The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province In Northwest China

Download The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province In Northwest China full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province In Northwest China ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in Northwest China

Author : Shufeng Yang
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128129387
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in Northwest China by : Shufeng Yang

Download or read book The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in Northwest China written by Shufeng Yang and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2018-07-02 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in Northwest China: Tectonics, Petrology, Geochemistry, and Geophysics is the first book to introduce the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province. Based on more than twenty years of study, this book systematically presents time-spatial, geochemical and geodynamic features, along with the metallogenesis and magma evolution of the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province. Furthermore, it provides a new geodynamic model for Large Igneous Provinces. It is intended for researchers and graduate students in tectonics, igneous petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, earth evolution and planetary geology in addition to mining industry professionals. Provides the temporal-spatial features of the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province using seismic and borehole data Presents petrological and geochemical features and magma evolution of the rock units in Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province Builds up a new model for Large Igneous Provinces based on the information from the Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province

Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range

Author : Marie-Franc̦oise Brunet
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1862397384
Total Pages : 605 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (623 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range by : Marie-Franc̦oise Brunet

Download or read book Geological Evolution of Central Asian Basins and the Western Tien Shan Range written by Marie-Franc̦oise Brunet and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2017-10-10 with total page 605 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The geological evolution of Central Asia commenced with the formation of a complex Precambrian–Palaeozoic orogen. Cimmerian blocks were then accreted to the southern margin in the Mesozoic, leading to tectonic reactivation of older structures and discrete episodes of basin formation. The Indian and Arabian blocks collided with Asia in the Cenozoic, leading to renewed structural reactivation, intracontinental deformation and basin development. This complex evolution resulted in the present-day setting of an elongated Tien Shan range flanked by large Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary basins with smaller intramontane basins distributed within the range. This volume presents multidisciplinary results and reviews from research groups in Europe and Central Asia that focus on the western part of the Tien Shan and some of the adjacent large sedimentary basins. These works elucidate the Late Palaeozoic–Cenozoic tectono-sedimentary evolution of the area. Emphasis is given to the collision of terranes and continents and the ensuing fault reactivations. The impact of climatic changes on sedimentation is also examined.

Large Igneous Provinces from Gondwana and Adjacent Regions

Author : S. Sensarma
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1786203251
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Large Igneous Provinces from Gondwana and Adjacent Regions by : S. Sensarma

Download or read book Large Igneous Provinces from Gondwana and Adjacent Regions written by S. Sensarma and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2018-02-19 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gondwana, comprising more than 64% of the present day continental mass, is home to 33% of large igneous provinces (LIPs) and key to understanding the lithosphere–atmosphere system and related tectonics that influenced global climate and sediment production on Earth. Gondwana has many of the largest LIPs, with areas of 200 000 to 2 000 000 km2. Several Gondwana LIPs erupted near active continental margins as well as within continents. The rifting of continents continued even after LIP emplacement or was aborted by a coeval compression and did not open into an ocean. Important contemporary frontiers include understanding significant amounts of synchronous silicic volcanic rocks in mafic LIPs, bringing better stratigraphic constraints supported by precise age dating and volume estimation of LIPs, the possible link between LIP emplacement and biotic crisis, refinement of the existing petrogenetic models and assessing large eruptions and associated societal risk. This volume covers topics on magma emplacements, petrology and geochemistry, source characteristics, flood basalt–carbonatite linkage, tectonics and geochronology of LIPs distributed in Gondwana continents.

Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time

Author : Sisir K. Mondal
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128111607
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time by : Sisir K. Mondal

Download or read book Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time written by Sisir K. Mondal and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2017-09-08 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Processes and Ore Deposits of Ultramafic-Mafic Magmas through Space and Time focuses on the fundamental processes that control the formation of ore deposits from ultramafic-mafic magmas, covering chromite, platinum-group element (PGE), Ni-sulfides and Ti-V-bearing magnetite. The exploration, exploitation and use of these magmatic ores are important aspects of geology and directly linked to the global economy. Magmatic ores form from ultramafic-mafic magmas and crystallize at high-temperature after emplacement into crustal magma chambers, and are genetically linked to the evolution of the parental magmas through space and time. This book features recent developments in the field of magmatic ore deposits, and is an essential resource for both industry professionals and those in academia. Elucidates the relationships between tectonic settings and magmatic ore mineralization Provides the links between magma generation in the mantle and ore mineralization at crustal levels Features the latest research on changing patterns in magmatic ore mineralization through time and their bearing on the chemical evolution of the Earth’s mantle

Critical Metals in Northwest China

Author : Xiaohua Deng
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889745104
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Critical Metals in Northwest China by : Xiaohua Deng

Download or read book Critical Metals in Northwest China written by Xiaohua Deng and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-24 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Continental Basin and Orogenic Processes: Deep Structure, Tectonic Deformation, and Dynamics

Author : Hanlin Chen
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832503969
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Continental Basin and Orogenic Processes: Deep Structure, Tectonic Deformation, and Dynamics by : Hanlin Chen

Download or read book Continental Basin and Orogenic Processes: Deep Structure, Tectonic Deformation, and Dynamics written by Hanlin Chen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-04 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 4

Author : A.R. Woolley
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1786204452
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 4 by : A.R. Woolley

Download or read book Alkaline Rocks and Carbonatites of the World, Part 4 written by A.R. Woolley and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2019-09-02 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites are compositionally and mineralogically the most diverse of all igneous rocks and, apart from their scientific interest, are of major, and growing, economic importance. They are important repositories of certain metals and commodities, indeed the only significant sources of some of them, and include Nb, the rare earths, Cu, V, diamond, phosphate, vermiculite, bauxite, raw materials for the manufacture of ceramics, and potentially Th and U. The economic potential of these rocks is now widely appreciated, particularly since the commencement of the mining of the Palabora carbonatite for copper and a host of valuable by-products. Similarly, the crucial economic dominance of rare earth production from carbonatite-related occurrences in China, has stimulated the world-wide hunt for similar deposits. This volume describes and provides ready access to the literature for all known occurrences of alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatites of Antarctica, Asia and Europe excluding the former USSR, Australasia and oceanic islands. More than 1,200 occurrences from 59 countries are outlined together with those of 57 oceanic islands and island groups. The descriptions include geographical coordinates and information on general geology, rock types, petrography, mineralogy, age and economic aspects with the principal references cited. There are 429 geological and distribution maps and a locality index. As has been demonstrated by the three earlier volumes, the present book is likely to be of considerable interest to mineral exploration companies, as there are no comprehensive published reviews of the economic aspects of the alkaline rocks. It will also interest research scientists in the fields of igneous petrology and volcanology, and geologists concerned with the regional distribution of igneous rocks and their geodynamic relationships.

Mafic-ultramafic Intrusions in Beishan and Eastern Tianshan at Southern CAOB: Petrogenesis, Mineralization and Tectonic Implication

Download Mafic-ultramafic Intrusions in Beishan and Eastern Tianshan at Southern CAOB: Petrogenesis, Mineralization and Tectonic Implication PDF Online Free

Author : Ben-Xun Su
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 364254262X
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (425 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Mafic-ultramafic Intrusions in Beishan and Eastern Tianshan at Southern CAOB: Petrogenesis, Mineralization and Tectonic Implication by : Ben-Xun Su

Download or read book Mafic-ultramafic Intrusions in Beishan and Eastern Tianshan at Southern CAOB: Petrogenesis, Mineralization and Tectonic Implication written by Ben-Xun Su and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-07-08 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The widespread mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Earth are well-known as their hosting Ni-Cu-PGE ore deposits, and their petrogenesis and mineralization have become hot issues in the geological studies. This thesis comprehensively investigated the petrology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of several mafic-ultramafic complexes in the Beishan Terrane, southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt aimed at systematically determining the mineralization and petrogenetic processes responsible for the formation of the complexes and placing constraints on the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Tianshan and Beishan, and the Early Permian mantle plume. The thesis identified mineralizing indicators of Ni-Cu sulfide deposits and defined the roles of partial melting, fractional crystallization, crustal assimilation and magma injection. The systematical isotopic compositions revealed the mantle source of the mafic-ultramafic complexes had undergone the subduction-related modifications both from the South Tianshan Ocean and subsequently the Junggar Ocean, and that the complexes were emplaced in the period of 269-285 Ma coeval with the 280 Ma mantle plume event in the Tarim Craton. The results of this thesis provide new insights about the tectonic setting, magma evolution, ore genesis, and exploration implications of the mafic-ultramafic complexes in Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Dr. Benxun Su works at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.

Encyclopedia of Geology

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0081029098
Total Pages : 5634 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of Geology by :

Download or read book Encyclopedia of Geology written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 5634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encyclopedia of Geology, Second Edition presents in six volumes state-of-the-art reviews on the various aspects of geologic research, all of which have moved on considerably since the writing of the first edition. New areas of discussion include extinctions, origins of life, plate tectonics and its influence on faunal provinces, new types of mineral and hydrocarbon deposits, new methods of dating rocks, and geological processes. Users will find this to be a fundamental resource for teachers and students of geology, as well as researchers and non-geology professionals seeking up-to-date reviews of geologic research. Provides a comprehensive and accessible one-stop shop for information on the subject of geology, explaining methodologies and technical jargon used in the field Highlights connections between geology and other physical and biological sciences, tackling research problems that span multiple fields Fills a critical gap of information in a field that has seen significant progress in past years Presents an ideal reference for a wide range of scientists in earth and environmental areas of study

Issues in Geology and Mineralogy: 2011 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1464966001
Total Pages : 902 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (649 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Issues in Geology and Mineralogy: 2011 Edition by :

Download or read book Issues in Geology and Mineralogy: 2011 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-01-09 with total page 902 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Geology and Mineralogy / 2011 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Geology and Mineralogy. The editors have built Issues in Geology and Mineralogy: 2011 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Geology and Mineralogy in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Geology and Mineralogy: 2011 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition

Author :
Publisher : ScholarlyEditions
ISBN 13 : 1490109188
Total Pages : 1149 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition by :

Download or read book Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2013-05-01 with total page 1149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ book that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. The editors have built Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Geomagnetism and Aeronomy in this book to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Issues in Earth Sciences, Geology, and Geophysics: 2013 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.

The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China's Mineral Deposits

Author : Franco Pirajno
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400744447
Total Pages : 689 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China's Mineral Deposits by : Franco Pirajno

Download or read book The Geology and Tectonic Settings of China's Mineral Deposits written by Franco Pirajno and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-08-13 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Extensive descriptions of a wide range of key or world-class mineral deposits of China are presented in the context of the country’s general geology, tectonic units and mineral systems and their geodynamic evolution within the tectonic framework of the Asian continent. This comprehensive overview, incorporating the latest geological concepts, is the first such coverage written in English by a western expert, and will be of benefit to mineral explorers and miners, as well as to research scientists and students in institutions of higher education. In his compilation of this compendium of Chinese geology and mineral systems, Franco Pirajno draws on first-hand knowledge of China’s geology and mineral deposits gained in numerous field visits and research projects with Chinese colleagues from various academic institutions over the past 18 years. First time that a western-based book on China’s geology and mineral deposits is published Appropriate for use by the mineral exploration industry Modern English-language geological and mineral deposits information on China Most useful to Western (and Chinese) geoscientists

The Permian Timescale

Author : S.G. Lucas
Publisher : Geological Society of London
ISBN 13 : 1786202824
Total Pages : 459 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (862 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Permian Timescale by : S.G. Lucas

Download or read book The Permian Timescale written by S.G. Lucas and published by Geological Society of London. This book was released on 2018-03-12 with total page 459 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume brings together state-of-the-art reviews of the non-biostratigraphic and biostratigraphic data that are used to define and correlate Permian time intervals. It includes analyses of Permian radio-isotopic ages, magnetostratigraphy, isotope-based stratigraphy and timescale-relevant biostratigraphy. It is the first book devoted to this subject and represents the cutting edge of Permian time-scale research.

Large Igneous Provinces

Author : John J. Mahoney
Publisher : American Geophysical Union
ISBN 13 : 0875900828
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (759 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Large Igneous Provinces by : John J. Mahoney

Download or read book Large Igneous Provinces written by John J. Mahoney and published by American Geophysical Union. This book was released on 1997-01-23 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Geophysical Monograph Series, Volume 100. Continental flood basalts, volcanic passive margins, and oceanic plateaus represent the largest known volcanic episodes on our planet, yet they are not easily explained by plate tectonics. Indeed, some are likely to record periods when the outward transfer of material and energy from the Earth's interior operated in a significantly different mode than at present. In recent years, interest in large-scale mafic magmatism has surged as high-precision geochronological, detailed geochemical, and increasingly sophisticated geophysical data have become available for many provinces. However, the sheer amount of recent material, often in the form of detailed collaborative research projects, can overwhelm newcomers to the field and experts alike as the literature continues to grow dramatically. The need for an up-to-date review volume on a sizable subset of the major continental and oceanic flood basalt provinces, termed large igneous provinces, was recognized by the Commission on Large-Volume Basaltic Provinces (International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior), and the co-editors were charged with organizing and implementing such a volume. We hope that this volume will be valuable to researchers and graduate students worldwide, particularly to petrologists, geochemists, geochronologists, geodynamicists, and plate-tectonics specialists; it may also interest planetologists, oceanographers, and atmospheric scientists.

Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes

Author : Franco Pirajno
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401725020
Total Pages : 572 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes by : Franco Pirajno

Download or read book Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes written by Franco Pirajno and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-11-11 with total page 572 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: PERTH Western Australia March 2000 Increasingly explorationists are seeking to find new ore deposits in poorly prospected areas, be they geographically remote, such as in the Arctic, or geologically remote, such as those under sedimentary cover. Modern prospecting techniques, including low-detection-level geochemistry and the use of advanced geophysical instrumentation have greatly assisted explorers but fundamental to any soundly based exploration program remains an understanding of the geological framework of ore deposits. This allows the development of deposit models on macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. This book by Dr. Franeo Pirajno draws on his extensive and wide global experience. To set the scene for a discussion of ore deposit generation Franeo details the Earths internal structures and mantle dynamics. He then explores the impact of mantle plumes on the crust and in particular their role in the production of magmatic environments, and in continental scale rifting. This includes a descriptive section on magmatic provinces around the globe, which highlights the importance of plumes. Any study of Earth processes needs to take into account the effects of extraterrestrial bombardment, and in particular the results from the impacts of large bolides. The effects of these impacts on the atmosphere and on life have now been recognised as profound. It is likely that the effect ofthese impacts on the Earth's crust is as equally profound.

Large Igneous Provinces

Author : Richard E. Ernst
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1316060519
Total Pages : 667 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (16 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Large Igneous Provinces by : Richard E. Ernst

Download or read book Large Igneous Provinces written by Richard E. Ernst and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-09-25 with total page 667 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Large igneous provinces (LIPs) are intraplate magmatic events, involving volumes of mainly mafic magma upwards of 100,000 km3, and often above 1 million km3. They are linked to continental break-up, global environmental catastrophes, regional uplift and a variety of ore deposit types. In this up-to-date, fascinating book, leading expert Richard E. Ernst explores all aspects of LIPs, beginning by introducing their definition and essential characteristics. Topics covered include continental and oceanic LIPs; their origins, structures, and geochemistry; geological and environmental effects; association with silicic, carbonatite and kimberlite magmatism; and analogues of LIPs in the Archean, and on other planets. The book concludes with an assessment of LIPs' influence on natural resources such as mineral deposits, petroleum and aquifers. This is a one-stop resource for researchers and graduate students in a wide range of disciplines, including tectonics, igneous petrology, geochemistry, geophysics, Earth history, and planetary geology, and for mining industry professionals.

Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling

Author : Michael J. Pyrcz
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0199358834
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (993 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling by : Michael J. Pyrcz

Download or read book Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling written by Michael J. Pyrcz and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-16 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Published in 2002, the first edition of Geostatistical Reservoir Modeling brought the practice of petroleum geostatistics into a coherent framework, focusing on tools, techniques, examples, and guidance. It emphasized the interaction between geophysicists, geologists, and engineers, and was received well by professionals, academics, and both graduate and undergraduate students. In this revised second edition, Deutsch collaborates with co-author Michael Pyrcz to provide an expanded (in coverage and format), full color illustrated, more comprehensive treatment of the subject with a full update on the latest tools, methods, practice, and research in the field of petroleum Geostatistics. Key geostatistical concepts such as integration of geologic data and concepts, scale considerations, and uncertainty models receive greater attention, and new comprehensive sections are provided on preliminary geological modeling concepts, data inventory, conceptual model, problem formulation, large scale modeling, multiple point-based simulation and event-based modeling. Geostatistical methods are extensively illustrated through enhanced schematics, work flows and examples with discussion on method capabilities and selection. For example, this expanded second edition includes extensive discussion on the process of moving from an inventory of data and concepts through conceptual model to problem formulation to solve practical reservoir problems. A greater number of examples are included, with a set of practical geostatistical studies developed to illustrate the steps from data analysis and cleaning to post-processing, and ranking. New methods, which have developed in the field since the publication of the first edition, are discussed, such as models for integration of diverse data sources, multiple point-based simulation, event-based simulation, spatial bootstrap and methods to summarize geostatistical realizations.