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The Effect Of Visual Distracter Relevance And Cognitive Effort On Memory During A Visual Search Task
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Book Synopsis The Effect of Visual Distracter Relevance and Cognitive Effort on Memory During a Visual Search Task by :
Download or read book The Effect of Visual Distracter Relevance and Cognitive Effort on Memory During a Visual Search Task written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Influence of Attention, Learning, and Motivation on Visual Search by : Michael D. Dodd
Download or read book The Influence of Attention, Learning, and Motivation on Visual Search written by Michael D. Dodd and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-09 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Influence of Attention, Learning, and Motivation on Visual Search will bring together distinguished authors who are conducting cutting edge research on the many factors that influence search behavior. These factors will include low-level feature detection; statistical learning; scene perception; neural mechanisms of attention; and applied research in real world settings.
Book Synopsis The Effect of Cognitive Load on Distraction During Visual Search by : Katryne Michaud
Download or read book The Effect of Cognitive Load on Distraction During Visual Search written by Katryne Michaud and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 34 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Salient visual features have been known to capture attention, but there is disagreement regarding why these features capture attention (because of their bottom-up salience/uniqueness or the goals of the observer). To explore whether attention capture is truly a bottom-up, stimulus-driven, and automatic effect, Boot, Brockmole, & Simons (2005) added an auditory task to a traditional attention capture paradigm. In single task conditions, they found that onsets (objects that appear suddenly) and color singletons (items of a unique color compared to the items around them) captured attention. However, when participants also had to listen to the auditory task, the degree to which these distractors captured attention changed (onsets capture was eliminated while color singleton capture increased). These findings challenge the notion that capture is stimulus-driven and automatic; the search display was exactly the same in single and dual-task situations. However, it was puzzling why onsets decreased in their ability to capture attention while color singletons increased under the same dual-task conditions. Boot, Brockmole, & Simons (2005) proposed a transience hypothesis: transient singletons like an onset require cognitive resources to be recognized as being unique, while sustained distractors such as color-singletons required cognitive resources to suppress. We tested this hypothesis with onset distractors that were either the same as the other distractors in the display, or onset distractors that also had a unique shape. Contrary to predictions, neither had the ability to capture attention under dual-task load. Results do not support stimulus-driven accounts of attention capture. Theoretical and practical significance is discussed.
Book Synopsis Visual Attention-Related Processing by : Andrea Tales
Download or read book Visual Attention-Related Processing written by Andrea Tales and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2021-08-30 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visual attention is essential for environmental interactions, but our ability to respond to stimuli gradually declines across the lifespan, and such deficits are even more pronounced in various states of cognitive impairment. Examining the integrity of related components, from elements of attention capture to executive control, will improve our understanding of related declines by helping to explain behavioural and neural effects, which will ultimately contribute towards our knowledge of the extent of dysfunctional attention processes and their impact upon everyday life. Accordingly, this Special Issue represents a body of literature that fundamentally advances insights into visual attention processing, featuring studies spanning healthy ageing, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia
Book Synopsis Visual Selective Attention by : Eleftheria Kotsopoulos
Download or read book Visual Selective Attention written by Eleftheria Kotsopoulos and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humans are capable of selecting information that is goal-relevant. Irrelevant (distractor) information, however, typically is not filtered completely and impacts on responses to the goal. Recent theories of selective attention indicate that distractor interference is determined by the perceptual load of a visual display and the availability of cognitive control mechanisms (working memory load). It is unclear however, which mechanisms assist efficient selective attention and how irrelevant distracting information is rejected. Using a go/no-go visual attention task (Experiment 1) and a visual search task (Experiment 2), this series of experiments examined distractor processing in visual selective attention.
Book Synopsis Visuo-spatial Working Memory by : Robert H. Logie
Download or read book Visuo-spatial Working Memory written by Robert H. Logie and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2014-03-18 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Representation of the visual and spatial properties of our environment is a pivotal requirement of everyday cognition. We can mentally represent the visual form of objects. We can extract information from several of the senses as to the location of objects in relation to ourselves and to other objects nearby. For some of those objects we can reach out and manipulate them. We can also imagine ourselves manipulating objects in advance of doing so, or even when it would be impossible to do so physically. The problem posed to science is how these cognitive operations are accomplished, and proffered accounts lie in two essentially parallel research endeavours, working memory and imagery. Working memory is thought to pervade everyday cognition, to provide on-line processing and temporary storage, and to update, moment to moment, our representation of the current state of our environment and our interactions with that environment. There is now a strong case for the claims of working memory in the area of phonological and articulatory functions, all of which appear to contribute to everyday activities such as counting, arithmetic, vocabulary acquisition, and some aspects of reading and language comprehension. The claims for visual and spatial working memory functions are less convincing. Most notable has been the assumption that visual and spatial working memory are intimately involved in the generation, retention and manipulations of visual images. There has until recently been little hard evidence to justify that assumption, and the research on visual and spatial working memory has focused on a relatively restricted range of imagery tasks and phenomena. In a more or less independent development, the literature on visual imagery has now amassed a voluminous corpus of data and theory about a wide range of imagery phenomena. Despite this, few books on imagery refer to the concept of working memory in any detail, or specify the nature of the working memory system that might be involved in mental imagery. This essay follows a line of reconciliation and positive critiquing in exploring the possible overlap between mental imagery and working memory. Theoretical development in the book draws on data from both cognitive psychology and cognitive neuropsychology. The aim is to stimulate debate, to address directly a number of assumptions that hitherto have been implicit, and to assess the contribution of the concept of working memory to our understanding of these intriguing core aspects of human cognition.
Book Synopsis Attentional Capture by : Bradley S. Gibson
Download or read book Attentional Capture written by Bradley S. Gibson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The notion that certain mental or physical events can capture attention has been one of the most enduring topics in the study of attention owing to the importance of understanding how goal-directed and stimulus-driven processes interact in perception and cognition. Despite the clear theoretical and applied importance of attentional capture, a broad survey of this field suggests that the term "capture" means different things to different people. In some cases, it refers to covert shifts of spatial attention, in others involuntary saccades, and in still others general disruption of processing by irrelevant stimuli. The properties that elicit "capture" can also range from abruptly onset or moving lights, to discontinuities in textures, to unexpected tones, to emotionally valenced words or pictures, to directional signs and symbols. Attentional capture has been explored in both the spatial and temporal domains as well as the visual and auditory modalities. There are also a number of different theoretical perspectives on the mechanisms underlying "capture" (both functional and neurophysiological) and the level of cognitive control over capture. This special issue provides a sampling of the diversity of approaches, domains, and theoretical perspectives that currently exist in the study of attentional capture. Together, these contributions should help evaluate the degree to which attentional capture represents a unitary construct that reflects fundamental theoretical principles and mechanisms of the mind.
Book Synopsis Inhibition in the process of feature binding by : Snehlata Jaswal
Download or read book Inhibition in the process of feature binding written by Snehlata Jaswal and published by Frontiers E-books. This book was released on with total page 137 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Feature binding is the process whereby different features such as shape, colour, size, orientation, location, etc. are linked together to form a coherent representation of the object. It is a ubiquitous physiological sequence and an essential phase in information processing, for it provides the basis of mental representations, which in turn, are requisite for all cognitive functions. It is important to realize though, that binding is not an isolated process. There are myriad stimuli impinging on our senses at all times, vying to gain entry into our consciousness. Further, not only does sensory input emanate from a complex, dynamic environment, but it also enters a neural system that is already activated by previous inputs and is oriented towards future goals. Which aspects of the momentary sensory input are selected for further processing depends as much on the state of the system as it does on the sensory input itself. Indeed, some fundamental questions one may ask about binding are whether, why, and how, some features are selected for binding at the cost of others. The bottom-up view of information processing is that the input received by the brain is processed in a largely automatic way to the higher centers in the brain. The physiological basis of binding is postulated to be either conjunctively coding neurons, or synchrony among participating neural networks to encode features and out of phase neural activity to encode separate objects. But, mere perceptual integration of features, whether by synchrony or by specialized neurons, does not even begin to capture the implication that binding results in coherent objects, fundamental for further information processing. An object is not only a bundle of features. At the very least, the features need to be integrated so that the object can be distinguished from other objects. This implies selection and manipulation of the basic information supplied by separate features. The top-down view of information processing contends that binding is more influenced by the reentrant processes (the downward and lateral feedback to the lower areas, emanating from the higher centers of the brain). Reentrant processes not only help to confirm what is correct but also resolve competition. These top-down processes are linked to attention and higher cognitive functions help select relevant input. We aim to debate what happens to the irrelevant information in the process of binding. Are irrelevant features simply lost from the system over time, or are they deliberately deleted? Is there any inhibitory process involved in binding? What is the empirical evidence for such a process at the behavioral level? Is such a process active and resource-demanding or relatively passive and automatic? What do neuropsychological studies show? What are the physiological underpinnings of such a process? How is it incorporated in computational models to increase our understanding of the binding process? The idea is to bring together diverse views on ‘Inhibition in Feature Binding’ with the ultimate aim of better understanding the process of binding and invoking informed and insightful future research.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components by : Steven J. Luck
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components written by Steven J. Luck and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2012-01-12 with total page 665 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Event-Related Potential Components provides a detailed and comprehensive overview of the major ERP components. It covers components related to multiple research domains, including perception, cognition, emotion, neurological and psychiatric disorders, and lifespan development.
Book Synopsis The Neural Bases of Precision and Distractor Resistance in Visual Working Memory by : Elizabeth Lorenc
Download or read book The Neural Bases of Precision and Distractor Resistance in Visual Working Memory written by Elizabeth Lorenc and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Visual working memory, a complex cognitive process that is essential for goal-directed behaviors, allows the internal maintenance and manipulation of detailed visual information that is no longer available in the environment. The neural processes and representations that support this essential ability remain the focus of much research and debate. In this dissertation, I present three experiments that tested key predictions of a sensory recruitment model of visual working memory, which proposes that the same regions responsible for primary sensory processing are recruited to maintain precise sensory details over short delays. All of these experiments involved the collection of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data while participants performed cognitive tasks requiring visual working memory. The primary fMRI analyses described here utilize two multivariate approaches that model the information content of distributed patterns of brain activity: inverted encoding models and multivoxel pattern analysis. The first chapter of this dissertation uses an inverted encoding model to reconstruct simple orientation information held in working memory and examines the effect of subsequent visual input on these memory representations. Here, I show that visual working memory representations are flexible and can dynamically adjust to meet task demands. First, I find that the early visual areas maintain precise orientation information over a delay, but that these representations are susceptible to bias from visual interference. Further, I find that the intraparietal sulcus redundantly represents orientation information in anticipation of possible distraction and continues to do so if visual interference renders early visual cortical representations unreliable. In the second chapter, I present strong evidence in favor of a sensory recruitment model of visual working memory for complex images like human faces. Here, I use an encoding model to characterize distributed response patterns in face-selective regions of inferior temporal cortex during face perception. I show that by inverting this perceptual encoding model and applying it to data from a memory delay, I can successfully reconstruct face information held in working memory. Importantly, this perception-to-memory generalization implies a common representational structure between perceptual and mnemonic codes. The final chapter examines the role of lateral prefrontal control processes in shaping successful visual working memory performance, by examining fMRI data collected after disruption of inferior frontal gyrus activity with transcranial magnetic stimulation. Here, I provide causal evidence that the lateral prefrontal cortex modulates the selectivity of working memory representations in extrastriate visual cortex. In addition, I find that the inferior frontal gyrus is involved in determining the task-relevance of visual input and communicating that information to a network of regions involved in further processing during visual working memory. Together, these experiments contribute to our understanding of how the human brain represents both basic visual features and complex images like human faces and visual scenes. I find evidence for the recruitment of sensory regions in the maintenance of precise visual information in memory and for top-down prefrontal and parietal control processes that shape the selectivity and distractor-resistance of these mnemonic representations.
Book Synopsis Working Memory Capacity by : Nelson Cowan
Download or read book Working Memory Capacity written by Nelson Cowan and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-04-14 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The idea of one's memory "filling up" is a humorous misconception of how memory in general is thought to work; it actually has no capacity limit. However, the idea of a "full brain" makes more sense with reference to working memory, which is the limited amount of information a person can hold temporarily in an especially accessible form for use in the completion of almost any challenging cognitive task. This groundbreaking book explains the evidence supporting Cowan's theoretical proposal about working memory capacity, and compares it to competing perspectives. Cognitive psychologists profoundly disagree on how working memory is limited: whether by the number of units that can be retained (and, if so, what kind of units and how many), the types of interfering material, the time that has elapsed, some combination of these mechanisms, or none of them. The book assesses these hypotheses and examines explanations of why capacity limits occur, including vivid biological, cognitive, and evolutionary accounts. The book concludes with a discussion of the practical importance of capacity limits in daily life. This 10th anniversary Classic Edition will continue to be accessible to a wide range of readers and serve as an invaluable reference for all memory researchers.
Book Synopsis Mental Operationalization in Visual Search by : Ryan E. O'Donnell
Download or read book Mental Operationalization in Visual Search written by Ryan E. O'Donnell and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As we navigate through our world, we experience a continuous stream of sensory input that we must process and interpret. To do so, we often break up this experience into tasks, and rely on prior knowledge of the world to execute these tasks. However, there are many instances where prior knowledge and current task experience do not perfectly align, forcing us to rapidly adjust cognitive parameters to account for this discrepancy. I term this process as mental operationalization, or the conversion of abstract knowledge and cognitive routines into a task specific definition of how to most effectively complete the current task. I theorize that mental operationalization operates via Bayesian-inspired learning mechanisms, in which an initial prior is updated through evidence to form a working posterior which enables efficient task execution but leaves the participant vulnerable to expectation violations. In this thesis, I describe how mental operationalization can update cognitive processes within a task, modulating attentional selection and memory encoding to operate in a manner deemed most efficient for accomplishing out current goal(s). In this way, attentional selection and memory encoding are adaptively modulated based on task context, such that selecting the same target between two different participants could vary, but in a way that is predictable according to current search experience. In Chapter 1 of this thesis, I provide an overview of updating an attentional set according to conceptual knowledge and current search experience, forming an operationalized attentional task set (OATS), and describe three pilot categorical visual search experiments which informed the conceptualization of this updating process. Specifically, the instructionally-defined attentional set (e.g., "search for animals") becomes modulated by both conceptual knowledge and current experience to guide behavior, resulting in an interactive, but predictable, presentation of both novelty (e.g., frequent targets are found faster than rare targets) and typicality effects (e.g., better category examples are found faster). In Chapter 2, I use the results of the three pilot experiments to implement the conceptualization of forming an OATS into a computational model which can simulate the pattern of effects observed in the pilot experiments as well as other known experience-based selection effects, like repetition and semantic priming. Chapter 3 evaluates a prediction of the model: that OATS updating is a dynamic process molded by most recent experience. This account is compared to one in which attentional updating is "sticky," prioritizing early task experience to guide attention even in the face of updated target appearance rates. Chapter 4 extends the predictions of OATS updating according to a combination of conceptual knowledge and current task experience into a real-world search setting -- prohibited carry-ons -- to evaluate whether representative but rare targets of a search category (e.g., knives) are less susceptible to rarity costs. Finally, Chapter 5 extends the operationalization into memory encoding, providing evidence that current response expectations can modulate how precisely a task-relevant target feature is represented in working memory. Overall, the goal of this thesis is to demonstrate how mental operationalization serves as a unified framework that can account for various phenomena that occur during visual search experiments, such as low prevalence effects, priming, search optimization, prototypicality benefits, and adaptive memory encoding.
Book Synopsis The Attentional Boost Effect and Related Phenomena: New insights Into the Relation Between Attention and Memory by : Clelia Rossi-Arnaud
Download or read book The Attentional Boost Effect and Related Phenomena: New insights Into the Relation Between Attention and Memory written by Clelia Rossi-Arnaud and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-06-21 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience by : Jerry J. Buccafusco
Download or read book Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience written by Jerry J. Buccafusco and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2000-08-29 with total page 341 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the most well-studied behavioral analyses of animal subjects to promote a better understanding of the effects of disease and the effects of new therapeutic treatments on human cognition, Methods of Behavior Analysis in Neuroscience provides a reference manual for molecular and cellular research scientists in both academia and the pharmaceutic
Book Synopsis Developmental and Individual Differences in Visual Word Search by : Michaela D. Simpson
Download or read book Developmental and Individual Differences in Visual Word Search written by Michaela D. Simpson and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Author's abstract: Neurodevelopmental disorders and increasing age are marked by abnormal functioning of executive functions, especially working memory. Cognitive training programs have been developed to attempt to strengthen the underlying cognitive capacities that foster executive functioning abilities. These interventions have demonstrated variable results in populations of older adults and children. Given the wide range of previous findings, it is possible that a third variable is implicated in performance on these types of interventions. Additionally, given the active role of visual processing in executive function (EF) training programs and its functional relationship with working memory, it is hypothesized that visual processing could co-vary with response to training interventions. Moreover, with the potential clinical impact for such interventions for rural areas, understanding the mechanisms behind these interventions and identifying possible non-responders would be of benefit. Thus, the current study aimed to determine if individual and developmental factors impact performance on a demanding working memory (WM) task in a way that could explain past findings and offer recommendations for treatment prediction. Using an asynchronous, online design, a diverse sample of adult and child participants completed three cognitive tasks, including measures of working memory, and a novel cognitive task. Performance on a digit span task, a measure of WM, was significantly correlated with performance efficacy on a novel visual search task. Children also performed faster than adults on the search task. Individuals from rural areas also performed better than urban individuals on digit span, and the novel search task. The present study demonstrates evidence for the role of individual, developmental, and geographic factors in performance on a novel cognitive task. As such, it is possible that these factors have confounded previous findings; future studies would extend the literature by determining if these factors can be used to predict treatment response and thus treatment appropriateness for various groups.
Book Synopsis Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Set by : John T. Wixted
Download or read book Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Set written by John T. Wixted and published by Wiley. This book was released on 2018-04-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the first edition was published in 1951, The Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology has been recognized as the standard reference in the field. The most recent (3rd) edition of the handbook was published in 2004, and it was a success by any measure. But the field of experimental psychology has changed in dramatic ways since then. Throughout the first 3 editions of the handbook, the changes in the field were mainly quantitative in nature. That is, the size and scope of the field grew steadily from 1951 to 2004, a trend that was reflected in the growing size of the handbook itself: the 1-volume first edition (1951) was succeeded by a 2-volume second edition (1988) and then by a 4-volume third edition (2004). Since 2004, however, this still-growing field has also changed qualitatively in the sense that, in virtually every subdomain of experimental psychology, theories of the mind have evolved into theories of the brain. Research methods in experimental psychology have changed accordingly and now include not only venerable EEG recordings (long a staple of research in psycholinguistics) but also MEG, fMRI, TMS, and single-unit recording. The trend towards neuroscience is an absolutely dramatic, worldwide phenomenon that is unlikely to ever be reversed. Thus, the era of purely behavioral experimental psychology is already long gone, even though not everyone has noticed. Experimental psychology and "cognitive neuroscience" (an umbrella term that includes behavioral neuroscience, social neuroscience and developmental neuroscience) are now inextricably intertwined. Nearly every major psychology department in the country has added cognitive neuroscientists to its ranks in recent years, and that trend is still growing. A viable handbook of experimental psychology should reflect the new reality on the ground. There is no handbook in existence today that combines basic experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience, this despite the fact that the two fields are interrelated – and even interdependent – because they are concerned with the same issues (e.g., memory, perception, language, development, etc.). Almost all neuroscience-oriented research takes as its starting point what has been learned using behavioral methods in experimental psychology. In addition, nowadays, psychological theories increasingly take into account what has been learned about the brain (e.g., psychological models increasingly need to be neurologically plausible). These considerations explain why this edition of: The Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology is now called The Stevens' Handbook of Experimental Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience. The title serves as a reminder that the two fields go together and as an announcement that the Stevens' Handbook covers it all. The 4th edition of the Stevens’ Handbook is a 5-volume set structured as follows: I. Learning & Memory: Elizabeth Phelps & Lila Davachi (Volume Editors) Topics include fear learning; time perception; working memory; visual object recognition; memory and future imagining; sleep and memory; emotion and memory; attention and memory; motivation and memory; inhibition in memory; education and memory; aging and memory; autobiographical memory; eyewitness memory; and category learning. II. Sensation, Perception & Attention: John Serences (Volume Editor) Topics include attention; vision; color vision; visual search; depth perception; taste; touch; olfaction; motor control; perceptual learning; audition; music perception; multisensory integration; vestibular, proprioceptive, and haptic contributions to spatial orientation; motion perception; perceptual rhythms; the interface theory of perception; perceptual organization; perception and interactive technology; perception for action. III. Language & Thought: Sharon Thompson-Schill (Volume Editor) Topics include reading; discourse and dialogue; speech production; sentence processing; bilingualism; concepts and categorization; culture and cognition; embodied cognition; creativity; reasoning; speech perception; spatial cognition; word processing; semantic memory; moral reasoning. IV. Developmental & Social Psychology: Simona Ghetti (Volume Editor) Topics include development of visual attention; self-evaluation; moral development; emotion-cognition interactions; person perception; memory; implicit social cognition; motivation group processes; development of scientific thinking; language acquisition; category and conceptual development; development of mathematical reasoning; emotion regulation; emotional development; development of theory of mind; attitudes; executive function. V. Methodology: E. J. Wagenmakers (Volume Editor) Topics include hypothesis testing and statistical inference; model comparison in psychology; mathematical modeling in cognition and cognitive neuroscience; methods and models in categorization; serial versus parallel processing; theories for discriminating signal from noise; Bayesian cognitive modeling; response time modeling; neural networks and neurocomputational modeling; methods in psychophysics analyzing neural time series data; convergent methods of memory research; models and methods for reinforcement learning; cultural consensus theory; network models for clinical psychology; the stop-signal paradigm; fmri; neural recordings; open science.
Book Synopsis Adaptive working memory and visual search training have differential effects on brain function and cognitive performance by : Thomas Jared Covey
Download or read book Adaptive working memory and visual search training have differential effects on brain function and cognitive performance written by Thomas Jared Covey and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
