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The Effects Of Ocean Acidification And Upwelling Conditions On The Growth And Calcification Of The Red Abalone Haliotis Rufescens
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Book Synopsis The Effects of Ocean Acidification and Upwelling Conditions on the Growth and Calcification of the Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) by : Lauren White
Download or read book The Effects of Ocean Acidification and Upwelling Conditions on the Growth and Calcification of the Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) written by Lauren White and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 55 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Upwelling events along the California coast expose invertebrates to low dissolved oxygen simultaneously with high pCO2 levels that are progressively increasing as a result of rising atmospheric CO2. These multiple stressors could potentially impact the growth and calcification of economically valuable molluscs, such as abalone. To evaluate this threat, juvenile red abalone were maintained over a 4-week period in seawater undersaturated with respect to aragonite and containing 85% dissolved oxygen, which simulated an upwelling event. Seawater conditions were then returned to ambient levels for 3 weeks to determine the ability of the abalone to recover from the potential effects of low oxygen and high pCO2 conditions. Abalone exposed to the treatment had lower shell weights and calcium content per shell than abalone in the ambient group. Shells also appeared much lighter in color following the acidification period. After both groups were returned to ambient conditions, shells of the abalone in the treatment group still weighed less and had lower calcium content than the shells of the ambient group. The amount of weight gained by the abalone during the 3-week ambient period, however, was the same for both groups, suggesting an ability to recover a normal rate of weight gain after exposure. These findings suggest that juvenile red abalone experienced decreased net calcification following exposure to high CO2 and decreased DO. Though abalone were able to recover to normal growth rates, they were not able to accelerate their net calcification to catch up to the shells weights and calcium content of the ambient group, suggesting that they may have thinner or less dense shells following each upwelling event.
Book Synopsis Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Growth and Survival in Early-stage Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) by : Sara Elizabeth Boles
Download or read book Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Growth and Survival in Early-stage Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) written by Sara Elizabeth Boles and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The shellfish aquaculture industry has been identified as a sustainable source of protein to feed a growing global population. Absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) by the world's oceans is leading to a decline in ocean pH, resulting in process termed ocean acidification (OA), and is occurring at an unprecedented rate. The result of OA has reduced global surface oceans by 0.1 pH units and is projected to decrease by 0.3 to 0.4 pH units by the year 2100. The negative consequences of OA have been shown to reduce calcification, growth, and survival during sensitive larval and post-settlement life-history stages in both ecologically and economically important species of shellfish. The consequences of OA are threatening the viability of these economically and ecologically important resources; however, few adaptive aquaculture strategies exist to mitigate the negative effects of OA. Red abalone (H. rufescens) are a culturally, ecologically, and economically important species of shellfish, yet few studies have investigated the effects of OA across sensitive life-history stages and adaptive culture strategies for this species are absent. To address these gaps in knowledge during sensitive larval and post-settlement stages with the following objectives we examined: (1) the mitigative effect of post-settlement diet in wild-caught (VD: Van Damme, CA) and captive (SB: Santa Barbara, CA) populations of red abalone exposed to OA conditions; and (2) the capacity of seawater chemistry manipulations and the tailoring post-settlement and grow-out temperatures during sensitive stages to buffer the negative carry-over effects of OA into later life-history stages. To test the OA-buffering effect of natural (CCA: crustose coralline algae) and commercially grown (NV: Navicula sp. Diatoms) post-settlement diets on the survival of wild-caught and captive populations of red abalone, embryos were cultured from 6 hours post-fertilization to 97 days post-fertilization (dpf) under either control-pH or OA treatment conditions. We found that CCA enhanced post-settlement survival in both populations under both control-pH and OA treatment conditions compared to abalone settled on NV diatoms; however, this effect remained significant only in the SB population at later post-settlement stages. Variation in response to pH treatment conditions was observed between the two populations with SB abalone displaying a considerable decline in post-settlement survival when cultured under OA conditions, whereas, survival of VD-sourced abalone was not affected by OA. We also observed a significant effect of settlement diet on the relationship between total larval lipids stores and post-settlement survival, a relationship that was more pronounced in VD compared to SB abalone. To assess the mitigative capacity of pH manipulations to buffer the negative consequence of OA, we cultured red abalone from embryos (6 hours post-fertilization) to 7 dpf under control-pH or OA conditions and were settled under a factorial combination of these treatments. Post-settlement and grow-out temperatures were tailored to enhance the growth of abalone cultured under the various pH treatment conditions. Slight warming during post-settlement and grow-out stages enhanced the growth of red abalone; however, this effect was dependent on pH treatment exposure history. Results from this dissertation reveal the effects of OA across larval and post-settlement stages in red abalone are complex; however, they highlight the potential for adaptive culture techniques to sustain and advance red abalone conservation and production aquaculture in the face of ocean change.
Book Synopsis Determining the Effects of Marine Heatwaves on Red Abalone, Haliotis Rufescens, Across Multiple Size Classes by : Amanda Chiachi
Download or read book Determining the Effects of Marine Heatwaves on Red Abalone, Haliotis Rufescens, Across Multiple Size Classes written by Amanda Chiachi and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historically, high fishing pressures coupled with natural climate fluctuations and disease have caused dramatic decreases in abalone populations along the California coast, leading to two of the seven California Haliotis species to be listed as endangered throughout their range via the US Endangered Species Act. With the realization that wild abalone populations were not going to meet market demand, a shift to aquaculture occurred to meet the demand. Due to the high cost of maintaining seawater conditions, red abalone aquaculture facilities often pump water from the ocean directly adjacent to the facility, leaving their stock susceptible to natural environmental fluctuations in pumped sea water. Recently, anthropogenic warming has caused marine heatwaves to become more frequent and severe, leading to negative impacts such as mortality or reduced fecundity in both wild and aquaculture species. Commercial abalone aquaculturists use size-grading to facilitate culture operations, yet there is little known about how marine heatwaves will affect the health of various size classes of red abalone. Here, I experimentally tested the effect of a realistic heatwave on the survivorship, growth, respiration, and consumption rates of three size classes (30-, 60- and 90-mm long) of abalone from an aquaculture facility located in Goleta, California. My results show that marine heatwaves reduced survivorship in all size classes with the highest mortality (22.2%) occurring in the largest size class. Abalone that experienced a heatwave also generally grew more slowly, with the smallest size class being most impacted. Abalone across all sizes subjected to a heatwave grew 7.8% less when compared to ambient conditions. Abalone that experienced a marine heatwave had 0.04% lower respiration rates during the heatwave and 5.4% lower respiration rates, averaged across all sizes, immediately following a heatwave than abalone in ambient conditions. Consumption rates were negatively correlated with respiration rates, however there was no difference in the effect size between abalone that experienced a heatwave versus ambient conditions. Overall, my results highlight that marine heatwaves may negatively impact abalone metabolic rates, but that the magnitude of the effect varies by size class. A greater understanding of the impacts that future marine heatwaves will have on individual size classes can help aquaculturists strategize best management practices for commercial red abalone in the future.
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification by : National Research Council
Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-09-14 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean has absorbed a significant portion of all human-made carbon dioxide emissions. This benefits human society by moderating the rate of climate change, but also causes unprecedented changes to ocean chemistry. Carbon dioxide taken up by the ocean decreases the pH of the water and leads to a suite of chemical changes collectively known as ocean acidification. The long term consequences of ocean acidification are not known, but are expected to result in changes to many ecosystems and the services they provide to society. Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean reviews the current state of knowledge, explores gaps in understanding, and identifies several key findings. Like climate change, ocean acidification is a growing global problem that will intensify with continued CO2 emissions and has the potential to change marine ecosystems and affect benefits to society. The federal government has taken positive initial steps by developing a national ocean acidification program, but more information is needed to fully understand and address the threat that ocean acidification may pose to marine ecosystems and the services they provide. In addition, a global observation network of chemical and biological sensors is needed to monitor changes in ocean conditions attributable to acidification.
Book Synopsis The Effects of Light, Rearing Density and Formulated Feeds on Growth in the Juvenile Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) by : Jennifer Lea Greenier
Download or read book The Effects of Light, Rearing Density and Formulated Feeds on Growth in the Juvenile Red Abalone (Haliotis Rufescens) written by Jennifer Lea Greenier and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Relative Effects of Diet and Irradiance on the Growth and Survival of Post-larval Red Abalone, Haliotis Rufescens by : Susan C. McBride
Download or read book The Relative Effects of Diet and Irradiance on the Growth and Survival of Post-larval Red Abalone, Haliotis Rufescens written by Susan C. McBride and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page 70 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification by : Jean-Pierre Gattuso
Download or read book Ocean Acidification written by Jean-Pierre Gattuso and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2011-09-15 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ocean helps moderate climate change thanks to its considerable capacity to store CO2, through the combined actions of ocean physics, chemistry, and biology. This storage capacity limits the amount of human-released CO2 remaining in the atmosphere. As CO2 reacts with seawater, it generates dramatic changes in carbonate chemistry, including decreases in pH and carbonate ions and an increase in bicarbonate ions. The consequences of this overall process, known as "ocean acidification", are raising concerns for the biological, ecological, and biogeochemical health of the world's oceans, as well as for the potential societal implications. This research level text is the first to synthesize the very latest understanding of the consequences of ocean acidification, with the intention of informing both future research agendas and marine management policy. A prestigious list of authors has been assembled, among them the coordinators of major national and international projects on ocean acidification.
Book Synopsis Settlement and Postlarval Ecology of the Red Abalone Haliotis Rufescens in Culture Systems by :
Download or read book Settlement and Postlarval Ecology of the Red Abalone Haliotis Rufescens in Culture Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 204 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Several studies on abiotic and biotic factors that may influence metamorphosis induction and early postlarval survival and growth of the abalone Haliotis rufescens (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in culture systems were conducted. The availability of appropriate cues for metamorphosis induction is crucial. The conventional cue provided in abalone culture (diatom films) is inadequate for this species. This study shows, for the first time, that the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) can be used successfully in massive-scale conditions. Metamorphosis induction by this amino acid was 75-76% (after 24 h) while only 8-12% larvae responded to diatom films. Bacterial interference can be minimized by exposing larvae to GABA in clean tanks and adding diatoms (and associated bacteria), as a postlarval food, after metamorphosis is induced. Alternatively, the conventional GABA concentration (1 micromolar) may be increased within safe limits (up to 2-3 micromolar) to cope with potential degradation of the amino acid by bacteria. Another important factor is the timing of settlement, since a suboptimal induction occurred in precompetent larvae or after a prolonged delayed metamorphosis. However, a maximum response to GABA and increased early postlarval development were observed for larvae settling 1-3 days after the onset of competence. Although GABA is now routinely used to improve settlement in many H. rufescens hatcheries, high mortality or slow postlarval growth are still common. Ecological conditions in the benthic boundary layers above diatom-films of culture systems may play an important role on postlarval fitness. Oxygen microgradients within 1 mm above biofilm surfaces were observed in laboratory studies, with bottom levels higher than 180% or lower than 50% saturation in light and dark conditions, respectively. Reduced postlarval survival and growth can also result from the depletion of biofilms after excessive grazing. Thus, information on grazing rates and the factors controlling them is crucial for the optimal management of culture systems. This contribution provides the first estimates of grazing rates of H. rufescens postlarvae, based on the digital analysis of video-recorded images, ranging from 20 to 724 diatom cells/individual/hour during the first month after settlement.
Book Synopsis The Ecology of Ocean Acidification by : Jeremy M. Rose
Download or read book The Ecology of Ocean Acidification written by Jeremy M. Rose and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean Acidification (OA) has emerged as a major threat to marine ecosystems, particularly regarding calcifying organisms. A growing body of literature describing laboratory investigations into pH stress indicates broadly deleterious effects for calcifiers, but responses vary greatly across taxa and can be influenced by variations in other environmental characteristics. Scaling laboratory results to ecological performance is critical for understanding the impacts of OA on marine communities. One method that can be useful for elucidating these ecological impacts is to study organisms and communities in environments that naturally vary in pH. The California Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) is one such ecosystem in which pH varies both in space and over time, bathing intertidal communities in a mosaic of pH conditions. The dynamics of the CCLME during the upwelling season also drive biologically-relevant variation in productivity and temperature. My dissertation leverages variation in oceanographic processes along the CCLME to explore the potential for OA impacts on rocky intertidal community distributions and the performances of two major space occupiers in rocky intertidal communities. In Chapter 2, a series of large scale community surveys along the CCLME were re-examined to ask if distributions of calcifiers and their mineral forms differ whether these differences are linked to environmental conditions. The patterns of differential calcifier abundances that emerge may better inform studies into the potential community impacts of OA by highlighting regions where calcifiers are relatively diverse or replete. Although these patterns are partially driven by complex interactions among temperature, phytoplankton productivity and upwelling, much of the spatial variation in calcifier abundance remains unexplained, suggesting the need to better characterize the pH environment along this oceanographically-complex region. In Chapter 3, I explored the relative influence of the pH mosaic along the CCLME on performance of the California mussel, Mytilus californianus. When considered along with other known stressors such as temperature and chlorophyll-a variations, pH meaningfully contributed toward explaining variation in mussel growth, condition and shell thickness. Contrary to expectation, some aspects of mussel performance were enhanced at comparatively low pH sites. The potential implications of this work include mediation of pH stress by other environmental factors, energetic trade-offs between calcified and soft tissue development, a life history transition toward increased resilience, and genotypic or persistent phenotypic differences that integrate exposure history. In Chapter 4, I investigated the relative influence of natural pH variation on performance of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. As with the California mussel study in Chapter 3, aspects of sea urchin calcified structures were enhanced, not suppressed as expected, at sites with comparatively low pH, after considering the effects of algal consumption and mean temperature. The combined results of Chapters 3 and 4 underscore the complex interactions between multiple environmental stressors and organismal physiology, highlight the biological relevance of pH on ecological performance, and suggest that life in areas already subject to natural pH variation may have the adaptive capacity to persist under future conditions.
Author :International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Global Marine and Polar Programme. Publisher :IUCN ISBN 13 :283171723X Total Pages :140 pages Book Rating :4.8/5 (317 download)
Book Synopsis Bridging the gap between ocean acidification impacts and economic valuation by : International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Global Marine and Polar Programme.
Download or read book Bridging the gap between ocean acidification impacts and economic valuation written by International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Global Marine and Polar Programme. and published by IUCN. This book was released on 2015-05-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Following the first international workshop on the economics of ocean acidification organized by the Centre Scientifique de Monaco and the International Atomic Energy Agency in 2010, a second international workshop was held in November 2012, which explored the level of risk, and the resilience or vulnerability of defined regions of the world ocean in terms of fishery and aquaculture species and economic impacts, and social adaptation. This report includes the findings and recommendations of the respective regional working groups and is the result of an interdisciplinary survey of ocean acidification-sensitive fisheries and aquaculture.
Book Synopsis The Adaptation and Response of Aquatic Animals in the Context of Global Climate Change by : Hongsheng Yang
Download or read book The Adaptation and Response of Aquatic Animals in the Context of Global Climate Change written by Hongsheng Yang and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-07-24 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Anthropogenic climate change has driven widespread changes in marine environments, including ocean warming, ocean acidification, and the formation of hypoxic zones. Such environmental changes would pose direct challenges to the survival and adaptation of aquatic organisms, greatly affecting the biodiversity of marine life and marine ecosystems. Changes in the marine environment are likely to have strong effects at the physiological, behavioral, and molecular levels, with implications at the individual, population, and species levels, resulting in the degradation of genetic resources through massive mortality. For example, the ingestion, digestion, respiration, and growth of aquatic animals were greatly depressed under extreme environments. In the long run, maintaining a sustainable ocean would require a better understanding of the adaptation of marine animals in response to the effects of multiple environmental stressors. The Research Topic is aimed to discuss the potential impacts of individual and compounded extreme environments on aquatic animals, as well as the regulatory mechanisms and adaptation strategies of marine species to cope with these impacts.
Book Synopsis Oceanic Acidification by : Ronald Eisler
Download or read book Oceanic Acidification written by Ronald Eisler and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2011-10-04 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically examines the available literature on oceanic acidification, including a historical review of pH and atmospheric CO2 levels over the millennia; natural and anthropogenic sources of CO2 to the atmosphere and sea surface; chemical, physical, and biological mode of action; biological effects of acidification to marine plants and an
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification on the California Coast by : Daniel Sergio Swezey
Download or read book Ocean Acidification on the California Coast written by Daniel Sergio Swezey and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As a result of human activities, the level of CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere has increased by nearly 40% since the industrial revolution. The rate of green house gas emission is accelerating, with current trends exceeding those predicted by "worst case" global climate change scenarios. The chemistry of the ocean is fundamentally changing as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2, which dissolves in seawater, making it more acidic, a process referred to as ocean acidification (OA). A rapidly expanding body of science is now being generated to understand the impact of this global environmental change. To date, most studies evaluating OA effects have centered on simplified laboratory analyses that expose single populations to short-term treatments in order to quantify responses of individuals. These designs offer a limited assessment of the degree to which phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation might influence the response of populations to OA. Moreover, as CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere continue to increase, multiple oceanographic factors such as temperature and phytoplankton concentration will also change, and it remains largely unknown as to how multiple concurrent changes in such oceanographic conditions will interact to affect organismal calcification and growth. To address these questions, I carried out studies on members of Phylum Bryozoa, a species-rich clade of calcified colonial marine invertebrates distributed throughout the global ocean. Bryozoans were selected as a model system for this work because the clade exhibits a broad array of growth and calcification strategies, and because of the relative paucity of data regarding their expected response to future acidification. In addition, bryozoans can be subdivided into genetically identical replicate clones, which can then be assigned to separate treatments, allowing variation across treatments to be uniquely partitioned into the variance components of statistical models. In order to culture bryozoans for comparative experiments, I designed and constructed a new flow-through OA system at the Bodega Marine Laboratory, capable of finely manipulating both the temperature and carbonate chemistry of seawater, allowing for controlled laboratory experiments of long duration. In Chapter 1, I performed a comparative 9-month laboratory experiment examining the effects of ocean acidification on the native Californian bryozoan Celleporella cornuta. C. cornuta was sampled from two regions of coastline that experience different oceanographic conditions associated with variation in the intensity of coastal upwelling. Under different CO2 treatments, the biology of this bryozoan was observed to be remarkably plastic. Colonies raised under high CO2 grew more quickly, invested less in reproduction, and produced skeletons that were lighter compared to genetically identical clones raised under current atmospheric values. Bryozoans held in high CO2 conditions reduced their investment in skeletal carbonate, changed the Mg/Ca ratio of skeletal walls and increased the expression of organic coverings that may serve a protective function. Differences between populations in growth, reproductive investment, and the frequency of organic covering production were consistent with adaptive responses to persistent variation in local oceanographic conditions. In Chapter 2, I tested whether skeletal mineralogy can vary plastically in some invertebrates using the cosmopolitan bryozoan Membranipora tuberculata as a model. In a 6-month laboratory experiment, I cultured genetic clones of M. tuberculata under a factorial design with varying food availability, temperature, and dissolved CO2 concentrations. Elevated food availability increased growth in colonies while cold temperatures and high CO2 induced degeneration of colony zooids. However, colonies were able to maintain equivalent growth efficiencies under cold, high CO2 conditions, suggesting a compensatory tradeoff whereby colonies increase the degeneration of older zooids under adverse conditions, redirecting this energy to the maintenance of growth. Elevated food and cold temperatures also decreased Mg concentrations in skeletal material, and this skeletal material dissolved less readily under high CO2 conditions. This suggests that these factors interact synergistically to affect dissolution potential in this and other species. Finally, in Chapter 3, I explore stable isotope values for [delta]18O and [delta]13C in the calcium carbonate structures of the bryozoan Membranipora tuberculata. Stable isotope ratios in the skeletons of various marine invertebrate taxa are widely used to reconstruct historical oceanographic conditions. I tested whether this species accurately records both temperature and pH variability during periods of coastal upwelling by analyzing [delta]18O and [delta]13C in colonies grown in the field and in controlled laboratory cultures. Field-grown colonies were out planted next to a Durafet® pH sensor, which provided a high-resolution record of the temperature and pH conditions these colonies experienced. [Delta]E13C was found to negatively co-vary with pH in both laboratory and field growth, and calculated field temperatures derived from laboratory [delta]18O temperature calibrations aligned with the records from the pH sensor. [Delta]18O[subscript]C values were more depleted under low pH in laboratory trials, which stands in contrast to patterns observed in other taxa. This may indicate that Membranipora utilizes bicarbonate ion (HCO3−) in its calcification pathway, and could help explain why many bryozoan species appear to exhibit enhanced growth under high CO2 conditions.
Book Synopsis Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan by : National Research Council
Download or read book Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-07-03 with total page 93 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world's ocean has already experienced a 30% rise in acidity since the industrial revolution, with acidity expected to rise 100 to 150% over preindustrial levels by the end of this century. Potential consequences to marine life and also to economic activities that depend on a healthy marine ecosystem are difficult to assess and predict, but potentially devastating. To address this knowledge gap, Congress passed the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring (FOARAM) Act in 2009, which, among other things, required that an interagency working group create a "Strategic Plan for Federal Research and Monitoring of Ocean Acidification." Review of the Federal Ocean Acidification Research and Monitoring Plan reviews the strategic plan on the basis of how well it fulfills program elements laid out in the FOARAM Act and follows the advice provided to the working group in the NRC's 2010 report, Ocean Acidification: A National Strategy to Meet the Challenges of a Changing Ocean. This report concludes that, overall, the plan is strong and provides a comprehensive framework for improving our understanding of ocean acidification. Potential improvements include a better defined strategy for implementing program goals, stronger integration of the seven broad scientific themes laid out in the FOARAM Act, and better mechanisms for coordination among federal agencies and with other U.S. and international efforts to address ocean acidification.
Book Synopsis Promoting Pinto Abalone (Haliotis Kamtschatkana) Recovery in the Salish Sea by : Elizabeth Janie Diehl
Download or read book Promoting Pinto Abalone (Haliotis Kamtschatkana) Recovery in the Salish Sea written by Elizabeth Janie Diehl and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Overharvesting of pinto abalone (Haliotis kamtschatkana) in the Salish Sea between 1959 and 1994 caused severe population declines. This led to the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife classifying pinto abalone as a "species of concern." The Puget Sound Restoration Fund (PSRF) is committed to help pinto abalone recover by outplanting juveniles at specific sites around the Salish Sea. Survival of outplanted individuals is different at each site, but it is not clear why. Differences in water chemistry parameters, such as temperature and pH, could explain the differences in survival, either through differences in the mean conditions or through short term exposure to more extreme conditions. Future ocean warming and acidification could make fluctuations in water chemistry parameters more severe. The goal of my thesis was to simulate in lab the outplanting of abalone post-sets in fluctuating temperature and elevated CO2 conditions. I utilized an ocean acidification system to create atmospheres that affect seawater pH. I hypothesized that temperature fluctuations and high dissolved CO2 (low pH) will negatively affect survival, growth, and shell and radula morphology. Fluctuating temperatures yielded lower survival and greater growth, determined by mean shell length, compared to constant temperature. High CO2 yielded comparable survival and smaller growth than low CO2. Traditional morphological analysis of the radula found that fluctuating temperatures caused the radula to grow in a more compact manner, with smaller teeth formed closer together. Geometric morphological analysis found that radula tooth orientation was not affected by any of the treatments. This is the first study to find any effects of water chemistry on abalone radula morphology. Overall, the presence of a single stressor was detrimental to pinto abalone post-sets. However, the combination of stressors performed similarly to the absence of stressors. This indicates that fluctuating temperature can mitigate the negative effects of high CO2, possibly by increasing metabolic rate. In support of pinto abalone recovery efforts, PSRF can utilize my findings to evaluate water chemistry parameters at their outplant sites. I recommend that pinto abalone be outplanted in areas around the Salish Sea that are characterized by near constant temperatures, around 10°C, and low dissolved CO2 (high pH around 8.2). Due to yearly, seasonal, and weekly changes in water chemistry conditions, constant conditions do not exist. Outplant sites with the smallest fluctuations in water chemistry parameters should be used. In addition, ocean warming and acidification are expected to occur in concert. My findings indicate pinto abalone post-sets should be able to survive and grow under future climate scenarios, when outplanted into both temperatures that fluctuate on weekly scales, from 10°C up to 14°C, and acidification within 0.2 pH units when these conditions occur together, not separately.
Book Synopsis Effects of Warming and Ocean Acidification on Calcification and Photosynthesis of Arctic Coralline Red Algae Under Summer Light Conditions by : Dana Hellemann
Download or read book Effects of Warming and Ocean Acidification on Calcification and Photosynthesis of Arctic Coralline Red Algae Under Summer Light Conditions written by Dana Hellemann and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Ocean Acidification and Marine Wildlife by : Guangxu Liu
Download or read book Ocean Acidification and Marine Wildlife written by Guangxu Liu and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2021-07-14 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ocean Acidification and Marine Wildlife: Physiological and Behavioral Impacts provides comprehensive knowledge on how decreases in the pH of the world’s oceans is affecting marine organisms. The book synthesizes recent findings about the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine animals, covering the physiological and behavioral effects upon marine invertebrates and vertebrates, the potential physiological and molecular mechanism affects, and interactions of OA with other environmental factors. Written by international experts in this research field, this book summarizes new discoveries of OA effects on fertilization, embryonic development, biomineralization, metabolism, immune response, foraging, anti-predation, habitat selection, and the social hierarchy of marine animals. This is an important resource for researchers and practitioners in marine conservation, marine wildlife studies, and climate change studies. In addition, it will serve as a valuable text for marine biology and animal science students. Examines the impacts of carbon dioxide increases in the world’s oceans relating to marine vertebrates and invertebrates Identifies environmental factors, including climate change and pollution and how they increase the negative effects of ocean acidification Facilitates a better understanding of ocean acidification effects for conservationism and future prevention
