community formations. The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora acts as a comprehensive collection of scholarship that reflects the multifaceted nature of diaspora studies. Persecuted and exiled throughout their history, the Jewish people have also left familiar places to find better opportunities in new ones. But their history has consistently been defined by their permanent lack of belonging. This Oxford Handbook explores the complicated nature of diasporic Jewish life as something both destructive and generative. Contributors explore subjects as diverse as biblical and medieval representations of diaspora, the various diaspora communities that emerged across the globe, the contradictory relationship the diaspora bears to Israel, and how the diaspora is celebrated and debated within modern Jewish thought. What these essays share is a commitment to untangling the legacy of the diaspora on Jewish life and culture. This volume portrays the Jewish diaspora not as a simple, unified front, but as a population characterized by conflicting impulses and ideas. The Oxford Handbook of the Jewish Diaspora captures the complexity of the Jewish diaspora by acknowledging the tensions inherent in a group of people defined by trauma and exile as well as by voluntary migrations to places with greater opportunity.

The Rebellion of the Daughters

Author : Rachel Manekin
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 0691207097
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (912 download)

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Book Synopsis The Rebellion of the Daughters by : Rachel Manekin

Download or read book The Rebellion of the Daughters written by Rachel Manekin and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth exploration of the flight of young Jewish women from their Orthodox homes during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries The Rebellion of the Daughters investigates the flight of young Jewish women from their Orthodox, mostly Hasidic, homes in Western Galicia (now Poland) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In extreme cases, hundreds of these women sought refuge in a Kraków convent, where many converted to Catholicism. Those who stayed home often remained Jewish in name only. Relying on a wealth of archival documents, including court testimonies, letters, diaries, and press reports, Rachel Manekin reconstructs the stories of three Jewish women runaways and reveals their struggles and innermost convictions. Unlike Orthodox Jewish boys, who attended "cheders," traditional schools where only Jewish subjects were taught, Orthodox Jewish girls were sent to Polish primary schools. When the time came for them to marry, many young women rebelled against the marriages arranged by their parents, with some wishing to pursue secondary and university education. After World War I, the crisis of the rebellious daughters in Kraków spurred the introduction of formal religious education for young Orthodox Jewish women in Poland, which later developed into a worldwide educational movement. Manekin chronicles the belated Orthodox response and argues that these educational innovations not only kept Orthodox Jewish women within the fold but also foreclosed their opportunities for higher education. Exploring the estrangement of young Jewish women from traditional Judaism in Habsburg Galicia at the turn of the twentieth century, The Rebellion of the Daughters brings to light a forgotten yet significant episode in Eastern European history.

A Mortuary of Books

Author : Elisabeth Gallas
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 147980987X
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis A Mortuary of Books by : Elisabeth Gallas

Download or read book A Mortuary of Books written by Elisabeth Gallas and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2020 JDC-Herbert Katzki Award for Writing Based on Archival Material, given by the Jewish Book Council The astonishing story of the efforts of scholars and activists to rescue Jewish cultural treasures after the Holocaust In March 1946 the American Military Government for Germany established the Offenbach Archival Depot near Frankfurt to store, identify, and restore the huge quantities of Nazi-looted books, archival material, and ritual objects that Army members had found hidden in German caches. These items bore testimony to the cultural genocide that accompanied the Nazis’ systematic acts of mass murder. The depot built a short-lived lieu de memoire—a “mortuary of books,” as the later renowned historian Lucy Dawidowicz called it—with over three million books of Jewish origin coming from nineteen different European countries awaiting restitution. A Mortuary of Books tells the miraculous story of the many Jewish organizations and individuals who, after the war, sought to recover this looted cultural property and return the millions of treasured objects to their rightful owners. Some of the most outstanding Jewish intellectuals of the twentieth century, including Dawidowicz, Hannah Arendt, Salo W. Baron, and Gershom Scholem, were involved in this herculean effort. This led to the creation of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Inc., an international body that acted as the Jewish trustee for heirless property in the American Zone and transferred hundreds of thousands of objects from the Depot to the new centers of Jewish life after the Holocaust. The commitment of these individuals to the restitution of cultural property revealed the importance of cultural objects as symbols of the enduring legacy of those who could not be saved. It also fostered Jewish culture and scholarly life in the postwar world.

The Enduring Legacy of Salo W. Baron

Author : Hava Tirosh-Samuelson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9788323342823
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (428 download)

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Book Synopsis The Enduring Legacy of Salo W. Baron by : Hava Tirosh-Samuelson

Download or read book The Enduring Legacy of Salo W. Baron written by Hava Tirosh-Samuelson and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salo W. Baron (1895-1989) was the most important and influential Jewish historian of the twentieth century. This volume explores Baron's biography and life experience, assesses Baron's contributions to the various subdisciplines of Jewish studies, and evaluates Baron's integration of scholarly commitment and communal involvement.

Bruno Schulz and Galician Jewish Modernity

Author : Karen Underhill
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253057280
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (53 download)

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Book Synopsis Bruno Schulz and Galician Jewish Modernity by : Karen Underhill

Download or read book Bruno Schulz and Galician Jewish Modernity written by Karen Underhill and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2024 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "In the 1930s, through the prose of Bruno Schulz (1892-1942), the Polish language became the linguistic raw material for a profound exploration of the modern Jewish experience. Rather than turning away from the language like many of his Galician Jewish colleagues who would choose to write in Yiddish, Schulz used the Polish language to explore his own and his generation's relationship to East European Jewish exegetical tradition, and to deepen his reflection on golus or exile as a condition not only of the individual and of the Jewish community, but of language itself, and of matter. Drawing on new archival discoveries, this study explores Schulz's diasporic Jewish modernism as an example of the creative and also transient poetic forms that emerged on formerly Habsburg territory, at the historical juncture between empire and nation-state"--

A Mortuary of Books

Author : Elisabeth Gallas
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479833959
Total Pages : 416 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis A Mortuary of Books by : Elisabeth Gallas

Download or read book A Mortuary of Books written by Elisabeth Gallas and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2019-04-30 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner, 2020 JDC-Herbert Katzki Award for Writing Based on Archival Material, given by the Jewish Book Council The astonishing story of the efforts of scholars and activists to rescue Jewish cultural treasures after the Holocaust In March 1946 the American Military Government for Germany established the Offenbach Archival Depot near Frankfurt to store, identify, and restore the huge quantities of Nazi-looted books, archival material, and ritual objects that Army members had found hidden in German caches. These items bore testimony to the cultural genocide that accompanied the Nazis’ systematic acts of mass murder. The depot built a short-lived lieu de memoire—a “mortuary of books,” as the later renowned historian Lucy Dawidowicz called it—with over three million books of Jewish origin coming from nineteen different European countries awaiting restitution. A Mortuary of Books tells the miraculous story of the many Jewish organizations and individuals who, after the war, sought to recover this looted cultural property and return the millions of treasured objects to their rightful owners. Some of the most outstanding Jewish intellectuals of the twentieth century, including Dawidowicz, Hannah Arendt, Salo W. Baron, and Gershom Scholem, were involved in this herculean effort. This led to the creation of Jewish Cultural Reconstruction Inc., an international body that acted as the Jewish trustee for heirless property in the American Zone and transferred hundreds of thousands of objects from the Depot to the new centers of Jewish life after the Holocaust. The commitment of these individuals to the restitution of cultural property revealed the importance of cultural objects as symbols of the enduring legacy of those who could not be saved. It also fostered Jewish culture and scholarly life in the postwar world.

Jacob & Esau

Author : Malachi Haim Hacohen
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108245498
Total Pages : 757 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (82 download)

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Book Synopsis Jacob & Esau by : Malachi Haim Hacohen

Download or read book Jacob & Esau written by Malachi Haim Hacohen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 757 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jacob and Esau is a profound new account of two millennia of Jewish European history that, for the first time, integrates the cosmopolitan narrative of the Jewish diaspora with that of traditional Jews and Jewish culture. Malachi Haim Hacohen uses the biblical story of the rival twins, Jacob and Esau, and its subsequent retelling by Christians and Jews throughout the ages as a lens through which to illuminate changing Jewish-Christian relations and the opening and closing of opportunities for Jewish life in Europe. Jacob and Esau tells a new history of a people accustomed for over two-and-a-half millennia to forming relationships, real and imagined, with successive empires but eagerly adapting, in modernity, to the nation-state, and experimenting with both assimilation and Jewish nationalism. In rewriting this history via Jacob and Esau, the book charts two divergent but intersecting Jewish histories that together represent the plurality of Jewish European cultures.

Spinoza’s Challenge to Jewish Thought

Author : Daniel B. Schwartz
Publisher : Brandeis University Press
ISBN 13 : 158465712X
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (846 download)

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Book Synopsis Spinoza’s Challenge to Jewish Thought by : Daniel B. Schwartz

Download or read book Spinoza’s Challenge to Jewish Thought written by Daniel B. Schwartz and published by Brandeis University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Arguably, no historical thinker has had as varied and fractious a reception within modern Judaism as Baruch (Benedict) Spinoza (1632–77), the seventeenth-century philosopher, pioneering biblical critic, and Jewish heretic from Amsterdam. Revered in many circles as the patron saint of secular Jewishness, he has also been branded as the worst traitor to the Jewish people in modern times. Jewish philosophy has cast Spinoza as marking a turning point between the old and the new, as a radicalizer of the medieval tradition and table setter for the modern. He has served as a perennial landmark and point of reference in the construction of modern Jewish identity. This volume brings together excerpts from central works in the Jewish response to Spinoza. True to the diversity of Spinoza’s Jewish reception, it features a mix of genres, from philosophical criticism to historical fiction, from tributes to diary entries, providing the reader with a sense of the overall historical development of Spinoza’s posthumous legacy.

Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People

Author : Salo, W. Baron, Gerson D. Cohen, Abraham S. Halkin, Yehezkel Kaufmann, Ralph Marcus, Cecil Roth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 548 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People by : Salo, W. Baron, Gerson D. Cohen, Abraham S. Halkin, Yehezkel Kaufmann, Ralph Marcus, Cecil Roth

Download or read book Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People written by Salo, W. Baron, Gerson D. Cohen, Abraham S. Halkin, Yehezkel Kaufmann, Ralph Marcus, Cecil Roth and published by . This book was released on 1956 with total page 548 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age

Author : William David Davies
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521219297
Total Pages : 766 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age by : William David Davies

Download or read book The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 2, The Hellenistic Age written by William David Davies and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1984 with total page 766 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vol. 4 covers the late Roman period to the rise of Islam. Focuses especially on the growth and development of rabbinic Judaism and of the major classical rabbinic sources such as the Mishnah, Jerusalem Talmud, Babylonian Talmud and various Midrashic collections.

The American Jewish Experience

Author : Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Center for the Study of the American Jewish Experience
Publisher : Holmes & Meier Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9780841909342
Total Pages : 332 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis The American Jewish Experience by : Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Center for the Study of the American Jewish Experience

Download or read book The American Jewish Experience written by Hebrew Union College-Jewish Institute of Religion. Center for the Study of the American Jewish Experience and published by Holmes & Meier Publishers. This book was released on 1986 with total page 332 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Maimonides

Author : Joel L. Kraemer
Publisher : Doubleday Religion
ISBN 13 : 0385512007
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (855 download)

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Book Synopsis Maimonides by : Joel L. Kraemer

Download or read book Maimonides written by Joel L. Kraemer and published by Doubleday Religion. This book was released on 2010-02-09 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This authoritative biography of Moses Maimonides, one of the most influential minds in all of human history, illuminates his life as a philosopher, physician, and lawgiver. A biography on a grand scale, it brilliantly explicates one man’s life against the background of the social, religious, and political issues of his time. Maimonides was born in Córdoba, in Muslim-ruled Spain, in 1138 and died in Cairo in 1204. He lived in an Arab-Islamic environment from his early years in Spain and North Africa to his later years in Egypt, where he was immersed in its culture and society. His life, career, and writings are the highest expression of the intertwined worlds of Judaism and Islam. Maimonides lived in tumultuous times, at the peak of the Reconquista in Spain and the Crusades in Palestine. His monumental compendium of Jewish law, the Mishneh Torah, became a basis of all subsequent Jewish legal codes and brought him recognition as one of the foremost lawgivers of humankind. In Egypt, his training as a physician earned him a place in the entourage of the great Sultan Saladin, and he wrote medical works in Arabic that were translated into Hebrew and Latin and studied for centuries in Europe. As a philosopher and scientist, he contributed to mathematics and astronomy, logic and ethics, politics and theology. His Guide of the Perplexed, a masterful interweaving of religious tradition and scientific and philosophic thought, influenced generations of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish thinkers. Now, in a dazzling work of scholarship, Joel Kraemer tells the complete story of Maimonides’ rich life. MAIMONIDES is at once a portrait of a great historical figure and an excursion into the Mediterranean world of the twelfth century. Joel Kraemer draws on a wealth of original sources to re-create a remarkable period in history when Jewish, Christian, and Muslim traditions clashed and mingled in a setting alive with intense intellectual exchange and religious conflict.

A Social and Religious History of the Jews: High Middle Ages, 500-1200

Author : Salo Wittmayer Baron
Publisher : Columbia University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780231088404
Total Pages : 362 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (884 download)

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Book Synopsis A Social and Religious History of the Jews: High Middle Ages, 500-1200 by : Salo Wittmayer Baron

Download or read book A Social and Religious History of the Jews: High Middle Ages, 500-1200 written by Salo Wittmayer Baron and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 1957-09 with total page 362 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the puzzling phenomenon of new veiling practices among lower middle class women in Cairo, Egypt. Although these women are part of a modernizing middle class, they also voluntarily adopt a traditional symbol of female subordination. How can this paradox be explained? An explanation emerges which reconceptualizes what appears to be reactionary behavior as a new style of political struggle--as accommodating protest. These women, most of them clerical workers in the large government bureaucracy, are ambivalent about working outside the home, considering it a change which brings new burdens as well as some important benefits. At the same time they realize that leaving home and family is creating an intolerable situation of the erosion of their social status and the loss of their traditional identity. The new veiling expresses women's protest against this. MacLeod argues that the symbolism of the new veiling emerges from this tense subcultural dilemma, involving elements of both resistance and acquiescence.

Stradivari's Genius

Author : Toby Faber
Publisher : Random House
ISBN 13 : 1588362140
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (883 download)

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Book Synopsis Stradivari's Genius by : Toby Faber

Download or read book Stradivari's Genius written by Toby Faber and published by Random House. This book was released on 2012-05-09 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “’Tis God gives skill, but not without men’s hands: He could not make Antonio Stradivari’s violins without Antonio.” –George Eliot Antonio Stradivari (1644—1737) was a perfectionist whose single-minded pursuit of excellence changed the world of music. In the course of his long career in the northern Italian city of Cremona, he created more than a thousand stringed instruments; approximately six hundred survive. In this fascinating book, Toby Faber traces the rich, multilayered stories of six of these peerless instruments–five violins and a cello–and the one towering artist who brought them into being. Blending history, biography, meticulous detective work, and an abiding passion for music, Faber embarks on an absorbing journey as he follows some of the most prized instruments of all time. Mysteries and unanswered questions proliferate from the outset–starting with the enigma of Antonio Stradivari himself. What made this apparently unsophisticated craftsman so special? Why were his techniques not maintained by his successors? How is it that even two and a half centuries after his death, no one has succeeded in matching the purity, depth, and delicacy of a Stradivarius? In Faber’s illuminating narrative, each of the six fabled instruments becomes a character in its own right–a living entity cherished by artists, bought and sold by princes and plutocrats, coveted, collected, hidden, lost, copied, and occasionally played by a musician whose skill matches its maker’s. Here is the fabulous Viotti, named for the virtuoso who enchanted all Paris in the 1780s, only to fall foul of the French Revolution. Paganini supposedly made a pact with the devil to transform the art of the violin–and by the end of his life he owned eleven Strads. Then there’s the Davidov cello, fashioned in 1712 and lovingly handed down through a succession of celebrated artists until, in the 1980s, it passed into the capable hands of Yo-Yo Ma. From the salons of Vienna to the concert halls of New York, from the breakthroughs of Beethoven’s last quartets to the first phonographic recordings, Faber unfolds a narrative magnificent in its range and brilliant in its detail. “A great violin is alive,” said Yehudi Menuhin of his own Stradivarius. In the pages of this book, Faber invites us to share the life, the passion, the intrigue, and the incomparable beauty of the world’s most marvelous stringed instruments.

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World

Author : Phillip I. Lieberman
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1009038591
Total Pages : 1216 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World by : Phillip I. Lieberman

Download or read book The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5, Jews in the Medieval Islamic World written by Phillip I. Lieberman and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2021-09-02 with total page 1216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Volume 5 examines the history of Judaism in the Islamic World from the rise of Islam in the early sixth century to the expulsion of Jews from Spain at the end of the fifteenth. This period witnessed radical transformations both within the Jewish community itself and in the broader contexts in which the Jews found themselves. The rise of Islam had a decisive influence on Jews and Judaism as the conditions of daily life and elite culture shifted throughout the Islamicate world. Islamic conquest and expansion affected the shape of the Jewish community as the center of gravity shifted west to the North African communities, and long-distance trading opportunities led to the establishment of trading diasporas and flourishing communities as far east as India. By the end of our period, many of the communities on the 'other' side of the Mediterranean had come into their own—while many of the Jewish communities in the Islamicate world had retreated from their high-water mark.