The International Emergence of Educational Sciences in the Post-World War Two Years

Download The International Emergence of Educational Sciences in the Post-World War Two Years PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429594119
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (295 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The International Emergence of Educational Sciences in the Post-World War Two Years by : Thomas S. Popkewitz

Download or read book The International Emergence of Educational Sciences in the Post-World War Two Years written by Thomas S. Popkewitz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-25 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book brings together contributions from curriculum history, cultural studies, visual cultures, and science and technology studies to explore the international mobilizations of the sciences related to education during the post-World War Two years. Crossing the boundaries of education and science studies, it uniquely examines how the desires of science to actualize a better society were converted to the search for remaking social life that paradoxically embodied cultural differences and social divisions. The book examines how cybernetics and systems theories traveled and were assembled to turn schools into social experiments and laboratories for change. Explored are the new comparative technologies of quantification and the visualization of educational data used in the methods of mass observation. The sciences not only about the present but also the potentialities of societies and people in the psychologies of childhood; concerns for individual development, growth, and creativity; teacher education; and the quantification and assessments of educational systems. The book also explores how the categories and classifications of the sciences formed at intersections with the humanities, the arts, and political practices. This informative volume will be of interest to researchers, academics, and postgraduate students in the fields of curriculum studies, the history of the social sciences, the history of education, and cultural studies, and to educators and school leaders concerned with education policy.

Video Research in the Learning Sciences

Download Video Research in the Learning Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135604053
Total Pages : 618 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (356 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Video Research in the Learning Sciences by : Ricki Goldman

Download or read book Video Research in the Learning Sciences written by Ricki Goldman and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-01 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Video Research in the Learning Sciences is a comprehensive exploration of key theoretical, methodological, and technological advances concerning uses of digital video-as-data in the learning sciences as a way of knowing about learning, teaching, and educational processes. The aim of the contributors, a community of scholars using video in their own work, is to help usher in video scholarship and supportive technologies, and to mentor video scholars, so that video research will meet its maximum potential to contribute to the growing knowledge base about teaching and learning. This volume contributes deeply to both to the science of learning through in-depth video studies of human interaction in learning environments—whether classrooms or other contexts—and to the uses of video for creating descriptive, explanatory, or expository accounts of learning and teaching. It is designed around four themes—each with a cornerstone chapter that introduces and synthesizes the cluster of chapters related to it: Theoretical frameworks for video research; Video research on peer, family, and informal learning; Video research on classroom and teacher learning; and Video collaboratories and technological futures. Video Research in the Learning Sciences is intended for researchers, university faculty, teacher educators, and graduate students in education, and for anyone interested in how knowledge is expanded using video-based technologies for inquiries about learning and teaching. Visit the Web site affiliated with this book: www.videoresearch.org

A Framework for K-12 Science Education

Download A Framework for K-12 Science Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309214459
Total Pages : 400 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis A Framework for K-12 Science Education by : National Research Council

Download or read book A Framework for K-12 Science Education written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-02-28 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Science, engineering, and technology permeate nearly every facet of modern life and hold the key to solving many of humanity's most pressing current and future challenges. The United States' position in the global economy is declining, in part because U.S. workers lack fundamental knowledge in these fields. To address the critical issues of U.S. competitiveness and to better prepare the workforce, A Framework for K-12 Science Education proposes a new approach to K-12 science education that will capture students' interest and provide them with the necessary foundational knowledge in the field. A Framework for K-12 Science Education outlines a broad set of expectations for students in science and engineering in grades K-12. These expectations will inform the development of new standards for K-12 science education and, subsequently, revisions to curriculum, instruction, assessment, and professional development for educators. This book identifies three dimensions that convey the core ideas and practices around which science and engineering education in these grades should be built. These three dimensions are: crosscutting concepts that unify the study of science through their common application across science and engineering; scientific and engineering practices; and disciplinary core ideas in the physical sciences, life sciences, and earth and space sciences and for engineering, technology, and the applications of science. The overarching goal is for all high school graduates to have sufficient knowledge of science and engineering to engage in public discussions on science-related issues, be careful consumers of scientific and technical information, and enter the careers of their choice. A Framework for K-12 Science Education is the first step in a process that can inform state-level decisions and achieve a research-grounded basis for improving science instruction and learning across the country. The book will guide standards developers, teachers, curriculum designers, assessment developers, state and district science administrators, and educators who teach science in informal environments.

The Regional Educational Laboratories

Download The Regional Educational Laboratories PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Regional Educational Laboratories by :

Download or read book The Regional Educational Laboratories written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Learning Science

Download Learning Science PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Yale University Press
ISBN 13 : 0300252730
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Learning Science by : Barbara Schneider

Download or read book Learning Science written by Barbara Schneider and published by Yale University Press. This book was released on 2020-02-11 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An innovative, internationally developed system to help advance science learning and instruction for high school students This book tells the story of a $3.6 million research project funded by the National Science Foundation aimed at increasing scientific literacy and addressing global concerns of declining science engagement. Studying dozens of classrooms across the United States and Finland, this international team combines large-scale studies with intensive interviews from teachers and students to examine how to transform science education. Written for teachers, parents, policymakers, and researchers, this book offers solutions for matching science learning and instruction with newly recommended twenty-first-century standards.

Science Education for Everyday Life

Download Science Education for Everyday Life PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 9780807746349
Total Pages : 194 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (463 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science Education for Everyday Life by : Glen S. Aikenhead

Download or read book Science Education for Everyday Life written by Glen S. Aikenhead and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 194 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of humanistic approaches to science. Approaches that connect students to broader human concerns in their everyday life and culture. Glen Aikenhead, an expert in the field of culturally sensitive science education, summarizes major worldwide historical findings; focuses on present thinking; and offers evidence in support of classroom practice. This highly accessible text covers curriculum policy, teaching materials, teacher orientations, teacher education, student learning, culture studies, and future research.

The Science of Education

Download The Science of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 292 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (2 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Science of Education by : Johann Friedrich Herbart

Download or read book The Science of Education written by Johann Friedrich Herbart and published by . This book was released on 1892 with total page 292 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Educational Research for Social Justice

Download Educational Research for Social Justice PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030625729
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (36 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Educational Research for Social Justice by : Alistair Ross

Download or read book Educational Research for Social Justice written by Alistair Ross and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-22 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a series of analyses of educational policies – largely in the UK, but some also in Europe – researched by a team of social scientists who share a commitment to social justice and equity in education. We explore what social justice means, in educational policy and practice, and how it impacts on our understanding of both ‘educational science’ and ‘the public good’. Using a social constructivist approach, the book argues that social justice requires a particular and critical analysis of the meaning of meritocracy, and of the way this term turns educational policies towards treating learning as a competition, in which many young people are constructed as ‘losers’. We discuss how many terms in education are essentialised and have specific, and different, meanings for particular social groups, and how this may create issues in both quantitative survey methods and in determining what is ‘the public good’. We discuss social justice across a range of intersecting social characteristics, including social class, ethnicity and gender, as they are applied across the educational policy spectrum, from early years to postgraduate education. We examine the ways that young people construct their identities, and the implications of this for understanding the ‘public good’ in educational practice. We consider the responsibilities of educational researchers to acknowledge these issues, and offer examples of researching with such a commitment. We conclude by considering how educational policy might contribute to a socially just, equitable and inclusive public good.

The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences

Download The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9781107033252
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (332 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences by : R. Keith Sawyer

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences written by R. Keith Sawyer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-11-17 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interdisciplinary field of the learning sciences encompasses educational psychology, cognitive science, computer science, and anthropology, among other disciplines. The Cambridge Handbook of the Learning Sciences, first published in 2006, is the definitive introduction to this innovative approach to teaching, learning, and educational technology. In this dramatically revised second edition, leading scholars incorporate the latest research to provide practical advice on a wide range of issues. The authors address the best ways to write textbooks, design educational software, prepare effective teachers, organize classrooms, and use the Internet to enhance student learning. They illustrate the importance of creating productive learning environments both inside and outside school, including after school clubs, libraries, and museums. Accessible and engaging, the Handbook has proven to be an essential resource for graduate students, researchers, teachers, administrators, consultants, software designers, and policy makers on a global scale.

Knowledge and Interaction

Download Knowledge and Interaction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317632958
Total Pages : 615 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (176 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowledge and Interaction by : Andrea A. diSessa

Download or read book Knowledge and Interaction written by Andrea A. diSessa and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-12-07 with total page 615 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Decades of research in the cognitive and learning sciences have led to a growing recognition of the incredibly multi-faceted nature of human knowing and learning. Up to now, this multifaceted nature has been visible mostly in distinct and often competing communities of researchers. From a purely scientific perspective, "siloed" science—where different traditions refuse to speak with one another, or merely ignore one another—is unacceptable. This ambitious volume attempts to kick-start a serious, new line of work that merges, or properly articulates, different traditions with their divergent historical, theoretical, and methodological commitments that, nonetheless, both focus on the highly detailed analysis of processes of knowing and learning as they unfold in interactional contexts in real time. Knowledge and Interaction puts two traditions in dialogue with one another: Knowledge Analysis (KA), which draws on intellectual roots in developmental psychology and cognitive modeling and focuses on the nature and form of individual knowledge systems, and Interaction Analysis (IA), which has been prominent in approaches that seek to understand and explain learning as a sequence of real-time moves by individuals as they interact with interlocutors, learning environments, and the world around them. The volume’s four-part organization opens up space for both substantive contributions on areas of conceptual and empirical work as well as opportunities for reflection, integration, and coordination.

Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards

Download Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309064767
Total Pages : 223 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards by : National Research Council

Download or read book Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-05-03 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humans, especially children, are naturally curious. Yet, people often balk at the thought of learning scienceâ€"the "eyes glazed over" syndrome. Teachers may find teaching science a major challenge in an era when science ranges from the hardly imaginable quark to the distant, blazing quasar. Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards is the book that educators have been waiting forâ€"a practical guide to teaching inquiry and teaching through inquiry, as recommended by the National Science Education Standards. This will be an important resource for educators who must help school boards, parents, and teachers understand "why we can't teach the way we used to." "Inquiry" refers to the diverse ways in which scientists study the natural world and in which students grasp science knowledge and the methods by which that knowledge is produced. This book explains and illustrates how inquiry helps students learn science content, master how to do science, and understand the nature of science. This book explores the dimensions of teaching and learning science as inquiry for K-12 students across a range of science topics. Detailed examples help clarify when teachers should use the inquiry-based approach and how much structure, guidance, and coaching they should provide. The book dispels myths that may have discouraged educators from the inquiry-based approach and illuminates the subtle interplay between concepts, processes, and science as it is experienced in the classroom. Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards shows how to bring the standards to life, with features such as classroom vignettes exploring different kinds of inquiries for elementary, middle, and high school and Frequently Asked Questions for teachers, responding to common concerns such as obtaining teaching supplies. Turning to assessment, the committee discusses why assessment is important, looks at existing schemes and formats, and addresses how to involve students in assessing their own learning achievements. In addition, this book discusses administrative assistance, communication with parents, appropriate teacher evaluation, and other avenues to promoting and supporting this new teaching paradigm.

Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning

Download Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1441914277
Total Pages : 3643 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (419 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning by : Norbert M. Seel

Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.

Science Education

Download Science Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000591735
Total Pages : 172 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Science Education by : Shamin Padalkar

Download or read book Science Education written by Shamin Padalkar and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-07-26 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book presents key perspectives on teaching and learning science in India. It offers adaptive expertise to teachers and educators through a pedagogic content knowledge (PCK) approach. Using cases and episodes from Indian science classrooms to contextualise ideas and practices, the volume discusses the nature of science, and aspects of assessments and evaluations for both process skills and conceptual understanding of the subject. It examines the significance of science education at school level and focuses on meaningful learning and development of scientific and technological aptitude. The chapters deal with topics from physics, chemistry and biology at the middle- and secondary-school levels, and are designed to equip student-teachers with theoretical and practical knowledge abilities about science, science learning and the abilities to teach these topics along with teaching. The book draws extensively from research on science education and teacher education and shifts away from knowledge transmission to the active process of constructivist teaching-learning practices. The authors use illustrative examples to highlight flexible planning for inclusive classrooms. Based on studies on cognitive and developmental psychology, pedagogical content knowledge of science, socio-cultural approaches to learning science, and the history and philosophy of science, the book promotes an understanding of science characterized by empirical criteria, logical arguments and sceptical reviews. With its accessible style, examples, exercises and additional references, it will be useful for students and teachers of science, science educators, BEd and MEd programmes for education, secondary and higher secondary school teachers, curriculum designers and developers of science. It will interest research institutes, non-governmental organisations, professionals and public and private sector bodies involved in science outreach, science education and teaching and learning practices.

Improvement Science in Education

Download Improvement Science in Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Myers Education Press
ISBN 13 : 1975503570
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (755 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improvement Science in Education by : Brandi Nicole Hinnant-Crawford

Download or read book Improvement Science in Education written by Brandi Nicole Hinnant-Crawford and published by Myers Education Press. This book was released on 2020-07-10 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Improvement Science in Education: A Primer provides a comprehensive overview of improvement science as a framework to guide continuous improvement and reconceptualizes improvement by centering equity and justice as the purpose of improvement. This Primer is designed to introduce improvement science, a methodology with origins in manufacturing, engineering and healthcare, to educational audiences. The book first explores the philosophical and methodological foundations of improvement science, juxtaposing it with traditional forms of research so that clear distinctions can be drawn. Chapters in the latter half of the book introduce the principles of improvement, give guidance and tools for operationalizing the principles in practice, and conclude with questions to ensure you are improving with equity in mind. Constantly reminding readers to think about who is involved and impacted, the Primer makes improvement science accessible to novices and adds critical dimensions for experienced practitioners to consider. Perfect for courses such as: Educational Research, School Improvement, and Program Evaluation

The Sources of a Science of Education

Download The Sources of a Science of Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Read Books Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1446546934
Total Pages : 47 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (465 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Sources of a Science of Education by : John Dewey

Download or read book The Sources of a Science of Education written by John Dewey and published by Read Books Ltd. This book was released on 2011-03-23 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This fascinating antiquarian book contains a detailed treatise on education, being a comprehensive discussion of education as a science. This text endeavours to answer the questions: Is there a science in education? Can there be a science of Education? Are the procedures and aims of education such that it is possible to reduce them to anything properly called a Science? Written in clear, concise language and full of interesting explorations of education, this text will appeal to those with an interest in the role and modus operandi of education in modern society, and would make for a great addition to collections of allied literature. The chapters of this volume include: Education as Science, Education as Art, Experience and Abstraction, What Science Means, Illustrations from the Physical Sciences, Borrowed Techniques Insufficient, Laws Vs. Rules, Scientifically Developed Attitudes, Sources Vs. Content, etcetera. We are republishing this vintage book now in an affordable, modern edition complete with a new prefatory biography of the author.

Bringing the Neuroscience of Learning to Online Teaching

Download Bringing the Neuroscience of Learning to Online Teaching PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Teachers College Press
ISBN 13 : 0807779652
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (77 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bringing the Neuroscience of Learning to Online Teaching by : Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa

Download or read book Bringing the Neuroscience of Learning to Online Teaching written by Tracey Tokuhama-Espinosa and published by Teachers College Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This practical resource draws on the best of neuroscience to inform decision-making about digital learning. We live in unprecedented times that have pushed schools to make many decisions that have been postponed for years. For the first time since the inception of public education, teachers have been invited to redesign the learning landscape by integrating an intelligent selection of digital educational resources and changing pedagogical approaches based on information from the learning sciences. This handbook will help teachers make the most of this opportunity by showing them how to use digital tools to differentiate learning, employ alternative options to standardized testing, personalize learning, prioritize social-emotional skills, and inspire students to think more critically. The author identifies some gems in quality teaching that are amplified in online contexts, including 40 evidence-informed pedagogies from the learning sciences. This book will help all educators move online teaching and learning to new levels of confidence and success. Book Features: Provides quick references to key planning tools like decision-trees, graphics, app recommendations, and step-by-step directions to help teachers create their own online learning courses.Guides teachers through a 12-step model for instructional design that meets both national and international standards.Shows educators how to use an all-new Digital Resource Taxonomy to select resources, and how to research and keep them up to date.Explains why good instructional design and educational technology are complementary with best practices in learning sciences like Mind, Brain, and Education Science.Shares ways teachers can leverage technology to create more time for the personalized aspects of learning. Shows educators how to design online courses with tools that let all students begin at their own starting points and how to differentiate homework.Offers evidence-informed pedagogies to make online intimate and authentic for students.

Knowing What Students Know

Download Knowing What Students Know PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309293227
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Knowing What Students Know by : National Research Council

Download or read book Knowing What Students Know written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-27 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates.