The Archaeology Of Race In The Northeast

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The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast

Author : Christopher N. Matthews
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813055172
Total Pages : 389 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast by : Christopher N. Matthews

Download or read book The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast written by Christopher N. Matthews and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2015-04-28 with total page 389 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Historical and archaeological records show that racism and white supremacy defined the social fabric of the northeastern states as much as they did the Deep South. This collection of essays looks at both new sites and well-known areas to explore race, resistance, and supremacy in the region. With essays covering farm communities and cities from the early seventeenth century to the late nineteenth century, the contributors examine the marginalization of minorities and use the material culture to illustrate the significance of race in understanding daily life. Drawing on historical resources and critical race theory, they highlight the context of race at these sites, noting the different experiences of various groups, such as African American and Native American communities. This cutting-edge research turns with new focus to the dynamics of race and racism in early American life and demonstrates the coming of age of racialization studies.

The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast

Author : Christopher N. Matthews
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813050706
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (57 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast by : Christopher N. Matthews

Download or read book The Archaeology of Race in the Northeast written by Christopher N. Matthews and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays looks at evidence from both new sites and well-known areas to explore race, resistance and supremacy in the Northeast, showing that such issues defined the social fabric of the Northeast as much as in the Deep South.

The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America

Author : Charles E. Orser
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780813031439
Total Pages : 213 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (314 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America by : Charles E. Orser

Download or read book The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America written by Charles E. Orser and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 213 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Orser argues that race has not always been defined by skin color; through time its meaning has changed. The process of racialization has marked most groups who came to the United States in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America demonstrates ways that historical archaeology can contribute to understanding a fundamental element of the American immigrant experience."--BOOK JACKET.

Broken Chains and Subverted Plans

Author : Christopher C. Fennell
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813052688
Total Pages : 317 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Broken Chains and Subverted Plans by : Christopher C. Fennell

Download or read book Broken Chains and Subverted Plans written by Christopher C. Fennell and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2016-12-15 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Creatively drawing on archaeological, architectural, and documentary evidence, this book explores the dynamic strategies employed by German Americans and African Americans in the nineteenth-century American frontier to navigate the exclusionary, exploitative, and insidious forces of the emerging world capitalist system."--Frederick H. Smith, author of The Archaeology of Alcohol and Drinking "Two in-depth and insightful case studies investigating how historical archaeologists can contribute to the current dialogues about self-determination and the subversion of elite designs. Timely and important, this book furthers the cause of socially conscious archaeology."--Charles E. Orser Jr., author of The Archaeology of Race and Racialization in Historic America Using case studies from frontier regions in nineteenth-century Virginia and Illinois, this book reveals how marginalized ethnic and racial communities thwarted the attempts of officials and investors to control them through capitalist economic systems, global commodity chains, and development plans. In backcountry Virginia, German immigrants opted to purchase ceramic wares produced by their own local communities instead of buying manufactured goods supplied by urban centers. Examining archaeology sites and account books and ledgers maintained by local stores, Christopher Fennell reveals how these consumer preferences were influenced by ethnic affiliations and traditions of stylistic expression, emphasizing the community’s cohesiveness. Free African Americans in the town of New Philadelphia, Illinois, worked to obtain land, produce agricultural commodities, and provide services as blacksmiths and carpenters. In doing so, they defied the structural and aversive racism meant to channel resources and economic value away from them. Fennell surveys these racial dynamics--as well as those of Miller Grove, Brooklyn, and the Equal Rights settlement outside of Galena--to show how social networks, racism, and markets shaped individual, family, and societal experiences. The small choices made by these two populations had ripple effects through developments in the Midwest and Mid-Atlantic States. Looking at the economic systems of these regions in relation to transatlantic and global factors, Fennell offers rare insight into the dynamics of America’s consumer economy.

The Routledge Handbook of Global Historical Archaeology

Author : Charles E. Orser, Jr.
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351786245
Total Pages : 1039 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (517 download)

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Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Global Historical Archaeology by : Charles E. Orser, Jr.

Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Global Historical Archaeology written by Charles E. Orser, Jr. and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-07-26 with total page 1039 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Global Historical Archaeology is a multi-authored compendium of articles on specific topics of interest to today’s historical archaeologists, offering perspectives on the current state of research and collectively outlining future directions for the field. The broad range of topics covered in this volume allows for specificity within individual chapters, while building to a cumulative overview of the field of historical archaeology as it stands, and where it could go next. Archaeological research is discussed in the context of current sociological concerns, different approaches and techniques are assessed, and potential advances are posited. This is a comprehensive treatment of the sub-discipline, engaging key contemporary debates, and providing a series of specially-commissioned geographical overviews to complement the more theoretical explorations. This book is designed to offer a starting point for students who may wish to pursue particular topics in more depth, as well as for non-archaeologists who have an interest in historical archaeology. Archaeologists, historians, preservationists, and all scholars interested in the role historical archaeology plays in illuminating daily life during the past five centuries will find this volume engaging and enlightening.

Segregation Made Them Neighbors

Author : William A. White, III
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 1496233719
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (962 download)

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Book Synopsis Segregation Made Them Neighbors by : William A. White, III

Download or read book Segregation Made Them Neighbors written by William A. White, III and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 2023-02 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Segregation Made Them Neighbors investigates the relationship between whiteness and non-whiteness through lenses of landscapes and material culture.

A Struggle for Heritage

Author : Christopher N. Matthews
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813072417
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis A Struggle for Heritage by : Christopher N. Matthews

Download or read book A Struggle for Heritage written by Christopher N. Matthews and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on ten years of collaborative, community-based research, this book examines race and racism in a mixed-heritage Native American and African American community on Long Island’s north shore. Through excavations of the Silas Tobias and Jacob and Hannah Hart houses in the village of Setauket, Christopher Matthews explores how the families who lived here struggled to survive and preserve their culture despite consistent efforts to marginalize and displace them over the course of more than 200 years. He discusses these forgotten people and the artifacts of their daily lives within the larger context of race, labor, and industrialization from the early nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century. A Struggle for Heritage draws on extensive archaeological, archival, and oral historical research and sets a remarkable standard for projects that engage a descendant community left out of the dominant narrative. Matthews demonstrates how archaeology can be an activist voice for a vulnerable population’s civil rights as he brings attention to the continuous, gradual, and effective economic assault on people of color living in a traditional neighborhood amid gentrification. Providing examples of multiple approaches to documenting hidden histories and silenced pasts, this study is a model for public and professional efforts to include and support the preservation of historic communities of color. A volume in the series Cultural Heritage Studies, edited by Paul A. Shackel Publication of the paperback edition made possible by a Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

The Archaeology of Northern Slavery and Freedom

Author : James A. Delle
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813057132
Total Pages : 251 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Northern Slavery and Freedom by : James A. Delle

Download or read book The Archaeology of Northern Slavery and Freedom written by James A. Delle and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Investigating what life was like for African Americans north of the Mason-Dixon Line during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, James Delle presents the first overview of archaeological research on the topic in this book, debunking the notion that the “free” states of the Northeast truly offered freedom and safety for African Americans. Excavations at cities including New York and Philadelphia reveal that slavery was a crucial part of the expansion of urban life as late as the 1840s. Slaves cleared forests, loaded and unloaded ships, and manufactured charcoal to fuel iron furnaces. The case studies in this book also show that enslaved African-descended people frequently staffed suburban manor houses and agricultural plantations. Moreover, for free blacks, racist laws such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 limited the experience of freedom in the region. Delle explains how members of the African diaspora created rural communities of their own and worked in active resistance against the institution of slavery, assisting slaves seeking refuge and at times engaging in violent conflicts. The book concludes with a discussion on the importance of commemorating these archaeological sites, as they reveal an important yet overlooked chapter in African American history. Delle shows that archaeology can challenge dominant historical narratives by recovering material artifacts that express the agency of their makers and users, many of whom were written out of the documentary record. Emphasizing that race-based slavery began in the Northeast and persisted there for nearly two centuries, this book corrects histories that have been whitewashed and forgotten. A volume in the series the American Experience in Archaeological Perspective, edited by Michael S. Nassaney

The Archaeology of New Netherland

Author : Craig Lukezic
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813057892
Total Pages : 323 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of New Netherland by : Craig Lukezic

Download or read book The Archaeology of New Netherland written by Craig Lukezic and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2021-07-19 with total page 323 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Archaeology of New Netherland illuminates the influence of the Dutch empire in North America, assembling evidence from seventeenth-century settlements located in present-day New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Archaeological data from this important early colony has often been overlooked because it lies underneath major urban and industrial regions, and this collection makes a wealth of information widely available for the first time. Contributors to this volume begin by discussing the global context of Dutch colonization and reviewing typical Dutch material culture of the time as seen in ceramics from Amsterdam households. Next, they focus on communities and activities at colonial sites such as forts, trading stations, drinking houses, and farms. The essays examine the agency and impact of Indigenous people and enslaved Africans, particularly women, in the society of New Netherland, and they trace interactions between Dutch settlers and Europeans from other colonies including New Sweden. The volume also features landmark studies of cooking pots, marbles, tobacco pipes, and other artifacts. The research in this volume offers an invitation to investigate New Netherland with the same sustained rigor that archaeologists and historians have shown for English colonialism. The many topics outlined here will serve as starting points for further work on early Dutch expansion in America. Contributors: Craig Lukezic | John P. McCarthy | Charles Gehring | Marijn Stolk | Ian Burrow | Adam Luscier | Matthew Kirk | Michael T. Lucas | Kristina S. Traudt | Marie-Lorraine Pipes | Anne-Marie Cantwell | Diana diZerega Wall | Lu Ann De Cunzo | Wade P. Catts | William B. Liebeknecht | Marshall Joseph Becker | Meta F. Janowitz | Richard G. Schaefer | Paul R. Huey | David A. Furlow

Archaeologies of African American Life in the Upper Mid-Atlantic

Author : Michael J. Gall
Publisher : University of Alabama Press
ISBN 13 : 0817319654
Total Pages : 287 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Archaeologies of African American Life in the Upper Mid-Atlantic by : Michael J. Gall

Download or read book Archaeologies of African American Life in the Upper Mid-Atlantic written by Michael J. Gall and published by University of Alabama Press. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A 2018 CHOICE Outstanding Academic Title New scholarship provides insights into the archaeology and cultural history of African American life from a collection of sites in the Mid-Atlantic This groundbreaking volume explores the archaeology of African American life and cultures in the Upper Mid-Atlantic region, using sites dating from the eighteenth through the twentieth centuries. Sites in Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York are all examined, highlighting the potential for historical archaeology to illuminate the often overlooked contributions and experiences of the region’s free and enslaved African American settlers. Archaeologies of African American Life in the Upper Mid-Atlantic brings together cutting-edge scholarship from both emerging and established scholars. Analyzing the research through sophisticated theoretical lenses and employing up-to-date methodologies, the essays reveal the diverse ways in which African Americans reacted to and resisted the challenges posed by life in a borderland between the North and South through the transition from slavery to freedom. In addition to extensive archival research, contributors synthesize the material finds of archaeological work in slave quarter sites, tenant farms, communities, and graveyards. Editors Michael J. Gall and Richard F. Veit have gathered new and nuanced perspectives on the important role free and enslaved African Americans played in the region’s cultural history. This collection provides scholars of the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast regions, African American studies, material culture studies, religious studies, slavery, the African diaspora, and historical archaeologists with a well-balanced array of rural archaeological sites that represent cultural traditions and developments among African Americans in the region. Collectively, these sites illustrate African Americans’ formation of fluid cultural and racial identities, communities, religious traditions, and modes of navigating complex cultural landscapes in the region under harsh and disenfranchising circumstances.

Advocacy and Archaeology

Author : Kelly M. Britt, PhD,
Publisher : Berghahn Books
ISBN 13 : 1800739656
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Advocacy and Archaeology by : Kelly M. Britt, PhD,

Download or read book Advocacy and Archaeology written by Kelly M. Britt, PhD, and published by Berghahn Books. This book was released on 2023-04-01 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Archaeologists have a history of being prime agents of change, particularly in advocating for protection and preservation of historical resources. As more social issues intersect with archaeology and historical sites, we see archaeologists and others continuing to advocate for not only historic resources, but for the larger social justice issues that threaten the communities in which these resources reside. Inspired by the idea of revolution and excitement about the ways archaeology is being used in social justice arenas, this volume seeks to visualize archaeology as part of a movement by redefining what archaeology is and does for the greater good.

The Archaeology of Race and Class at Timbuctoo

Author : Christopher P. Barton
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813072913
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeology of Race and Class at Timbuctoo by : Christopher P. Barton

Download or read book The Archaeology of Race and Class at Timbuctoo written by Christopher P. Barton and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2023-03-28 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Collaborative archaeology and the lasting character of a historic Black community The Archaeology of Race and Class at Timbuctoo is the first book to examine the historic Black community of Timbuctoo, New Jersey, which was founded in 1826 by formerly enslaved migrants from Maryland and served as a stop on the Underground Railroad. In collaboration with descendants and community members, Christopher Barton explores the intersectionality of life at Timbuctoo and the ways Black residents resisted the marginalizing structures of race and class. Despite some support from local Quaker abolitionists, the people of Timbuctoo endured strained relationships with neighboring white communities, clashes with slave catchers, and hostilities from the Ku Klux Klan. Through a multiscalar approach that ranges from landscape archaeology and settlement patterns to analysis of consumer artifacts, this book demonstrates how residents persevered to construct their own identities and navigate poverty. Barton incorporates oral histories from community elders that offer insights into the racial tensions of the early- to mid-twentieth century and convey the strong, lasting character of the community in the face of repression. Weaving together memories and inherited accounts, current archaeological investigations, historical records, and comparisons to nearby Black-established communities of the era, this book illuminates the everyday impacts of slavery and race relations in a part of the country that seemed to promise freedom and highlights the use of archaeology as a medium for social activism. Publication of this work made possible by a Sustaining the Humanities through the American Rescue Plan grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

Creating Participatory Dialogue in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Interpretation: Multinational Perspectives

Author : John H. Jameson
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030819574
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Creating Participatory Dialogue in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Interpretation: Multinational Perspectives by : John H. Jameson

Download or read book Creating Participatory Dialogue in Archaeological and Cultural Heritage Interpretation: Multinational Perspectives written by John H. Jameson and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-02-28 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume examines evolving trends and transnational perspectives on public interpretation of archaeological and cultural heritage, as well as levels of communication, from local to regional, national and international. It is presented in the context of the evolution of cultural heritage studies from the 20th century “expert approach” to the 21st century “people-centered approach,” with public participation and community involvement at all phases of the decision-making process. Our premise is not just about bringing in community members to be partners in decision making processes; some projects are being initiated by the community--not the heritage experts. In some instances, community members are central in initiating and bringing about change rather than the archaeologists or heritage specialists. In several cases in the book, descendants take the lead in changing heritage narratives. The book addresses several central questions: Do these actions represent new emphases, or more fundamental pedagogical shifts, in interpretation? Are they resulting in more effective interpretation in facilitating emotional and intellectual connections and meanings for audiences? Are they revealing silenced histories? Can they contribute to, or help mediate, dialogues among a diversity of cultures? Can they be shared experiences as examples of good practice at national and international levels? What are the interpretation and presentation challenges for the future? Cultural heritage, as an expression of a diversity of cultures, can be an important mediator between pasts and futures. In the past, people in power from the dominant ethnic, racial, socio-economic, gender, and religious groups determined the heritage message. Minorities were often silenced; their participation in the building and growth of a city, county, or nation’s history was overlooked. New philosophical/methodological trends in public interpretation are reshaping the messages delivered at archaeological/cultural heritage sites worldwide. The role of the experts, as well as the participatory engagement of audiences and stakeholders are being redefined and reassessed. This book explores these processes, their results and effects on the future.

The Archaeological Northeast

Author : Mary Ann Levine
Publisher : Praeger
ISBN 13 : 0897897331
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (978 download)

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Book Synopsis The Archaeological Northeast by : Mary Ann Levine

Download or read book The Archaeological Northeast written by Mary Ann Levine and published by Praeger. This book was released on 2000-01-30 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brings together the most up-to-date research and studies of paleoenvironmental reconstruction, technological change, and socio-political interactions of native peoples of New England.

Slavery Before Race

Author : Katherine Howlett Hayes
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479802220
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

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Book Synopsis Slavery Before Race by : Katherine Howlett Hayes

Download or read book Slavery Before Race written by Katherine Howlett Hayes and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The study of slavery in the Americas generally assumes a basic racial hierarchy: Africans or those of African descent are usually the slaves, and white people usually the slaveholders. In this unique interdisciplinary work of historical archaeology, anthropologist Katherine Hayes draws on years of fieldwork on Shelter Island's Sylvester Manor to demonstrate how racial identity was constructed and lived before plantation slavery was racialized by the legal codification of races. Using the historic Sylvester Manor Plantation site turned archaeological dig as a case study, Hayes draws on artifacts and extensive archival material to present a rare picture of northern slavery on one of the North's first plantations. There, white settlers, enslaved Africans, and Native Americans worked side by side. While each group played distinct roles on the Manor and in the larger plantation economy of which Shelter Island was part, their close collaboration and cohabitation was essential for the Sylvester family's economic and political power in the Atlantic Northeast. Through the lens of social memory and forgetting, this study addresses the significance of Sylvester Manor's plantation history to American attitudes about diversity, Indian land politics, slavery and Jim Crow, in tension with idealized visions of white colonial community. -- Book jacket.

Heritage and Democracy

Author : Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels
Publisher : University Press of Florida
ISBN 13 : 0813070368
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Heritage and Democracy by : Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels

Download or read book Heritage and Democracy written by Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels and published by University Press of Florida. This book was released on 2023-05-23 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examining cultural heritage within the context of democracy Cultural heritage is a powerful tool in society, capable of producing both social harms as well as social goods and benefits, which can be distributed unevenly via political channels. Reaching across disciplines and national boundaries, this volume examines cultural heritage work within the context of both democratic institutions and democratic practices, including participatory, deliberative, and direct democratic practices. Case studies highlight how democratic politics and cultural heritage shape, impact, and depend upon one another. The rising crisis of democracy across the globe brings these dynamics into sharp relief. The unfinished and fragile nature of democratic politics shines a spotlight on both its shortcomings and its aspirational potential. This is a paradox that heritage practitioners and stakeholders navigate daily, serving as both critics and collaborators of democracy. At the same time that heritage practice embraces participatory approaches, it must also address the challenge of reconciling multiple, often unequal, and frequently incompatible claims for control over heritage. Grappling with democracy’s crises also increasingly means recognizing the power of heritage to reinforce or undermine democracy. These essays ask: What are the democratic motives of heritage practice? Why do democracies need heritage? How do the social and cultural referents of heritage infuse democratic practices? Emphasizing the interplay of heritage and democracy in practices and institutions across scales of governance, Heritage and Democracy pinpoints a dynamic that has not been widely examined. Contributors: Stacey L. Camp | Jon D. Daehnke | Kasey Diserens Morgan | Rachel Ama Asaa Engmann | Dorothy Ann Engmann | Bobbie Foster Bhusari | Peter G. Gould | Erin A. Hogg | Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels | Magda E. Mankel | Chelsea H. Meloche | George P. Nicholas | Ellen J. Platts | Jasmine Reid | Paul A. Shackel | John R. Welch A volume in the series Cultural Heritage Studies, edited by Paul A. Shackel

An Archaeology of Ethnicity, Race, and Consumption in New York

Author : Jordon D. Loucks
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1793611769
Total Pages : 165 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis An Archaeology of Ethnicity, Race, and Consumption in New York by : Jordon D. Loucks

Download or read book An Archaeology of Ethnicity, Race, and Consumption in New York written by Jordon D. Loucks and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2020-05-29 with total page 165 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An Archaeology of Ethnicity, Race, and Consumption in New York examines the archaeological visibility of ethnicity within the confines of nineteenth-century material culture from across New York State. The author discusses the limits of archaeological interpretations of ethnicity, presents the utility of material indications of racism in the archaeological record, considers the archaeological footprint of immigrant groups, and contextualizes these discussions with the economic development of the state of New York. The author argues that the construction of canals and railroads causes drastic changes in trade networks and available goods throughout the state, and impacted the lives of immigrant populations who both built and depended on these systems. This book recounts the exploitation of immigrant groups for hard labor to complete these arterial constructions, which in turn increases reliable accessibility to trade goods, but also provides archaeologists today an increased ability to understand the treatment of those immigrant groups by American society.