The Electric Power System

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Electric Power Systems

Author : Alexandra von Meier
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470036400
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power Systems by : Alexandra von Meier

Download or read book Electric Power Systems written by Alexandra von Meier and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2006-06-30 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A clear explanation of the technology for producing and delivering electricity Electric Power Systems explains and illustrates how the electric grid works in a clear, straightforward style that makes highly technical material accessible. It begins with a thorough discussion of the underlying physical concepts of electricity, circuits, and complex power that serves as a foundation for more advanced material. Readers are then introduced to the main components of electric power systems, including generators, motors and other appliances, and transmission and distribution equipment such as power lines, transformers, and circuit breakers. The author explains how a whole power system is managed and coordinated, analyzed mathematically, and kept stable and reliable. Recognizing the economic and environmental implications of electric energy production and public concern over disruptions of service, this book exposes the challenges of producing and delivering electricity to help inform public policy decisions. Its discussions of complex concepts such as reactive power balance, load flow, and stability analysis, for example, offer deep insight into the complexity of electric grid operation and demonstrate how and why physics constrains economics and politics. Although this survival guide includes mathematical equations and formulas, it discusses their meaning in plain English and does not assume any prior familiarity with particular notations or technical jargon. Additional features include: * A glossary of symbols, units, abbreviations, and acronyms * Illustrations that help readers visualize processes and better understand complex concepts * Detailed analysis of a case study, including a Web reference to the case, enabling readers to test the consequences of manipulating various parameters With its clear discussion of how electric grids work, Electric Power Systems is appropriate for a broad readership of professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, government agency managers, environmental advocates, and consumers.

Electric Power Systems

Author : B. M. Weedy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power Systems by : B. M. Weedy

Download or read book Electric Power Systems written by B. M. Weedy and published by . This book was released on 1987-12-07 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This advanced level undergraduate text focuses on how the present energy situation influences policies that have considerable impact on electric power supply, and covers a wide range of power system engineering including a section on overhead line design and underground cables.

Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional

Author : Steven W. Blume
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119180198
Total Pages : 262 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional by : Steven W. Blume

Download or read book Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional written by Steven W. Blume and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2016-12-05 with total page 262 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The second edition of Steven W. Blume’s bestseller provides a comprehensive treatment of power technology for the non-electrical engineer working in the electric power industry This book aims to give non-electrical professionals a fundamental understanding of large interconnected electrical power systems, better known as the “Power Grid”, with regard to terminology, electrical concepts, design considerations, construction practices, industry standards, control room operations for both normal and emergency conditions, maintenance, consumption, telecommunications and safety. The text begins with an overview of the terminology and basic electrical concepts commonly used in the industry then it examines the generation, transmission and distribution of power. Other topics discussed include energy management, conservation of electrical energy, consumption characteristics and regulatory aspects to help readers understand modern electric power systems. This second edition features: New sections on renewable energy, regulatory changes, new measures to improve system reliability, and smart technologies used in the power grid system Updated practical examples, photographs, drawing, and illustrations to help the reader gain a better understanding of the material “Optional supplementary reading” sections within most chapters to elaborate on certain concepts by providing additional detail or background Electric Power System Basics for the Nonelectrical Professional, Second Edition, gives business professionals in the industry and entry-level engineers a strong introduction to power technology in non-technical terms. Steve W. Blume is Founder of Applied Professional Training, Inc., APT Global, LLC, APT College, LLC and APT Corporate Training Services, LLC, USA. Steve is a registered professional engineer and certified NERC Reliability Coordinator with a Master's degree in Electrical Engineering specializing in power and a Bachelor's degree specializing in Telecommunications. He has more than 25 years’ experience teaching electric power system basics to non-electrical professionals. Steve's engineering and operations experience includes generation, transmission, distribution, and electrical safety. He is an active senior member in IEEE and has published two books in power systems through IEEE and Wiley.

Electrical Power Systems

Author : P.S.R. Murty
Publisher : Butterworth-Heinemann
ISBN 13 : 0081012454
Total Pages : 842 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrical Power Systems by : P.S.R. Murty

Download or read book Electrical Power Systems written by P.S.R. Murty and published by Butterworth-Heinemann. This book was released on 2017-06-12 with total page 842 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Electrical Power Systems provides comprehensive, foundational content for a wide range of topics in power system operation and control. With the growing importance of grid integration of renewables and the interest in smart grid technologies it is more important than ever to understand the fundamentals that underpin electrical power systems. The book includes a large number of worked examples, and questions with answers, and emphasizes design aspects of some key electrical components like cables and breakers. The book is designed to be used as reference, review, or self-study for practitioners and consultants, or for students from related engineering disciplines that need to learn more about electrical power systems. - Provides comprehensive coverage of all areas of the electrical power system, useful as a one-stop resource - Includes a large number of worked examples and objective questions (with answers) to help apply the material discussed in the book - Features foundational content that provides background and review for further study/analysis of more specialized areas of electric power engineering

Understanding Electric Power Systems

Author : Frank Delea
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118211375
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (182 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding Electric Power Systems by : Frank Delea

Download or read book Understanding Electric Power Systems written by Frank Delea and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-09-20 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A COMPREHENSIVE LOOK IN LAYMAN'S TERMS AT THE MANY ASPECTS OF THE PROVISION OF ELECTRIC POWER, BY TWO VETERAN EXECUTIVES AND RESPECTED EXPERTS Technological advances and changes in government policy and regulation have altered the electric power industry in recent years and will continue to impact it for quite some time. Fully updated with the latest changes to regulation, structure, and technology, this new edition of Understanding Electric Power Systems offers a real-world view of the industry, explaining how it operates, how it is structured, and how electricity is regulated and priced. It includes extensive references for the reader and will be especially useful to lawyers, government officials, regulators, engineers, and students, as well as the general public. The book explains the physical functioning of electric power systems, the electric power business in today's environment, and the related institutions, including recent changes in the roles of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Reliability Company. Significant changes that are affecting the industry are covered in this new edition, including: The expanded role of the federal government in the planning and operation of the nation's electric utilities New energy laws and a large number of FERC regulations implementing these laws Concerns over global warming and potential impacts on the electric industry Pressures for expansion of the electric grid and the implementation of "smart-grid" technologies The growing importance of various energy-storage technologies and renewable energy sources New nuclear generation technologies The 2009 economic stimulus package

Market Operations in Electric Power Systems

Author : Mohammad Shahidehpour
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0471463949
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis Market Operations in Electric Power Systems by : Mohammad Shahidehpour

Download or read book Market Operations in Electric Power Systems written by Mohammad Shahidehpour and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2003-05-28 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential overview of post-deregulation market operations inelectrical power systems Until recently the U.S. electricity industry was dominated byvertically integrated utilities. It is now evolving into adistributive and competitive market driven by market forces andincreased competition. With electricity amounting to a $200 billionper year market in the United States, the implications of thisrestructuring will naturally affect the rest of the world. Why is restructuring necessary? What are the components ofrestructuring? How is the new structure different from the oldmonopoly? How are the participants strategizing their options tomaximize their revenues? What are the market risks and how are theyevaluated? How are interchange transactions analyzed and approved?Starting with a background sketch of the industry, this hands-onreference provides insights into the new trends in power systemsoperation and control, and highlights advanced issues in thefield. Written for both technical and nontechnical professionals involvedin power engineering, finance, and marketing, this must-haveresource discusses: * Market structure and operation of electric power systems * Load and price forecasting and arbitrage * Price-based unit commitment and security constrained unitcommitment * Market power analysis and game theory applications * Ancillary services auction market design * Transmission pricing and congestion Using real-world case studies, this timely survey offers engineers,consultants, researchers, financial managers, university professorsand students, and other professionals in the industry acomprehensive review of electricity restructuring and how itsradical effects will shape the market.

Power System Operations and Electricity Markets

Author : Fred I. Denny
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420058452
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Power System Operations and Electricity Markets by : Fred I. Denny

Download or read book Power System Operations and Electricity Markets written by Fred I. Denny and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-12-19 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power industry in the U.S. has undergone dramatic changes in recent years. Tight regulations enacted in the 1970's and then de-regulation in the 90's have transformed it from a technology-driven industry into one driven by public policy requirements and the open-access market. Now, just as the utility companies must change to ensure their survival, engineers and other professionals in the industry must acquire new skills, adopt new attitudes, and accommodate other disciplines. Power System Operations and Electricity Markets provides the information engineers need to understand and meet the challenges of the new competitive environment. Integrating the business and technical aspects of the restructured power industry, it explains, clearly and succinctly, how new methods for power systems operations and energy marketing relate to public policy, regulation, economics, and engineering science. The authors examine the technologies and techniques currently in use and lay the groundwork for the coming era of unbundling, open access, power marketing, self-generation, and regional transmission operations. The rapid, massive changes in the electric power industry and in the economy have rendered most books on the subject obsolete. Based on the authors' years of front-line experience in the industry and in regulatory organizations, Power System Operations and Electricity Markets is current, insightful, and complete with Web links that will help readers stay up to date.

Electric Power System Planning

Author : Hossein Seifi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642179894
Total Pages : 379 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (421 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power System Planning by : Hossein Seifi

Download or read book Electric Power System Planning written by Hossein Seifi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-24 with total page 379 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present book addresses various power system planning issues for professionals as well as senior level and postgraduate students. Its emphasis is on long-term issues, although much of the ideas may be used for short and mid-term cases, with some modifications. Back-up materials are provided in twelve appendices of the book. The readers can use the numerous examples presented within the chapters and problems at the end of the chapters, to make sure that the materials are adequately followed up. Based on what Matlab provides as a powerful package for students and professional, some of the examples and the problems are solved in using M-files especially developed and attached for this purpose. This adds a unique feature to the book for in-depth understanding of the materials, sometimes, difficult to apprehend mathematically. Chapter 1 provides an introduction to Power System Planning (PSP) issues and basic principles. As most of PSP problems are modeled as optimization problems, optimization techniques are covered in some details in Chapter 2. Moreover, PSP decision makings are based on both technical and economic considerations, so economic principles are briefly reviewed in Chapter 3. As a basic requirement of PSP studies, the load has to be known. Therefore, load forecasting is presented in Chapter 4. Single bus Generation Expansion Planning (GEP) problem is described in Chapter 5. This study is performed using WASP-IV, developed by International Atomic Energy Agency. The study ignores the grid structure. A Multi-bus GEP problem is discussed in Chapter 6 in which the transmission effects are, somehow, accounted for. The results of single bus GEP is used as an input to this problem. SEP problem is fully presented in Chapter 7. Chapter 8 devotes to Network Expansion Planning (NEP) problem, in which the network is planned. The results of NEP, somehow, fixes the network structure. Some practical considerations and improvements such as multi-voltage cases are discussed in Chapter 9. As NEP study is typically based on some simplifying assumptions and Direct Current Load Flow (DCLF) analysis, detailed Reactive Power Planning (RPP) study is finally presented in Chapter 10, to guarantee acceptable ACLF performance during normal as well as contingency conditions. This, somehow, concludes the basic PSP problem. The changing environments due to power system restructuring dictate some uncertainties on PSP issues. It is shown in Chapter 11 that how these uncertainties can be accounted for. Although is intended to be a text book, PSP is a research oriented topic, too. That is why Chapter 12 is devoted to research trends in PSP. The chapters conclude with a comprehensive example in Chapter 13, showing the step-by-step solution of a practical case.

Electric Power Systems

Author : Ned Mohan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118074793
Total Pages : 529 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power Systems by : Ned Mohan

Download or read book Electric Power Systems written by Ned Mohan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-01-18 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author Ned Mohan has been a leader in EES education and research for decades. His three-book series on Power Electronics focuses on three essential topics in the power sequence based on applications relevant to this age of sustainable energy such as wind turbines and hybrid electric vehicles. The three topics include power electronics, power systems and electric machines. Key features in the first Edition build on Mohan's successful MNPERE texts; his systems approach which puts dry technical detail in the context of applications; and substantial pedagogical support including PPT's, video clips, animations, clicker questions and a lab manual. It follows a top-down systems-level approach to power electronics to highlight interrelationships between these sub-fields. It's intended to cover fundamental and practical design. This book also follows a building-block approach to power electronics that allows an in-depth discussion of several important topics that are usually left. Topics are carefully sequenced to maintain continuity and interest.

Vehicular Electric Power Systems

Author : Ali Emadi
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780824747510
Total Pages : 520 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (475 download)

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Book Synopsis Vehicular Electric Power Systems by : Ali Emadi

Download or read book Vehicular Electric Power Systems written by Ali Emadi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2003-12-12 with total page 520 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vehicular Electric Power Systems: Land, Sea, Air, and Space Vehicles acquaints professionals with trends and challenges in the development of more electric vehicles (MEVs) using detailed examples and comprehensive discussions of advanced MEV power system architectures, characteristics, and dynamics. The authors focus on real-world applications and highlight issues related to system stability as well as challenges faced during and after implementation. Probes innovations in the development of more electric vehicles for improved maintenance, support, endurance, safety, and cost-efficiency in automotive, aerospace, and marine vehicle engineering Heralding a new wave of advances in power system technology, Vehicular Electric Power Systems discusses: Different automotive power systems including conventional automobiles, more electric cars, heavy-duty vehicles, and electric and hybrid electric vehicles Electric and hybrid electric propulsion systems and control strategies Aerospace power systems including conventional and advanced aircraft, spacecraft, and the international space station Sea and undersea vehicles The modeling, real-time state estimation, and stability assessment of vehicular power systems Applications of fuel cells in various land, sea, air, and space vehicles Modeling techniques for energy storage devices including batteries, fuel cells, photovoltaic cells, and ultracapacitors Advanced power electronic converters and electric motor drives for vehicular applications Guidelines for the proper design of DC and AC distribution architectures

Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems

Author : Thomas Allen Short
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1420036475
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (2 download)

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Book Synopsis Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems by : Thomas Allen Short

Download or read book Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems written by Thomas Allen Short and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power distribution and quality remain the key challenges facing the electric utilities industry. Choosing the right equipment and architecture for a given application means the difference between success and failure. Comprising chapters carefully selected from the best-selling Electric Power Distribution Handbook, Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems provides an economical, sharply focused reference on the technologies and infrastructures that enable reliable, efficient distribution of power, from traversing vast distances to local power delivery. The book works inward from broad coverage of overall power systems all the way down to specific equipment application. It begins by laying a foundation in the fundamentals of distribution systems, explaining configurations, substations, loads, and differences between European and US systems. It also includes a look at the development of the field as well as future problems and challenges to overcome. Building on this groundwork, the author elaborates on both overhead and underground distribution networks, including the underlying concepts and practical issues associated with each. Probing deeper into the system, individual chapters explore transformers, voltage regulation, and capacitor application in detail, from basic principles to operational considerations. With clear explanations and detailed information, Electric Power Distribution Equipment and Systems gathers critical concepts, technologies, and applications into a single source that is ideally suited for immediate implementation.

Electrical Power System Essentials

Author : Pieter Schavemaker
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1118803477
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (188 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrical Power System Essentials by : Pieter Schavemaker

Download or read book Electrical Power System Essentials written by Pieter Schavemaker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electrical power supply is about to change; future generation will increasingly take place in and near local neighborhoods with diminishing reliance on distant power plants. The existing grid is not adapted for this purpose as it is largely a remnant from the 20th century. Can the grid be transformed into an intelligent and flexible grid that is future proof? This revised edition of Electrical Power System Essentials contains not only an accessible, broad and up-to-date overview of alternating current (AC) power systems, but also end-of-chapter exercises in every chapter, aiding readers in their understanding of the material introduced. With an original approach the book covers the generation of electric energy from thermal power plants as from renewable energy sources and treats the incorporation of power electronic devices and FACTS. Throughout there are examples and case studies that back up the theory or techniques presented. The authors set out information on mathematical modelling and equations in appendices rather than integrated in the main text. This unique approach distinguishes it from other text books on Electrical Power Systems and makes the resource highly accessible for undergraduate students and readers without a technical background directly related to power engineering. After laying out the basics for a steady-state analysis of the three-phase power system, the book examines: generation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric energy wind energy, solar energy and hydro power power system protection and circuit breakers power system control and operation the organization of electricity markets and the changes currently taking place system blackouts future developments in power systems, HVDC connections and smart grids The book is supplemented by a companion website from which teaching materials can be downloaded. https://www.wiley.com//legacy/wileychi/powersystem/material.html

Electrical Power Systems

Author : Mohamed E. El-Hawary
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780780311404
Total Pages : 808 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (114 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrical Power Systems by : Mohamed E. El-Hawary

Download or read book Electrical Power Systems written by Mohamed E. El-Hawary and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 1995-03-09 with total page 808 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This comprehensive textbook introduces electrical engineers to themost relevant concepts and techniques in electric power systemsengineering today. With an emphasis on practical motivations forchoosing the best design and analysis approaches, the authorcarefully integrates theory and application. Key features include more than 500 illustrations and diagrams,clearly developed procedures and application examples, importantmathematical details, coverage of both alternating and directcurrent, an additional set of solved problems at the end of eachchapter, and an historical overview of the development of electricpower systems. This book will be useful to both power engineeringstudents and professional power engineers.

Electrical Power Systems

Author : C. L. Wadhwa
Publisher : New Age International
ISBN 13 : 8122424686
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (224 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrical Power Systems by : C. L. Wadhwa

Download or read book Electrical Power Systems written by C. L. Wadhwa and published by New Age International. This book was released on 2009 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About the Book: Electrical power system together with Generation, Distribution and utilization of Electrical Energy by the same author cover almost six to seven courses offered by various universities under Electrical and Electronics Engineering curriculum. Also, this combination has proved highly successful for writing competitive examinations viz. UPSC, NTPC, National Power Grid, NHPC, etc.

Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309463076
Total Pages : 171 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-10-25 with total page 171 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Americans' safety, productivity, comfort, and convenience depend on the reliable supply of electric power. The electric power system is a complex "cyber-physical" system composed of a network of millions of components spread out across the continent. These components are owned, operated, and regulated by thousands of different entities. Power system operators work hard to assure safe and reliable service, but large outages occasionally happen. Given the nature of the system, there is simply no way that outages can be completely avoided, no matter how much time and money is devoted to such an effort. The system's reliability and resilience can be improved but never made perfect. Thus, system owners, operators, and regulators must prioritize their investments based on potential benefits. Enhancing the Resilience of the Nation's Electricity System focuses on identifying, developing, and implementing strategies to increase the power system's resilience in the face of events that can cause large-area, long-duration outages: blackouts that extend over multiple service areas and last several days or longer. Resilience is not just about lessening the likelihood that these outages will occur. It is also about limiting the scope and impact of outages when they do occur, restoring power rapidly afterwards, and learning from these experiences to better deal with events in the future.

Electrical Power Systems Quality, Third Edition

Author : Roger C. Dugan
Publisher : McGraw Hill Professional
ISBN 13 : 007176156X
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (717 download)

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Book Synopsis Electrical Power Systems Quality, Third Edition by : Roger C. Dugan

Download or read book Electrical Power Systems Quality, Third Edition written by Roger C. Dugan and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2012-02-06 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: THE DEFINITIVE GUIDE TO POWER QUALITY--UPDATED AND EXPANDED Electrical Power Systems Quality, Third Edition, is a complete, accessible, and up-to-date guide to identifying and preventing the causes of power quality problems. The information is presented without heavy-duty equations, making it practical and easily readable for utility engineers, industrial engineers, technicians, and equipment designers. This in-depth resource addresses the essentials of power quality and tested methods to improve compatibility among the power system, customer equipment, and processes. Coverage includes: Standard terms and definitions for power quality phenomena Protecting against voltage sags and interruptions Harmonic phenomena and dealing with harmonic distortion Transient overvoltages Long-duration voltage variations Benchmarking power quality International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards Maintaining power quality in distributed generation systems Common wiring and grounding problems, along with solutions Site surveys and power quality monitoring

Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309114047
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System by : National Research Council

Download or read book Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-11-25 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The electric power delivery system that carries electricity from large central generators to customers could be severely damaged by a small number of well-informed attackers. The system is inherently vulnerable because transmission lines may span hundreds of miles, and many key facilities are unguarded. This vulnerability is exacerbated by the fact that the power grid, most of which was originally designed to meet the needs of individual vertically integrated utilities, is being used to move power between regions to support the needs of competitive markets for power generation. Primarily because of ambiguities introduced as a result of recent restricting the of the industry and cost pressures from consumers and regulators, investment to strengthen and upgrade the grid has lagged, with the result that many parts of the bulk high-voltage system are heavily stressed. Electric systems are not designed to withstand or quickly recover from damage inflicted simultaneously on multiple components. Such an attack could be carried out by knowledgeable attackers with little risk of detection or interdiction. Further well-planned and coordinated attacks by terrorists could leave the electric power system in a large region of the country at least partially disabled for a very long time. Although there are many examples of terrorist and military attacks on power systems elsewhere in the world, at the time of this study international terrorists have shown limited interest in attacking the U.S. power grid. However, that should not be a basis for complacency. Because all parts of the economy, as well as human health and welfare, depend on electricity, the results could be devastating. Terrorism and the Electric Power Delivery System focuses on measures that could make the power delivery system less vulnerable to attacks, restore power faster after an attack, and make critical services less vulnerable while the delivery of conventional electric power has been disrupted.