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The Chemistry Of Rubber Manufacture
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Book Synopsis Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber by : Shinzo Kohjiya
Download or read book Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber written by Shinzo Kohjiya and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, Second Edition presents the latest advances in the processing, properties and advanced applications of natural rubber (NR), drawing on state-of-the-art research in the field. Chapters cover manufacturing, processing and properties of natural rubber, describing biosynthesis, vulcanization for improved performance, strain-induced crystallization, self-reinforcement, rheology and mechanochemistry for processing, computer simulation of properties, scattering techniques and stabilizing agents. Applications covered include natural rubber, carbon allotropes, eco-friendly soft bio-composites using NR matrices and marine products, the use of NR for high functionality such as shape memory, NR for the tire industry, and natural rubber latex with advanced applications. This is an essential resource for academic researchers, scientists and (post)graduate students in rubber science, polymer science, materials science and engineering, and chemistry. In industry, this book enables professionals, R&D, and producers across the natural rubber, tire, rubber and elastomer industries, as well as across industries looking to use natural rubber products, to understand and utilize natural rubber for cutting-edge applications. - Explains the latest manufacture and processing techniques for natural rubber (NR) with enhanced properties - Explores novel applications of natural rubber across a range of industries, including current and potential uses - Discusses resources and utilization, and considers sustainable future development of natural rubber
Book Synopsis Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber by : Shinzo Kohjiya
Download or read book Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber written by Shinzo Kohjiya and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-03-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, Second Edition presents the latest advances in the processing, properties and advanced applications of natural rubber (NR), drawing on state-of-the-art research in the field. Chapters cover manufacturing, processing and properties of natural rubber, describing biosynthesis, vulcanization for improved performance, strain-induced crystallization, self-reinforcement, rheology and mechanochemistry for processing, computer simulation of properties, scattering techniques and stabilizing agents. Applications covered include natural rubber, carbon allotropes, eco-friendly soft bio-composites using NR matrices and marine products, the use of NR for high functionality such as shape memory, NR for the tire industry, and natural rubber latex with advanced applications. This is an essential resource for academic researchers, scientists and (post)graduate students in rubber science, polymer science, materials science and engineering, and chemistry. In industry, this book enables professionals, R&D, and producers across the natural rubber, tire, rubber and elastomer industries, as well as across industries looking to use natural rubber products, to understand and utilize natural rubber for cutting-edge applications. Explains the latest manufacture and processing techniques for natural rubber (NR) with enhanced properties Explores novel applications of natural rubber across a range of industries, including current and potential uses Discusses resources and utilization, and considers sustainable future development of natural rubber
Book Synopsis The Chemistry of Rubber Manufacture by : Lothar E. Weber
Download or read book The Chemistry of Rubber Manufacture written by Lothar E. Weber and published by . This book was released on 1926 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The composition of rubber latex. The preparation of crude rubber. The nature of coagulation. The composition of crude rubber. The properties of crude rubber. The theory of vulcanisation. The synthesis of rubber. The examination of crude rubber. Inorganic compounding ingredients. Reinforcing agents. Sulphur and sulphur chloride. Organic compounding ingredients. Softeners. Organic accelerators. Reclaimed rubber. Chemical examination of vulcanised rubber. Physical examination of vulcanised rubber.
Book Synopsis Synthetic Rubbers: Their Chemistry and Technology by : D.C. Blackley
Download or read book Synthetic Rubbers: Their Chemistry and Technology written by D.C. Blackley and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book has its origin in a proposal made a few years ago that I should collaborate with Dr H. J. Stern in the production of a third edition of his well-known text-book entitled Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. The sugges tion was that I should contribute a series of chapters on synthetic rubbers. Although, in the event, it has not proved possible to publish the full book in the form originally planned, it was apparent that, with some restructuring, the material which I had collected would be valuable as an independent summary of the chemistry and technology of synthetic rubbers. It is in this form that the material is now offered. The primary purpose of this book is to provide a brief up-to-date survey of the principal types of synthetic rubber which have been and are currently available. Two classes of material are included which are regarded by some as being thermoplastics rather than rubbers, namely, plasticised polyvinyl chloride and the thermoplastic synthetic rubbers. The topics which are covered for each main family of synthetic rubbers are (i) the sources of the monomers, (ii) polymerisation procedures and the effects of important polymerisation variables upon the rubber produced, (iii) the types of rubber currently available commercially, (iv) interesting aspects of the compounding of the rubbers, with special reference to such matters as vulcanisation, reinforcement, protection against degradation, and (where appropriate) plasticisation, and (v) an indication of applications.
Book Synopsis Science and Technology of Rubber by : James E. Mark
Download or read book Science and Technology of Rubber written by James E. Mark and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2011-07-28 with total page 762 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Science and Technology of Rubber, Third Edition provides a broad survey of elastomers with special emphasis on materials with a rubber-like elasticity. As in the 2nd edition, the emphasis remains on a unified treatment of the material; exploring topics from the chemical aspects such as elastomer synthesis and curing, through recent theoretical developments and characterization of equilibrium and dynamic properties, to the final applications of rubber, including tire engineering and manufacturing. Many advances have been made in polymer and elastomers research over the past ten years since the 2nd edition was published. Updated material stresses the continuous relationship between the ongoing research in synthesis, physics, structure and mechanics of rubber technology and industrial applications. Special attention is paid to recent advances in rubber-like elasticity theory and new processing techniques for elastomers. This new edition is comprised of 20% new material, including a new chapter on environmental issues and tire recycling.
Book Synopsis Rubber Compounding by : Brendan Rodgers
Download or read book Rubber Compounding written by Brendan Rodgers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2015-10-09 with total page 614 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rubber Compounding: Chemistry and Applications describes the production, processing, and characteristics of a wide range of materials utilized in the modern tire and rubber industry, from natural to butyl rubber, carbon black, silica, silanes, and beyond. Containing contributions from leading specialists in the field, the text investigates the chem
Book Synopsis Rubber Compounding by : Brendan Rodgers
Download or read book Rubber Compounding written by Brendan Rodgers and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-07-23 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Highlighting more than a decade of research, this one-of-a-kind reference reviews the production, processing, and characteristics of a wide range of materials utilized in the modern tire and rubber industry. Rubber Compounding investigates the chemistry and modification of raw materials, elastomers, and material compounds for optimal formulation an
Book Synopsis Rubber as a Construction Material for Corrosion Protection by : V. C. Chandrasekaran
Download or read book Rubber as a Construction Material for Corrosion Protection written by V. C. Chandrasekaran and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-12-13 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First book on rubber used as a construction material dedicated to the chemical process industry Despite the long history of rubber as a construction material, this book is a unique publication as it comprehensively looks at the material with respect to the anti-corrosion requirements of the multitude of industries where rubber is used, both on land and offshore. This guide documents how rubber reliably meets the threats of corrosion and contributes to the longevity of the equipment. Chapters on ebonite, natural, and synthetic rubbers, examine their relevant properties and chemical resistance. The book details the practical aspects and handling of rubber lined equipment: thin-walled structures, vacuum vessels, ducts, large diameter tanks, agitators, and fully lined pipes (both inside and outside). Molded and fabricated products of ebonite and soft rubber as well as hand-made rubber products are shown along with vulcanization technology, testing and inspections, measurements and standards. Several case studies are included demonstrating the preferential choice of rubber as a construction material as well as practical applications and techniques of its usage in the chlor-alkali, fertilizer, mineral processing and other core chemical processing industries, which are the largest consumers of rubber as a material of construction. The volume ends with a section on aging and prediction of service life. Rubber as a Construction Material for Corrosion Protection will be used by chemical engineers, rubber technologists, students, research workers worldwide in the rubber industry and process industries such as fertilizer, mining and ore, oil & gas, paper and pulp, steel plants, as well as people engaged in corrosion protection. The book will also be very useful to the construction industry.
Book Synopsis Reverse Engineering of Rubber Products by : Saikat Das Gupta
Download or read book Reverse Engineering of Rubber Products written by Saikat Das Gupta and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2013-09-19 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reverse engineering is widely practiced in the rubber industry. Companies routinely analyze competitors’ products to gather information about specifications or compositions. In a competitive market, introducing new products with better features and at a faster pace is critical for any manufacturer. Reverse Engineering of Rubber Products: Concepts, Tools, and Techniques explains the principles and science behind rubber formulation development by reverse engineering methods. The book describes the tools and analytical techniques used to discover which materials and processes were used to produce a particular vulcanized rubber compound from a combination of raw rubber, chemicals, and pigments. A Compendium of Chemical, Analytical, and Physical Test Methods Organized into five chapters, the book first reviews the construction of compounding ingredients and formulations, from elastomers, fillers, and protective agents to vulcanizing chemicals and processing aids. It then discusses chemical and analytical methods, including infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, chromatography, and microscopy. It also examines physical test methods for visco-elastic behavior, heat aging, hardness, and other features. A chapter presents important reverse engineering concepts. In addition, the book includes a wide variety of case studies of formula reconstruction, covering large products such as tires and belts as well as smaller products like seals and hoses. Get Practical Insights on Reverse Engineering from the Book’s Case Studies Combining scientific principles and practical advice, this book brings together helpful insights on reverse engineering in the rubber industry. It is an invaluable reference for scientists, engineers, and researchers who want to produce comparative benchmark information, discover formulations used throughout the industry, improve product performance, and shorten the product development cycle.
Book Synopsis The Chemistry of the Rubber Industry by : Harold Edwin Potts
Download or read book The Chemistry of the Rubber Industry written by Harold Edwin Potts and published by . This book was released on 1912 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Rubber Technology written by M. Morton and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-04-17 with total page 643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About ten years after the publication of the Second Edition (1973), it became apparent that it was time for an up-date of this book. This was especially true in this case, since the subject matter has traditionally dealt mainly with the structure, properties, and technology of the various elastomers used in industry, and these are bound to undergo significant changes over the period of a decade. In revising the contents of this volume, it was thought best to keep the orig inal format. Hence the first five chapters discuss the same general subject matter as before. The chapters dealing with natural rubber and the synthetic elastomers are up-dated, and an entirely new chapter has been added on the thermoplastic elastomers, which have, of course, grown tremendously in importance. Another innovation is the addition of a new chapter, "Miscellaneous Elastomers," to take care of "old" elastomers, e.g., polysulfides, which have decreased some what in importance, as well as to introduce some of the newly-developed syn thetic rubbers which have not yet reached high production levels. The editor wishes to express his sincere appreciation to all the contributors, without whose close cooperation this task would have been impossible. He would especially like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance of Dr. Howard Stephens in the planning of this book, and for his suggestion of suitable authors.
Book Synopsis Natural Rubber Materials by : Sabu Thomas
Download or read book Natural Rubber Materials written by Sabu Thomas and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2013-11-27 with total page 635 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The combination of its unique morphology, physical properties, cost effectiveness and environmental friendliness make natural rubber an appealing constituent for many materials and applications. This comprehensive two volume set covers the synthesis, characterization and applications of natural rubber based blends, interpenetrating polymer networks, composites and nanocomposites. Volume 1 covers different types of natural rubber-based blends and IPNs as well as manufacturing methods, thermo mechanical characterization techniques, life cycle analysis and their applications. Volume 2 focuses on natural rubber-based composites and Nanocomposites including the different types of fillers, the filler-matrix reinforcement mechanisms, manufacturing techniques, and applications. This is the first book to consolidate the current state of the art information on natural rubber based materials with contributions from established international experts in the field. The book provides a "one stop" reference resource for professionals, researchers, industrial practitioners, graduate students, and senior undergraduates in the fields of polymer science and engineering, materials science, surface science, bioengineering and chemical engineering.
Book Synopsis Raw Materials Supply Chain for Rubber Products by : John S. Dick
Download or read book Raw Materials Supply Chain for Rubber Products written by John S. Dick and published by Hanser Pub Incorporated. This book was released on 2014-06-30 with total page 582 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rubber industry is a vital part of the world economy. In this age of constantly changing economics and raw material "shortages of the week," this book should help the reader understand the overall technical and economic problems that are emerging which are beginning to affect the overall availability of many raw materials, chemical intermediates and final rubber products on the world scene. This book is truly unique in that it is the only one that traces all the important organic and inorganic synthesis routes for the manufacture of synthetic rubbers, various fillers, plasticizers, oils, curatives, antidegradants, adhesion promoters, flame retardants, tackifiers, and blowing agents through their respective intermediates to the base raw materials from earth extractions and agriculture.
Book Synopsis Rubber Technology and Manufacture by : C. M. Blow
Download or read book Rubber Technology and Manufacture written by C. M. Blow and published by . This book was released on 1971 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History; Am pitçome pf ribber technology; The physics of raw and vulcanised rubbers; Raw polymeric materials; The chemistry and technology of vulcanisation; Materials for compounding and reinforcement; Reinforcement by fillers; Processing technology; Principles of compounding; Manufacturing techniques; Testing procedures and standards; Professional, trade, research, and standards organizations; Bibliography; References; Subject Index.
Author :NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers Publisher :ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc. ISBN 13 :8178331624 Total Pages :646 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (783 download)
Book Synopsis The Complete Book on Rubber Processing and Compounding Technology (with Machinery Details) 2nd Revised Edition by : NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers
Download or read book The Complete Book on Rubber Processing and Compounding Technology (with Machinery Details) 2nd Revised Edition written by NIIR Board of Consultants and Engineers and published by ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.. This book was released on 2010-02-05 with total page 646 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The production of rubber and rubber products is a large and diverse industry. The rubber product manufacturing industry is basically divided into two major sectors: tyre and non-tyre. The tyre sector produces all types of automotive and nonautomotive tyres whereas the non-tyre sector produces high technology and sophisticated products like conveyor belts , rubber seals etc. The wide range of rubber products manufactured by the rubber industry comprises all types of heavy duty earth moving tyres, auto tyres, tubes, automobile parts, footwear, beltings etc. The rubber industry has been growing tremendously over the years. The future of the rubber industry is tied to the global economy. Rapidly growing automotive sector in developing economies and increased demand for high-performance tyres are expected to contribute to the growth of the global industrial rubber market. The current scenario reveals that there is a tremendous scope for the development of rubber processing industries. The global market for industrial rubber products is projected to increase 5.8 % per year. Investment in rubber industry is expected to offer significant opportunities in the near future and realizing returns to investors willing to explore this sector. This book deals with all aspects of rubber processing; mixing, milling, extrusion and molding, reclaiming and manufacturing process of rubber products. The major contents of the book are rubbers materials and processing, mixing technology of rubber, techniques of vulcanization, rubber vulcanization, rubber compounding, rubber reclaiming, manufacture of rubber products, latex and foam rubber, silicone rubber, polybutadiene and polyisoprene, styrene butadiene rubber, rubber natural etc. The book contains addresses of plant & machinery suppliers with their Photographs. It will be a standard reference book for professionals, entrepreneurs, those studying and researching in this important area and others interested in the field of rubber processing technology. TAGS Basic compounding and processing of rubber, Best small and cottage scale industries, Business guidance for rubber processing, Business guidance for rubber compounding, Business guidance to clients, Business Plan for a Startup Business, Business plan on Rubber, Business start-up, How is rubber made?, How to Start a Rubber business?, How to Start a Rubber Production Business, How to start a successful Rubber Processing business, How to Start Rubber processing Business, How to Start Rubber Processing Industry in India, Manufacture of Rubber Products, Modern small and cottage scale industries, Most Profitable Rubber Processing Business Ideas, Natural Rubber Processing Line, Natural rubber processing method, Natural Rubber Processing, New small scale ideas in Rubber processing industry, Opportunities in Rubber industries for new business, Processing and Profiting from Rubber, Processing methods for rubber materials, Profitable Rubber Business Ideas Small Scale Manufacturing, Profitable small and cottage scale industries, Profitable Small Scale Rubber Manufacturing, Rubber and Rubber Products, Rubber based Industries processing, Rubber Based Small Scale Industries Projects, Rubber business plan, Rubber Chemistry, Rubber compounding, Rubber Compounding & Mixing, Rubber compounding ingredients, Rubber compounding method, Rubber compounding process, Rubber compounding technology, Rubber Extrusion, Rubber Materials, Rubber mixing process, Rubber Mixing, Rubber Principles, Rubber processing, Rubber Processing & Rubber Based Profitable Projects, Rubber Processing and Profiting, Rubber Processing Business, Rubber Processing Industry in India, Rubber processing methods, Rubber Processing Projects, Rubber processing technology, Rubber Products manufacturing, Rubber Products, Rubber Reclaiming, Rubber technology, Rubber Technology and Manufacturing Process of Rubber Products, Rubber Vulcanization, Rubbers: materials and processing technology, Setting up of Rubber Processing Units, Small scale manufacturing business in rubber industry, Small Scale Rubber Processing Projects, Small scale Rubber production line, Small Start-up Business Project, Start up India, Stand up India, Starting a Rubber Processing Business, Startup, Start-up Business Plan for Rubber Processing, Startup ideas, Startup Project, Startup Project for Rubber processing and compounding, Startup project plan, Steps in processing of rubber, Vulcanization of rubber, Vulcanization of rubber compounds, Vulcanized rubber properties, Rubber processing and compounding
Download or read book Rubber Recycling written by Jin Kuk Kim and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2018-10-03 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rubber is used in a vast number of products, from tyres on vehicles to disposable surgical gloves. Increasingly both manufacturers and legislators are realising that recycling is essential for environmental sustainability and can improve the cost of manufacture. The volume of rubber waste produced globally makes it difficult to manage as accumulated waste rubber, especially in the form of tyres, can pose a significant fire risk. Recycling rubber not only prevents this problem but can produce new materials with desirable properties that virgin rubbers lack. This book presents an up-to-date overview of the fundamental and applied aspects of renewability and recyclability of rubber materials, emphasising existing recycling technologies with significant potential for future applications along with a detailed outline of new technology based processing of rubber to reuse and recycle. This book will be of interest to researchers in both academia and industry as well as postgraduate students working in polymer chemistry, materials processing, materials science and engineering.
Book Synopsis Rubber Processing by : Peter S. Johnson
Download or read book Rubber Processing written by Peter S. Johnson and published by Hanser Gardner Publications. This book was released on 2001 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 1 Overview of Rubber Processing p. 1 1.1 Introduction p. 1 1.2 Testing p. 2 1.2.1 Raw Materials Quality Assurance p. 2 1.2.2 Processability Testing of Mixed Compounds p. 2 1.2.3 End Product Testing p. 3 1.3 Conclusion p. 3 References p. 4 2 Raw Materials Acceptance and Specifications p. 5 2.1 Introduction p. 5 2.2 Raw Materials Specifications p. 5 2.2.1 Elastomers p. 6 2.2.2 Fillers p. 7 3 Mixing of Rubber Compounds p. 9 3.1 Introduction p. 9 3.2 Material Flow to the Mixer p. 10 3.2.1 Receipt and Storage of Raw Materials p. 11 3.2.2 Feeding, Weighing, and Charging Raw Materials p. 12 3.2.2.1 Weighing Major Ingredients p. 14 3.2.2.2 Small Component Weighing p. 14 3.3 The Mixing Process p. 15 3.3.1 Incorporation p. 16 3.3.2 Dispersion p. 17 3.3.3 Distribution p. 19 3.3.4 Plasticization p. 20 3.3.5 Natural Rubber Mastication p. 20 3.3.6 Flow Visualization and Modeling of the Mixing Process p. 20 3.3.6.1 Flow Visualization p. 21 3.3.6.2 Modeling p. 21 3.3.7 Flow Behavior on Mills p. 24 3.4 Internal Mixers p. 26 3.4.1 Developments in Internal Mixers p. 29 3.4.1.1 Farrel Mixers p. 29 3.4.1.2 Kobelco Stewart Bolling Mixers p. 30 3.4.1.3 Krupp-Midwest Werner und Pfleiderer Mixers p. 31 3.4.1.4. Pomini Mixers p. 31 3.4.2 Choosing a Mixer p. 32 3.4.3 Inspection and Preventative Maintenance of Mixers p. 32 3.4.4 Internal Mixer Operation p. 33 3.4.4.1 Mixing Procedures p. 33 3.4.4.2 Temperature Control in Internal Mixers p. 37 3.4.4.3 Rotor Speed p. 37 3.4.4.4 Ram Pressure p. 38 3.4.4.5 Batch Size p. 38 3.4.4.6 Dump Criteria p. 40 3.4.5 Control of the Mixing Process p. 41 3.4.6 Scale-Up p. 41 3.5 Take-Off Systems p. 43 3.5.1 Dump Mills p. 43 3.5.2 Packaging p. 44 3.5.3 Single Pass Mixing p. 45 3.6 Other Mixing Equipment p. 45 3.6.1 Mill Mixing p. 45 3.6.2 Continuous Mixing p. 47 3.7 Custom Compounding p. 47 3.8 Troubleshooting the Mixing Process p. 48 3.8.1 Inadequate Dispersion or Distribution p. 49 3.8.2 Scorchy Compound p. 49 3.8.3 Contamination p. 49 3.8.4 Poor Handling on Dump Mill p. 49 3.8.5 Batch-to-Batch Variation p. 49 3.9 Concluding Comments p. 50 References p. 50 4 Flow Behavior of Compounds p. 53 4.1 Introduction p. 53 4.2 Fundamentals of Rheology p. 53 4.3 Effect of Compounding Ingredients on Processing Behavior p. 58 4.3.1 Elastomers p. 58 4.3.2 Fillers p. 59 4.3.2.1 Carbon Blacks p. 59 4.3.3 Plasticizers and Processing Aids p. 60 4.3.3.1 Plasticizers p. 61 4.3.3.2 Processing Aids p. 62 4.3.4 Elasticity p. 63 4.3.5 Conclusion p. 64 References p. 64 5 Testing of Compounds After Mixing p. 65 5.1 Introduction p. 65 5.2 Processability Test Instruments p. 68 5.2.1 The Mooney Viscometer p. 68 5.2.1.1 Delta Mooney p. 69 5.2.1.2 TMS Rheometer p. 70 5.2.2 Capillary Rheometers p. 80 5.2.3 Oscillating Disk Curemeters p. 73 5.2.4 Rotorless Curemeters p. 75 5.2.5 Dynamic Mechanical Rheological Testers p. 75 5.2.6 Stress Relaxation Instruments p. 75 5.2.7 ODR Cure Times Correlation with MDR p. 77 5.3 Comparison of Alpha Technologies Processability Test Instruments p. 78 5.4 Conclusion p. 80 References p. 80 6 The Curing Process p. 83 6.1 Introduction p. 84 6.2 Scorch or Premature Vulcanization p. 84 References p. 85 7 Calendering of Rubber p. 87 7.1 Introduction p. 87 7.2 Equipment p. 87 7.3 Processes p. 88 7.3.1 Feeding p. 88 7.3.2 Sheeting p. 88 7.3.3 Frictioning p. 88 7.3.4 Coating p. 89 7.3.5 Roller Dies p. 89 7.3.6 Downstream Processes p. 90 7.4 Modeling the Calendering Process p. 90 7.5 Troubleshooting Problems in Calendering p. 91 7.5.1 Scorch p. 91 7.5.2 Blistering p. 91 7.5.3 Rough or Holed Sheet p. 91 7.5.4 Tack p. 91 7.5.5 Bloom p. 91 7.6 Conclusions p. 91 References p. 92 8 Extrusion of Rubber p. 93 8.1 Introduction p. 93 8.2 Feeding p. 93 8.2.1 Cold-Feed versus Hot-Feed Extruders p. 94 8.3 Mass Transfer, Conveying, or Pumping p. 96 8.3.1 Flow Mechanism p. 97 8.3.2 Extruder Designs p. 98 8.3.2.1 The Maillefer Screw p. 99 8.3.2.2 The Iddon Screw p. 100 8.3.2.3 The Transfermix p. 101 8.3.2.4 The EVK Screw p. 101 8.3.2.5 The Pin Barrel Extruder p. 101 8.3.2.6 The Cavity Transfer Mixer p. 102 8.3.2.7 Vented Extruders p. 104 8.3.2.8 Dump Extruders p. 104 8.3.2.9 Strainers p. 105 8.3.2.10 Extruder Barrels p. 105 8.4 Extruder Operation and Control p. 105 8.5 Shaping p. 108 8.5.1 Extruder Heads p. 108 8.5.1.1 Coextrusion p. 109 8.5.1.2 Crossheading p. 109 8.5.1.3 Shear Heads p. 109 8.5.2 Dies p. 111 8.5.2.1 Pressure Drop p. 111 8.5.2.2 Die Swell p. 111 8.6 Take-Off and Curing p. 112 8.6.1 Continuous Vulcanization Systems p. 113 8.6.1.1 Pressurized Steam Systems p. 113 8.6.1.2 Hot Air Curing Systems p. 113 8.6.1.3 Hot Air Fluidized Bed Systems p. 114 8.6.1.4 Liquid Salt Bath Systems p. 114 8.6.1.5 Microwave Systems p. 114 8.6.1.6 Shear Head Systems p. 115 8.6.1.7 Electron Beam Systems p. 115 8.6.1.8 Steel Belt Presses p. 116 8.6.1.9 Ultrasonic Vulcanization p. 116 8.7 Troubleshooting the Extrusion Process p. 116 8.7.1 Low Output Rate p. 116 8.7.2 Poor Dimensional Stability of Extrudate p. 117 8.7.3 Excessive Heat Buildup in Compound p. 117 8.7.4 Rough Surface on Extrudate p. 117 8.7.5 Contamination p. 117 8.7.6 Porosity in Extrudate p. 117 8.7.7 Strip Difficult to Feed p. 117 8.7.8 Surging Output p. 118 8.8 Concluding Comments p. 118 References p. 118 9 Molding of Rubber p. 119 9.1 Introduction p. 119 9.2 Compression and Transfer Molding p. 120 9.3 Injection Molding of Rubber p. 122 9.3.1 Injection Molding Equipment p. 125 9.3.1.1 Delivery Systems p. 125 9.3.1.2 Nozzles, Runners, and Gates p. 127 9.3.1.3 Molds p. 128 9.3.1.4 Automatic Ejection p. 129 9.3.1.5 Deflashing p. 129 9.3.2 The Injection Molding Process p. 130 9.3.2.1 Injection Temperature p. 130 9.3.2.2 Screw Speed p. 131 9.3.2.3 Back Pressure p. 131 9.3.2.4 Injection Pressure p. 131 9.3.2.5 Summary p. 131 9.3.3 Monitoring and Modeling the Injection Molding Process p. 131 9.3.4 Control of the Injection Molding Process p. 132 9.3.5 Compounds for Injection Molding p. 133 9.3.6 Problems in Injection Molding of Rubber p. 133 References p. 136 10 Finished Product Testing p. 137 10.1 Introduction p. 137 10.2 Test of Filler Distribution and Dispersion p. 138 10.2.1 Microscopy p. 138 10.2.2 Surface Roughness p. 138 10.3 Tests on Cured Specimens p. 138 10.3.1 Tensile Tests p. 139 10.3.2 Hardness p. 139 10.3.3 Compression Set p. 139 10.3.4 Solvent Resistance p. 140 10.3.5 Aging p. 140 10.3.6 Ozone Cracking p. 140 References p. 140 Index p. 143.
