The Effects Of Different Mineral Nitrogen Fertilizer Forms On N2o Emissions From Arable Soils Under Aerobic Conditions

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The effects of different mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils under aerobic conditions

Author : Jens Tierling
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736985061
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis The effects of different mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils under aerobic conditions by : Jens Tierling

Download or read book The effects of different mineral nitrogen fertilizer forms on N2O emissions from arable soils under aerobic conditions written by Jens Tierling and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2017-05-02 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Intensively managed agricultural soils are a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O), mainly due to the use of mineral nitrogen fertilizers which stimulate microbial processes in soils that form N2O. While oxidized N fertilizer forms can be subject to denitrification, reduced N forms must first be oxidized by nitrification to become available for denitrification. Because the contribution of these processes to N2O emissions depends on the prevailing soil conditions, the choice of the N fertilizer form has the potential to mitigate N2O emissions from fertilized soils. The present study focused on comparing amid-, ammonium- and nitrate-based mineral fertilizers with regard to nitrogen transformation dynamics and N2O production under controlled as well as field conditions. For this two distinct methodological approaches to measure N2O emissions were evaluated and deployed. Furthermore, the effects of soil pH and the alkalizing hydrolysis of urea were investigated. It was shown that especially under aerobic conditions the N fertilizer form can significantly affect N2O production in soils, and that nitrite dynamics are important especially for nitrification-derived N2O emissions. Thus, the careful consideration of the N fertilizer form can be a measure to mitigate emissions from farmland.

Effect of mineral N fertilizers – N form, amount and way of application – on nitrous oxide emissions from croplands

Author : Ulrike Lebender
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736947658
Total Pages : 144 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of mineral N fertilizers – N form, amount and way of application – on nitrous oxide emissions from croplands by : Ulrike Lebender

Download or read book Effect of mineral N fertilizers – N form, amount and way of application – on nitrous oxide emissions from croplands written by Ulrike Lebender and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2014-07-24 with total page 144 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work evaluated the effect of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer application during crop production on the potential risk of gaseous N loss in the form of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an environmentally important atmospheric trace gas and contributes to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect. In addition, it is a precursor to photochemical nitric oxide (NO) production in the stratosphere which leads to stratospheric ozone depletion. Agriculture is considered to be the main source of anthropogenic N2O, with agricultural soils representing the single largest source due to nitrogen fertilizer applications during crop production. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of mineral N fertilizers (N form, amount, mode of application) on N2O emissions from fertilized croplands in north-west Germany. Therefore several field trials, one greenhouse pot experiment and two incubation experiments were conducted. Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured by means of the closed chamber method. The length of the experimental period varied between experiments from several weeks (42 days) up to one-year measurement campaigns. The amount of N2O emitted during the crop growth period depended on the N form applied as well as on the mode of application, and a linear relationship between cumulative N2O emissions and total N fertilizer amount applied was found.

Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation

Author : David Ussiri
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400753640
Total Pages : 391 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation by : David Ussiri

Download or read book Soil Emission of Nitrous Oxide and its Mitigation written by David Ussiri and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-11-13 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide gas is a long-lived relatively active greenhouse gas (GHG) with an atmospheric lifetime of approximately 120 years, and heat trapping effects about 310 times more powerful than carbon dioxide per molecule basis. It contributes about 6% of observed global warming. Nitrous oxide is not only a potent GHG, but it also plays a significant role in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. This book describes the anthropogenic sources of N2O with major emphasis on agricultural activities. It summarizes an overview of global cycling of N and the role of nitrous oxide on global warming and ozone depletion, and then focus on major source, soil borne nitrous oxide emissions. The spatial-temporal variation of soil nitrous oxide fluxes and underlying biogeochemical processes are described, as well as approaches to quantify fluxes of N2O from soils. Mitigation strategies to reduce the emissions, especially from agricultural soils, and fertilizer nitrogen sources are described in detail in the latter part of the book.

Advances in Crop Environment Interaction

Author : Santanu Kumar Bal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811318611
Total Pages : 435 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Crop Environment Interaction by : Santanu Kumar Bal

Download or read book Advances in Crop Environment Interaction written by Santanu Kumar Bal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-02 with total page 435 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agriculture is currently facing multi-faceted threats in the form of unpredictable weather variability, frequent droughts and scarcity of irrigation water, together with the degradation of soil resources and declining environmental health. These stresses result in the modification of plant physiology to impart greater resilience to changing abiotic and biotic environments, but only at the cost of declining plant productivity. In light of these facts, assessing the status of natural resource bases, and understanding the mechanisms of soil-plant-environment interactions so as to devise adaptation and mitigation approaches, represent great and imminent challenges for all of us. In this context, it is essential to understand the potential applications of modern tools, existing coping mechanisms and their integration, as this will allow us to develop suitable advanced mitigation strategies. From a broader perspective, the book deals with crop-environment interaction in the context of changing climatic conditions. To do so, it addresses four major aspects: Understanding the mechanism of carbon dynamics in the soil-plant-environment continuum; greenhouse gas fluxes in agricultural systems; and soil properties influenced by climate change and carbon sequestration processes. Mitigation and management of the photo-thermal environment to improve crop productivity; soil health under variable climate; reducing agro-ecosystem evapotranspiration losses through biophysical controls; and heat stress in field crops and its management. Studying the impact of climate change on biotic environments; insect-pest interactions; manifestations of disease; and adaptation strategies for island agro-ecosystems. Innovative approaches to assess stress impacts in crops, such as crop modeling, remote sensing, spectral stress indices etc. The book presents a collection of contributions from authoritative experts in their respective fields. Offering young researchers new perspectives and future research directions, it represents a valuable guide for graduate students and academics alike.

Mitigating N2O Emission from Arable Soils

Author : Haitao Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (124 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitigating N2O Emission from Arable Soils by : Haitao Wang

Download or read book Mitigating N2O Emission from Arable Soils written by Haitao Wang and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas which contributes to climate change and ozone depletion. Mineral N fertilizers are one of the most important sources of N2O emission in agricultural systems. Enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (e.g., N fertilizers with added urease and nitrification inhibitors) represent possible approaches to N2O emission reduction and improved efficiency of N use. However, their adoption has been limited by the uncertainty of their effectiveness across different ecosystems. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of several inhibitors under vari...

EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE SOIL FOR TWO POTENTIAL ENERGY CROPS AND THE RELATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS.

Download EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE SOIL FOR TWO POTENTIAL ENERGY CROPS AND THE RELATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. PDF Online Free

Author : Adam Wile
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE SOIL FOR TWO POTENTIAL ENERGY CROPS AND THE RELATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. by : Adam Wile

Download or read book EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM THE SOIL FOR TWO POTENTIAL ENERGY CROPS AND THE RELATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. written by Adam Wile and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems

Author : J.R. Freney
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401716625
Total Pages : 325 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems by : J.R. Freney

Download or read book Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen from Plant-Soil Systems written by J.R. Freney and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 325 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A growing interest has been shown recently in the dymanics of nitrogen in agricultural and natural ecosystems. This has been caused by increasing demands for food and fibre by a rapidly expanding world population, and by a growing concern that increased land clearing, cultivation and use of both fertilizer and biologically fixed nitrogen can have detrimental effects on the environment. These include effects on water quality, eutrophication of surface waters and changes in atmospheric composition all caused by increased cycling of nitrogenous compounds. The input and availability of nitrogen frequently affects the productivity of farming systems more than any other single management factor, but often the nitrogen is used inefficiently. Much of the fertilizer nitrogen applied to the soil is not utilised by the crop: it is lost either in solution form, by leaching of nitrate, or in gaseous forms as ammonia, nitrous oxide, nitric oxide or dinitrogen. The leached nitrate can contaminate rivers and ground waters, while the emitted ammonia can contaminate surface waters or combine with atmospheric sulfur dioxide to form aerosols which affect visibility, health and climate. There is also concern that increased evolution of nitrous oxide will deplete the protective ozone layer of the stratosphere. The possibility of a link between the intensity of agricultural use of nitrogen, nitrous oxide emissions and amounts of stratospheric ozone has focussed attention on these interactions.

Microbial Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Diverse Cropping Systems

Author : Di Liang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781392872741
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Diverse Cropping Systems by : Di Liang

Download or read book Microbial Sources of Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Diverse Cropping Systems written by Di Liang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a potent greenhouse gas with a global warming potential ~300 times higher than CO2. As the primary source of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the stratosphere, N2O also depletes stratospheric ozone. N2O concentrations in the atmosphere are increasing rapidly, primarily due to agricultural activity. Nitrification, an autotrophic process that converts ammonia (NH3) into nitrite (NO2−) and nitrate (NO3−), and denitrification, a heterotrophic process that reduces NO3− into NO, N2O and N2, are the two major processes leading to N2O emissions. Nitrification has been reported to dominate N2O emissions from agricultural soils under aerobic conditions.Ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) are the two main taxa involved in nitrification. Both AOA and AOB are capable of producing N2O, but their relative importance in nitrification is still largely unknown. In this dissertation I address three nitrification knowledge gaps: 1) Importance: what is the contribution of nitrification versus other microbial processes for producing N2O in systems under different management intensities (Chapter 2)? 2) Ecology: can high NH4+ inputs induce niche differentiation between AOA and AOB (Chapter 3)? 3) Complexity: how do plants mediate N2O emissions from AOA and AOB in situ in annual and perennial bioenergy cropping systems (Chapter 4)?In Chapters 2 and 3, I sampled soils from ecosystems under a management intensity gradient ranging from heavily-managed row crop agriculture to unmanaged deciduous forest. Results in chapter 2 show that soil nitrification is unlikely to be the dominant source of N2O in annual row crop systems, as the 25th-75th percentile of the maximum potential contribution ranged only between 13-42% of total N2O. In contrast, a maximum potential contribution of 52-63% of total N2O emissions could be attributed to nitrification in perennial or successional systems. In Chapter 3, I found high NH4+ inputs could inhibit nitrification of AOB but not AOA, especially in perennial and successional systems. Moreover, long-term N fertilization significantly promoted nitrification potentials of both AOA and AOB in the early succession but not in the deciduous forest systems. In summary, results from these two chapters suggest 1) nitrification is a minor source of N2O, especially in row crop systems, and 2) NH4+ inhibition of AOB could be another mechanism leading to niche differentiation between AOA and AOB in terrestrial environments.In Chapter 4, I examined nitrifier N2O emissions from annual (corn) and perennial (switchgrass) bioenergy cropping systems during different seasons that differ in plant nutrient demands. Both AOA and AOB responded to N fertilizer applications in situ but N fertilizer-induced N2O emissions were mainly observed in corn but not in switchgrass system. Because plants can compete with soil nitrifiers for NH4+ during the growing season, competition for NH4+ appeared to reduce N2O emissions from nitrification. Thus, synchronizing fertilizer application with plant nutrient uptake can be an important strategy for mitigating nitrification-derived N2O. Overall, results from this dissertation suggest that nitrifier-derived N2O in terrestrial ecosystems is significant but not a dominant source of N2O, and although AOB are more responsive to added N than are AOA, AOB can also be inhibited by high NH4+ concentrations in soil.

The European Nitrogen Assessment

Author : Mark A. Sutton
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139501372
Total Pages : 665 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (395 download)

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Book Synopsis The European Nitrogen Assessment by : Mark A. Sutton

Download or read book The European Nitrogen Assessment written by Mark A. Sutton and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-04-14 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting the first continental-scale assessment of reactive nitrogen in the environment, this book sets the related environmental problems in context by providing a multidisciplinary introduction to the nitrogen cycle processes. Issues of upscaling from farm plot and city to national and continental scales are addressed in detail with emphasis on opportunities for better management at local to global levels. The five key societal threats posed by reactive nitrogen are assessed, providing a framework for joined-up management of the nitrogen cycle in Europe, including the first cost-benefit analysis for different reactive nitrogen forms and future scenarios. Incorporating comprehensive maps, a handy technical synopsis and a summary for policy makers, this landmark volume is an essential reference for academic researchers across a wide range of disciplines, as well as stakeholders and policy makers. It is also a valuable tool in communicating the key environmental issues and future challenges to the wider public.

Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics

Author : Pedro A. Sanchez
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107176050
Total Pages : 685 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics by : Pedro A. Sanchez

Download or read book Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics written by Pedro A. Sanchez and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-01-10 with total page 685 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long-awaited second edition of classic textbook, brought completely up to date, for courses on tropical soils, and reference for scientists and professionals.

Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change

Author : Keith Smith
Publisher : Earthscan
ISBN 13 : 1849775117
Total Pages : 247 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change by : Keith Smith

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide and Climate Change written by Keith Smith and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2010 with total page 247 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Nitrous oxide, N2O, is the third most important (in global warming terms) of the greenhouse gases, after carbon dioxide and methane. As this book describes, although it only comprises 320 parts per billion of the earth's atmosphere, it has a so-called Global Warming Potential nearly 300 times greater than that of carbon dioxide. N2O emissions are difficult to estimate, because they are predominantly biogenic in origin. The N2O is formed in soils and oceans throughout the world, by the microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification, that utilise the reactive N compounds ammonium and nitrate, respectively. These forms of nitrogen are released during the natural biogeochemical nitrogen cycle, but are also released by human activity. In fact, the quantity of these compounds entering the biosphere has virtually doubled since the beginning of the industrial age, and this increase has been matched by a corresponding increase in N2O emissions. The largest source is now agriculture, driven mainly by the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers. The other major diffuse source derives from release of NOx into the atmosphere from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning, as well as ammonia from livestock manure. Some N2O also comes directly from combustion, and from two processes in the chemical industry: the production of nitric acid, and the production of adipic acid, used in nylon manufacture. Action is being taken to curb the industrial point-source emissions of N2O, but measures to limit or reduce agricultural emissions are inherently more difficult to devise. As we enter an era in which measures are being explored to reduce fossil fuel use and/or capture or sequester the CO2 emissions from the fuel, it is likely that the relative importance of N2O in the 'Kyoto basket' of greenhouse gases will increase, because comparable mitigation measures for N2O are inherently more difficult, and because expansion of the land area devoted to crops, to feed the increasing global population and to accommodate the current development of biofuels, is likely to lead to an increase in N fertiliser use, and thus N2O emission, worldwide. The aim of this book is to provide a synthesis of scientific information on the primary sources and sinks of nitrous oxide and an assessment of likely trends in atmospheric concentrations over the next century and the potential for mitigation measures"--Publisher's description.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Author : Miguel Andres Arango Argoti
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (862 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitrous Oxide Emissions by : Miguel Andres Arango Argoti

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emissions written by Miguel Andres Arango Argoti and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrogen is critical for plant growth and is a major cost of inputs in production agriculture. Too much nitrogen (N) is also an environmental concern. Agricultural soils account for 85% of anthropogenic N2O which is a major greenhouse gas. Management strategies for N fertilization and tillage are necessary for enhancing N use efficiency and reducing negative impacts of N to the environment. The different management practices induce changes in substrate availability for microbial activity that may result in increasing or reducing net N2O emitted from soils. The objectives of this research were to (1) integrate results from field studies to evaluate the effect of different management strategies on N2O emissions using a meta-analysis, (2) quantify N2O-N emissions under no-tillage (NT) and tilled (T) agricultural systems and the effect of different N source and placements, (3) perform sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation of the Denitrification Decomposition (DNDC) model for N2O emissions, and (4) analyze future scenarios of precipitation and temperature to evaluate the potential effects of climate change on N2O emissions from agro-ecosystems in Kansas. Based on the meta-analysis there was no significant effect of broadcast and banded N placement. Synthetic N fertilizer usually had higher N2O emission than organic N fertilizer. Crops with high N inputs as well as clay soils had higher N2O fluxes. No-till and conventional till did not have significant differences regarding N2O emissions. In the field study, N2O-N emissions were not significantly different between tillage systems and N source. The banded N application generally had higher emissions than broadcasted N. Slow release N fertilizer as well as split N applications reduced N2O flux without affecting yield. Simulations of N2O emissions were more sensitive to changes in soil parameters such as pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), field capacity (FIELD) and bulk density (BD), with pH and SOC as the most sensitive parameters. The N2O simulations performed using Denitrification Decomposition model on till (Urea) had higher model efficiency followed by no-till (compost), no-till (urea) and till (compost). At the regional level, changes in climate (precipitation and temperature) increased N2O emission from agricultural soils in Kansas. The conversion from T to NT reduced N2O emissions in crops under present conditions as well as under future climatic conditions.

Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture

Author : Kazuyuki Inubushi
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture by : Kazuyuki Inubushi

Download or read book Mitigation of Climate Change by Nitrogen Managements in Agriculture written by Kazuyuki Inubushi and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil is one of the important sources of nitrous oxide (N2O), which is generally producing through soil microbial processes, such as nitrification and denitrification. Agricultural soils receive chemical and organic fertilizers to maintain or increase crop yield and soil fertility, but several factors are influencing N2O emissions, such as types and conditions of soil and fertilizer, and rate, form, and timing of application. Mitigation of N2O is a challenging topic for future earth by using inhibitors, controlled-release fertilizers, and other amendments, but the cost and side effects should be considered for feasibility.

Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Landscape Transitioning to the Energy Crops Miscanthus and Switchgrass

Author : Debasish Saha
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (943 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Landscape Transitioning to the Energy Crops Miscanthus and Switchgrass by : Debasish Saha

Download or read book Nitrous Oxide Emissions in a Landscape Transitioning to the Energy Crops Miscanthus and Switchgrass written by Debasish Saha and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils are an important component of the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of agricultural systems. These emissions are particularly relevant when considering the transition of land under the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grassland to energy crop, like switchgrass and Miscanthus. The N2O fluxes are in general spatially and temporally variable, which makes field monitoring of this flux challenging. Using the infrequent chamber-based method requires knowledge of spatial and temporal inequality of N2O flux distribution. This dissertation focuses on estimating N2O flux from energy crops aforementioned in a landscape typical of Ridge and Valley region with soil and hydrologic heterogeneity.In chapter 2, I used simulation models and statistical methods to assess the uncertainties of cumulative N2O flux estimates obtained by different temporal sampling frequencies. As a corollary of this work, a robust rule-based sampling framework was designed that provides better estimates of this flux with a lower number of sampling events than the typical fixed-interval sampling methods. The daily soil N2O flux was simulated for Ames, IA; College Station, TX; Fort Collins, CO, and Pullman, WA. A regular sampling of 4- and 8-day interval is required at College Station and Ames, respectively, to yield ±20% accuracy in the flux estimate, while a 12-day interval renders the same accuracy at Fort Collins and Pullman. The uncertainty of the annual N2O flux estimation increased with increasing interval in the fixed interval method, higher in sites with greater flux variability. The rule-based method provided the same accuracy as that of fixed interval with 60% reduction in sampling numbers. The efficiency is higher in sites with greater flux variability.In chapter 3, I examined the effect of land conversion from CRP to energy crops on N2O emissions and how biogeochemical and hydrological factors control the spatial and temporal inequality of N2O flux distribution. The experiment was located in typical Ridge and Valley landscape near the town of Leck Kill, PA. Soil N2O flux, soil mineral nitrogen availability, and profile soil moisture were monitored in shoulder, backslope, and footslope positions under each plot during the growing season of 2013, the second year after land transition. The cumulative N2O flux was significantly (P = 0.009) influenced by vegetation-by-landscape position interaction. Landscape position, nitrate nitrogen, and subsoil soil aeration ([theta]A) were the most important variables to influence soil N2O emissions. The regression tree identified highest N2O emissions occur when [theta]A at 20-40 cm depth is 0.03 m3 m-3, and when there is nitrate in the soil layer. The footslope positions under energy crops were the hot spots of N2O emissions due to prolonged soil saturation and mineral nitrogen availability. The peak emission was triggered by a 100-mm rain event in early June, and contributed 26% of the cumulative flux. Nitrogen fertilization in switchgrass and chisel plowing during Miscanthus establishment caused 48 and 78% higher cumulative flux than the CRP, respectively. The results suggest that land transition only caused significant increase in N2O emissions from the footslope, while the major part of the watershed is at lesser risk of large emissions.The knowledge of hot spots and hot moments of N2O emissions in the landscape is important for its accurate spatial and temporal monitoring, quantification of the emissions, and to minimize the adverse environmental effects of landscape management. A novel application of the concept of inequality (Lorenz curve and Gini coefficients, G) was used to quantify the heterogeneous distribution of N2O in space and time. The G was better correlated (R2 = 0.71, P 0.001, n = 16) with daily N2O emissions than the coefficient of variation and skewness. The hot moment by 100 mm rain event caused highly heterogeneous distribution (G = 0.70) of N2O fluxes in the landscape; however, had little influence on inequality of soil CO2 (G = 0.39) flux distribution among the vegetation types and landscape positions. Overall inequality of N2O flux distribution followed the trend: footslope (G = 0.75) backslope (G = 0.67) shoulder (G = 0.43). Event-based evolution of N2O flux inequality was in accordance with the hydrologic inequality, given the biogeochemical equality prevails in the landscape. The Lorenz curve and G in association with spatial maps are useful tools to guide landscape-scale management strategies to reduce N2O emissions, as well as spatial and temporal monitoring of N2O emissions.Based on the critical threshold of [theta]A

Agroecosystems of South India

Author : K. R. Krishna
Publisher : Universal-Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1599425335
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (994 download)

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Book Synopsis Agroecosystems of South India by : K. R. Krishna

Download or read book Agroecosystems of South India written by K. R. Krishna and published by Universal-Publishers. This book was released on 2010 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agroecosystems of South India is a unique treatise that deals with the relevance of natural resources, genetic stocks, fertilizers, and agronomic practices on the productivity of agroecoregions. Within the context of this book, an agroecosystem has been defined as a conglomerate of small cropping zones, which may be mono-cropping expanses or intercrops that occur in various geographic regions of South India. South India abounds with several such agroecosystems that encompass field crops, vegetables, cash crops, plantations, and forest species. However, the main emphasis within this volume is restricted to agroecosystems that include major cereals, legumes, and oil seed crops. There are 10 chapters in this volume. The first, on historical aspects, traces important events related to domestication, introduction of crop species, agricultural implements, development of soil fertility and crop husbandry procedures. An introductory chapter on Agroecosystems delineates various agroecoregions of South India. Their classification based on physiography, soils, and climatic parameters have been dealt with in great detail. Descriptions on natural resources such as soils and their fertility conditions; water resources; climatic conditions including precipitation patterns; and crops and their genotypes are available in chapter 2. The impact of soil fertility and nutrient dynamics on ecosystematic functions and productivity of crops in an agroecosystem forms the central piece of discussions within chapters 3 to 9. Historical background, geographical settings, agroclimate, soils, cropping systems, and productivity trends have been provided for each cropping ecosystem. Recent advances and details on aspects of nutrient dynamics, such as soil nutrients, their availability, physico-chemical transformations, nutrient fluxes, inorganic fertilizer supply, organic manures, crop residue recycling, nutrient carry over and nutrient balances/imbalances form the core of each chapter. The impact of beneficial soil microbes such as Rhizobium, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Arbuscular Mycorrhizas, on nutrient dynamics in soil has also been discussed. More recent developments dealing with modeling nutrients in cropping ecosystems, computer based-simulations, precision farming and site-specific nutrient management have been emphasized. Forecasts on the impact of nutrient dynamics on the future course of agroecosystems are also available. Overall, this book is a scholarly edition that aims at providing an excellent exposition of recent developments within various agroecosystems of South India to a global audience. It highlights the importance of soil fertility and nutrient dynamics within agroecosystems to total food grain and fodder production in South India. It will be a useful book to researchers, professors, and students dealing with agriculture, environmental science, ecology, and plant science.

Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers

Download Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers PDF Online Free

Author : Yoshitaka Uchida
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers by : Yoshitaka Uchida

Download or read book Mitigation of Nitrous Oxide Emissions During Nitrification and Denitrification Processes in Agricultural Soils Using Enhanced Efficiency Fertilizers written by Yoshitaka Uchida and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through the increasing use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers due to an increasing food demand, the agricultural sector is the main contributor of anthropogenic nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, mainly through microbial processes called nitrification and denitrification. One option to mitigate N2O, a major greenhouse gas, is to use enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). There are different types of EEFs like nitrification inhibitors or controlled-release fertilizers that aim to match the N release from fertilizers with N demands from plants. Parts of the chapter are also dedicated to organic amendments and their effects on N2O emissions. Overall, EEFs can improve the N-use efficiency of plants, which has two positive effects. First, farmers can increase their yields, and second, environmental pollution through excessive fertilizer N can be minimized. However, the effectiveness of EEFs strongly depends on numerous factors like land use type, application method, and climate. More studies are needed to establish individual fertilizer plans that are optimized for the prevalent conditions. In conclusion, N2O mitigation using EEFs is only advisable when ,Äúinitial,Äù N2O emissions from conventional fertilizers are critically contributing to annual N2O emissions. Thus, careful assessment is needed before EEFs are introduced to the system especially when economic and ecologic results are considered.

Effects of Management on Selected Soil Properties and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Dairy Cropping Systems

Author : Emily Paige Ball
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Management on Selected Soil Properties and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Dairy Cropping Systems by : Emily Paige Ball

Download or read book Effects of Management on Selected Soil Properties and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes in Dairy Cropping Systems written by Emily Paige Ball and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis investigates selected soil properties and management decisions and their effect on nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from agricultural soils. Nitrate, an inorganic form of N, is extremely mobile in soils, making it susceptible to loss through processes like denitrification. Denitrification is an anaerobic microbial process that reduces nitrate to N2 or incompletely to N2O, a potent greenhouse gas. The experimental site for this research was the Sustainable Dairy Cropping System (SDCS) located at Penn States Agronomy Farm. Chapter one is a review of the literature on nitrogen (N) cycling in agriculture, N loss pathways and the management and environmental factors affecting denitrification. This process is driven by soil properties, nitrate availability, and other factors. A prior study in this experiment in 2015 and 2016 found that the driving factors for N2O emissions in some of the same treatments were explained by days after manure application, growing degree days (GDD), and manure rate.Research on the effects of prior crop and management on N2O emissions in a typical PA dairy cropping system is described in chapter two. Labile carbon, total carbon, inorganic N species, and other environmental data were measured to determine their impact on measured N2O fluxes in 2017 and 2018. However, the measured soil and environmental properties in this experiment were not able to explain the observed patterns in N2O emissions through a regression analysis. The highest N2O fluxes were measured in 2018 in Corn after two years of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) + Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Cumulative emissions were more than six times higher than those measured in treatments without a winter cover in the same year.Based on findings in 2017, chapter three investigates the impact of termination timing of Alfalfa+Orchardgrass on spring N2O fluxes and soil properties in 2018. This management decision is becoming more popular in the Northeast as spring conditions become wetter, making the proper timing of spring management events difficult. The findings from this experiment are promising for farmers interested in adopting this management practice as yields did not significantly differ from the subsequent corn crop and although they did not significantly differ, spring cumulative emissions from the spring terminated treatment were more than three times those from the fall terminated treatment. Because N2O emissions were not measured in the fall, however, the comparison of the two treatments in this study was not comprehensive.Chapter four described an investigative study on redox potentials in unsaturated agricultural soils. Equipment constraints and spatial variability made understanding and interpreting these results difficult. There were diurnal trends exhibited in some treatments, reflecting diurnal changes in soil moisture but not others. There also seemed to be stratification in depth, although this trend also differed across treatments. Overall, there is evidence that different crops can facilitate different redox environments and in turn, different microbial processes. However, more research and equipment advances need to take place before redox potential could be considered a useful indicator of microbial processes in unsaturated soils.Finally, the conclusions summarized the major findings of each of these experiments and discussed the impact of sustainable management practices on improving soil resiliency. Implementing sustainable practices like cover cropping and no-till can improve soil, although trade-offs of higher N2O emissions may result. Further research on these practices and their impact on soil properties is necessary as the effects of climate change are becoming more apparent.