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The Effects Of Environmental Stressors On Cardiac Gene Expression And Contractility In Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss
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Book Synopsis The Effects of Environmental Stressors on Cardiac Gene Expression and Contractility in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) by : Tracey S. Momoda
Download or read book The Effects of Environmental Stressors on Cardiac Gene Expression and Contractility in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) written by Tracey S. Momoda and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 114 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) experience a variety of stressors in their natural environment as well as in aquaculture that can have negative effects on their physiology. The effects of physiological stress and endocrine disruption have been well described in fish. However, there is a scarcity of information on the effects of such stressors on the heart in fish. We examined gene expression in the rainbow trout heart in response to 17[alpha]-ethinylestradiol (EE), the active ingredient in some oral contraceptives, as well as physiological stress. We also assessed contractile function, as a measure of cardiac performance, under conditions of increasing performance demands in sexually immature rainbow trout. In chapter 2, using qRT-PCR, we observed increased vitellogenin (vtg1) in the ventricle, along with, hepatic estrogen receptor (ER[alpha]) and vtg1 mRNA increased with EE exposure, confirming endocrine disruption in both tissues. Stress increased corticotropin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRF-R1) and JunB in response to stress while nuclear protein 1 (nupr1) and glucocorticoid receptor (GCR2) expression increased only in the population with higher cortisol levels (>100 ng/ml) in response to stress. Interestingly, EE exposure did not affect stress induced gene expression and stress did not have an effect on EE induced gene expression in the heart of rainbow trout. This research highlights the fact that these stressors have the potential to have physiological impacts beyond the target tissues classically thought of for stress (i.e. HPI/A axis) or exposure to estrogenic compounds (i.e. HPG axis). In chapter 3, contractile force production was measured from ventricle strips exposed to increasing concentrations of Ca2 or epinephrine to simulate conditions of increasing performance. Also, to determine the effects of physiological stress, ventricle strips were pre-treated with 100 ng/L cortisol prior to increasing Ca2 or epinephrine. Ventricle strips from males had a greater contractile force production to increasing Ca2+ or epinephrine compared to females, at concentrations greater than 3.5 mM Ca2+ or 1 [micro]M epinephrine. Exposure to cortisol did not have a direct effect on contractility, nor did it have an effect the contractile response to increasing exogenous Ca2+ in either sex. Interestingly, force production did not vary by sex in the cortisol pre-treated exposed to epinephrine, suggesting a sex-dependent response. My findings suggest that there are sex differences in the contractile function in rainbow trout and that these may be modified under conditions related to physiological stress. The rainbow trout is a genetically diverse species found across a variety of habitats. Our results highlight the variation in responses in in contractile function and gene expression in the heart by the different sexes, as well as variation within and among populations that allow rainbow trout to adapt and perform in the presence of stressors in the environment.
Book Synopsis Heat Shock Protein Expression in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Heart in Response to Separate Heat and Hypoxic Stress by : Eryn Creamer
Download or read book Heat Shock Protein Expression in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Heart in Response to Separate Heat and Hypoxic Stress written by Eryn Creamer and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Gene Expression in the Liver of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, During the Stress Response by : Tracey S. Momoda
Download or read book Gene Expression in the Liver of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, During the Stress Response written by Tracey S. Momoda and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The extent to which responses to stress are maladaptive or adaptive to the long-term survival of fish remains to be better understood. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in the livers of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, responding to an experimental stressor. Gene expression responses were measured using an oligonucleotide microarray specific for Oncorhynchus mykiss, to highlight genes responding to a stressor and to serve as a basis for hypothesis development. We conducted replicate experiments at two different times. In both experiments, fish exposed to a three-hour stressor were compared to control (unstressed) fish. In the second experiment, there were additional treatments of fish that were exposed to only a half-hour of stress and of fish sampled 21 hours after experiencing a three-hour stressor. This 21 hour post-stress treatment was a means to study gene expression during recovery from stress. Plasma cortisol was measured to document the physiological stress response of the fish. Real-time PCR (qPCR) of candidate genes was used to validate the microarray findings. In both experiments the microarray revealed many genes with differential expression after three hours of stress. The genes we report as differentially expressed met a criteria of at least a 1.4 fold change and a statistical difference (p=0.05) from control levels of expression. Among these, five genes responded similarly in both experiments, suggesting that they are robust indicators of stress. These genes are a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule (MHCI), JunB, glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase), nuclear protein 1 (Nupr1) and tumor necrosis factor decoy receptor (TNFDR). Interestingly, transcripts of Nupr1 did not return to control levels in the 21 hours after stress. In fact, the transcripts continued to increase during recovery.
Download or read book Index Medicus written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 2432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Vols. for 1963- include as pt. 2 of the Jan. issue: Medical subject headings.
Book Synopsis Effect of Environmental Stress on Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Oxidative Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss). by : Chidozie Nwabuisi Okoye
Download or read book Effect of Environmental Stress on Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Oxidative Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss). written by Chidozie Nwabuisi Okoye and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Role of Taurine in Cardiac Function and Contractility in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) by : Megumi A. Gates
Download or read book The Role of Taurine in Cardiac Function and Contractility in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) written by Megumi A. Gates and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Environmental Stress on Several Parameters of the Immune System of Rainbow Trout by : Margaret A. Schalk
Download or read book Effects of Environmental Stress on Several Parameters of the Immune System of Rainbow Trout written by Margaret A. Schalk and published by . This book was released on 1983 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Effects of Steroids on Performance of Isolated Ventricle Strips from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) by : Richard Scott Farrar
Download or read book Effects of Steroids on Performance of Isolated Ventricle Strips from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) written by Richard Scott Farrar and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 68 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sex hormones can stimulate growth of cardiac tissue in male rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The acute effects of steroids in teleost cardiac tissue, however, have not been studied. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sex steroids and/or cortisol can modulate cardiac muscle in rainbow trout and to define the mechanisms responsible for steroid-induced effects in trout cardiac tissue. This study found that physiological concentrations of specific steroids enhance ventricular contractility in rainbow trout. In males, testosterone, 11-ketotestosterone, and cortisol each act through their own receptors, and the improved inotropism likely involves production of new proteins, polyamines, and nitric oxide. Cortisol and estradiol had similar effects in females. It appears that G-proteins, however, are not involved with the steroid-induced effects in cardiac tissue from rainbow trout. Ultimately, steroid-mediated improvements in cardiac performance might enhance swimming activity during migration, spawning, or other stressful periods.
Book Synopsis Environmental Factors Regulating Gene Expression in Fish by : Susanna Airaksinen
Download or read book Environmental Factors Regulating Gene Expression in Fish written by Susanna Airaksinen and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effects of Thermal Acclimation on the Functional Properties of the Trout Myocardium by : Jordan Mitchell Klaiman
Download or read book The Effects of Thermal Acclimation on the Functional Properties of the Trout Myocardium written by Jordan Mitchell Klaiman and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) remain active in waters that range between 4oC - 20oC. These large changes in temperature can represent a significant challenge to maintaining physiological processes, including cardiac function. Previous studies have demonstrated that there are mechanisms of thermal compensation in the heart following acclimation to the extremes of the trout's temperature range. However, little is known of the function of the cardiac myofilaments during this response. The objective of this thesis was to examine how thermal acclimation affects the function and composition of the trout myocardium and of the contractile element. I found that when tested at common temperatures, cold acclimation caused a 50% increase in the maximal rate of cardiac actomyosin Mg2+-ATPase, an increase in the Ca2+ sensitivity of skinned cardiac trabeculae, and an increase in the developed pressure and contractility of the intact heart. To investigate the mechanistic basis for these changes in function, I examined the contractile proteins for changes in the phosphorylation state and for differential isoform expression. As well, I characterized changes in the morphology of the trout heart. I found that a 50% decrease in the phosphorylation state of cardiac troponin T, and subtle reductions in the phosphorylation state of slow skeletal troponin T and myosin binding protein-C were associated with these changes in function. In addition, there were multiple isoforms of troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT) expressed in the adult trout heart. However, the expression of the TnT isoforms did not change with thermal acclimation and changes in expression pattern of TnI isoforms could not be determined. Lastly, I found that cold acclimation did not always result in cardiac hypertrophy. When the hypertrophic response was observed, it was predominantly found in males and was accompanied by an increase in collagen content. There was, however, a consistent decrease in the compact layer thickness in both males and females following cold acclimation. The decrease in the compact layer thickness following cold acclimation correlated with increased functional properties of the ventricle. Together, these remodeling events result in improved cardiac function, which helps to explain how the trout heart is able to remain functional at low temperatures.
Book Synopsis The Protective Actions of the Cardiac CRF System in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in Response to Hypoxia and Reoxygenation by : Calli Freedman
Download or read book The Protective Actions of the Cardiac CRF System in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in Response to Hypoxia and Reoxygenation written by Calli Freedman and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system has been shown to exert physiological actions in the cardiovascular system of mammals, including positive inotropy and cardioprotection against ischemia-reperfusion injury. In contrast, little is known about the cardiac CRF system in non-mammalian species. I investigated the role of CRF in the cardiac response to acute hypoxia in rainbow trout. I examined myocardial contractility during hypoxia/reoxygenation by measuring ventricular pressure generation of ex vivo Langendorff-perfused hearts and investigated the effects of pre-treatment with 1.0 nM trout CRF or 10 nM antalarmin, a CRF type 1 receptor antagonist. All CRF system components are expressed in the heart where the dominant receptor type is CRF-2b and the dominant ligand is CRFa1. Antalarmin exerted significant negative inotropic and lusitropic effects throughout the hypoxia exposure and recovery periods. These results suggest that endogenous CRF plays a cardioprotective role during hypoxia/reoxygenation and is involved in the maintenance/recovery of cardiac function.
Book Synopsis The effects of environmental stress on the physiology of growth in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri by : A D (Alan) Pickering
Download or read book The effects of environmental stress on the physiology of growth in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri written by A D (Alan) Pickering and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Stress Protein Expression and Metabolism in the Heart of the Rainbow Trout by : Judah Goldstein
Download or read book Stress Protein Expression and Metabolism in the Heart of the Rainbow Trout written by Judah Goldstein and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Effect of Exercise on Muscle Growth and Muscle-specific Gene Expression in the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum) by : Christopher Ian Martin
Download or read book The Effect of Exercise on Muscle Growth and Muscle-specific Gene Expression in the Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio L.) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum) written by Christopher Ian Martin and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Characterization of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales Promelas) Cell Lines as Models to Study Pulp and Paper Effluent Effects in Fish by : Caroline Sue Tracy Cheng
Download or read book Characterization of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales Promelas) Cell Lines as Models to Study Pulp and Paper Effluent Effects in Fish written by Caroline Sue Tracy Cheng and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The effects of aquatic toxicants on fish growth and development have been well-documented, in contrast to the changes in gene expression that necessarily precede them. Many of these toxicants are exogenous compounds that possess the ability to mimic steroid hormones or inhibit normal endocrine functions, which are known as endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). The Law laboratory previously obtained mRNA expression data indicating that exposure to aquatic effluents from a combined news/kraft pulp and paper mill changed the expression of genes associated with EDC exposure in the livers of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Societal desire to reduce the use of animals in toxicity testing has encouraged the development and use of in vitro systems, including vertebrate cell models. In this study, the gene expression of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) liver cell line RTL-W1 and the fathead minnow liver cell line FHM-L was examined following effluent exposure. In the RTL-W1 and FHM-L cell lines, 24 h exposure to effluents was sufficient for assessing changes in gene expression, with maximum changes observed between 4 and 6 h after exposure.
Book Synopsis Estradiol-induced Hepatic Gene Expression in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss by : Mairi Elizabeth Mackay
Download or read book Estradiol-induced Hepatic Gene Expression in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss written by Mairi Elizabeth Mackay and published by . This book was released on 1990 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Quantification of Vitellogenin Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Using Targeted Proteomics by : Murray Alasdair Smith
Download or read book Quantification of Vitellogenin Gene Expression in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Using Targeted Proteomics written by Murray Alasdair Smith and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
