The ADESORB Process for Economical Production of Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Fired Power Plants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
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Book Synopsis The ADESORB Process for Economical Production of Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Fired Power Plants by :

Download or read book The ADESORB Process for Economical Production of Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Fired Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The DOE's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) currently manages the largest research program in the country for controlling coal-based mercury emissions. NETL has shown through various field test programs that the determination of cost-effective mercury control strategies is complex and highly coal- and plant-specific. However, one particular technology has the potential for widespread application: the injection of activated carbon upstream of either an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or a fabric filter baghouse. This technology has potential application to the control of mercury emissions on all coal-fired power plants, even those with wet and dry scrubbers. This is a low capital cost technology in which the largest cost element is the cost of sorbents. Therefore, the obvious solutions for reducing the costs of mercury control must focus on either reducing the amount of sorbent needed or decreasing the cost of sorbent production. NETL has researched the economics and performance of novel sorbents and determined that there are alternatives to the commercial standard (NORIT DARCO{reg_sign} Hg) and that this is an area where significant technical improvements can still be made. In addition, a key barrier to the application of sorbent injection technology to the power industry is the availability of activated carbon production. Currently, about 450 million pounds ($250 million per year) of activated carbon is produced and used in the U.S. each year - primarily for purification of drinking water, food, and beverages. If activated carbon technology were to be applied to all 1,100 power plants, EPA and DOE estimate that it would require an additional $1-$2 billion per year, which would require increasing current capacity by a factor of two to eight. A new facility to produce activated carbon would cost approximately $250 million, would increase current U.S. production by nearly 25%, and could take four to five years to build. This means that there could be significant shortages in supply if response to new demand is not well-timed.

Development of Novel Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emission From Coal-Fired Power Plants

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Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Development of Novel Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emission From Coal-Fired Power Plants by :

Download or read book Development of Novel Activated Carbon-Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emission From Coal-Fired Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this study is to evaluate pertinent design and operational parameters that would enable successful application of activated carbon adsorption for the reduction of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. The study will evaluate the most suitable impregnate such as sulfur, chloride and other chelating agents for its ability to enhance the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for mercury vapor under various process conditions. The main process variables to be evaluated include temperature, mercury concentration and speciation, relative humidity, oxygen content, and presence of SO2 and NOx in the flue gas. The optimal amount of impregnate for each of these carbons will be determined based on the exhibited performance. Another important parameter which governs the applicability of adsorption technology for the flue gas clean up is the rate at which vapor phase mercury is being removed from the flue gas by activated carbon. Therefore, the second part of this study will evaluate the adsorption kinetics using the impregnated activated carbons listed above. The rate of mercury uptake will also be evaluated under the process conditions that are representative of coal-fired power plants. Concerned with the ability of the adsorbed mercury to migrate back into the environment once saturated adsorbent is removed from the system, the study will also focus on the mercury desorption rate as a function of the type of impregnate, loading conditions, and the time of contact prior to disposal.

Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
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Book Synopsis Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas by : Carl Richardson

Download or read book Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas written by Carl Richardson and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project Final Report is submitted to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) as part of Cooperative Agreement DE-FC26-03NT41987, 'Sorbent Injection for Small ESP Mercury Control in Low Sulfur Eastern Bituminous Coal Flue Gas.' Sorbent injection technology is targeted as the primary mercury control process on plants burning low/medium sulfur bituminous coals equipped with ESP and ESP/FGD systems. About 70% of the ESPs used in the utility industry have SCAs less than 300 ft2/1000 acfm. Prior to this test program, previous sorbent injection tests had focused on large-SCA ESPs. This DOE-NETL program was designed to generate data to evaluate the performance and economic feasibility of sorbent injection for mercury control at power plants that fire bituminous coal and are configured with small-sized electrostatic precipitators and/or an ESP-flue gas desulfurization (FGD) configuration. EPRI and Southern Company were co-funders for the test program. Southern Company and Reliant Energy provided host sites for testing and technical input to the project. URS Group was the prime contractor to NETL. ADA-ES and Apogee Scientific Inc. were sub-contractors to URS and was responsible for all aspects of the sorbent injection systems design, installation and operation at the different host sites. Full-scale sorbent injection for mercury control was evaluated at three sites: Georgia Power's Plant Yates Units 1 and 2 [Georgia Power is a subsidiary of the Southern Company] and Reliant Energy's Shawville Unit 3. Georgia Power's Plant Yates Unit 1 has an existing small-SCA cold-side ESP followed by a Chiyoda CT-121 wet scrubber. Yates Unit 2 is also equipped with a small-SCA ESP and a dual flue gas conditioning system. Unit 2 has no SO2 control system. Shawville Unit 3 is equipped with two small-SCA cold-side ESPs operated in series. All ESP systems tested in this program had SCAs less than 250 ft2/1000 acfm. Short-term parametric tests were conducted on Yates Units 1 and 2 to evaluate the performance of low-cost activated carbon sorbents for removing mercury. In addition, the effects of the dual flue gas conditioning system on mercury removal performance were evaluated as part of short-term parametric tests on Unit 2. Based on the parametric test results, a single sorbent (e.g., RWE Super HOK) was selected for a 30-day continuous injection test on Unit 1 to observe long-term performance of the sorbent as well as its effects on ESP and FGD system operations as well as combustion byproduct properties. A series of parametric tests were also performed on Shawville Unit 3 over a three-week period in which several activated carbon sorbents were injected into the flue gas duct just upstream of either of the two Unit 3 ESP units. Three different sorbents were evaluated in the parametric test program for the combined ESP 1/ESP 2 system in which sorbents were injected upstream of ESP 1: RWE Super HOK, Norit's DARCO Hg, and a 62:38 wt% hydrated lime/DARCO Hg premixed reagent. Five different sorbents were evaluated for the ESP 2 system in which activated carbons were injected upstream of ESP 2: RWE Super HOK and coarse-ground HOK, Norit's DARCO Hg and DARCO Hg-LH, and DARCO Hg with lime injection upstream of ESP 1. The hydrated lime tests were conducted to reduce SO3 levels in an attempt to enhance the mercury removal performance of the activated carbon sorbents. The Plant Yates and Shawville studies provided data required for assessing carbon performance and long-term operational impacts for flue gas mercury control across small-sized ESPs, as well as for estimating the costs of full-scale sorbent injection processes.

Development of a Novel Activated Carbon Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 18 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of a Novel Activated Carbon Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants by :

Download or read book Development of a Novel Activated Carbon Based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-Fired Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 18 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this study is to evaluate pertinent design and operational parameters that would enable successful application of activated carbon adsorption for the reduction of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. The study will evaluate the most suitable impregnate such as sulfur, chloride and other chelating agents for its ability to enhance the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for mercury vapor under various process conditions. The main process variables to be evaluated include temperature, mercury concentration and speciation, relative humidity, oxygen content, and presence of S02 and NO(subscript x) in the flue gas. The optimal amount of impregnate for each of these carbons will be determined based on the exhibited performance. Another important parameter which governs the applicability of adsorption technology for the flue gas clean up is the rate at which vapor phase mercury is being removed from the flue gas by activated carbon. Therefore, the second part of this study will evaluate the adsorption kinetics using the impregnated activated carbons listed above. The rate of mercury uptake will also be evaluated under the process conditions that are representative of coal-fired power plants. Concerned with the ability of the adsorbed mercury to migrate back into the environment once saturated adsorbent is removed from the system, the study will also focus on the mercury desorption rate as a function of the type of impregnate, loading conditions, and the time of contact prior to disposal.

Development of Novel Activated Carbon-based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-fired Power Plants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (683 download)

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Book Synopsis Development of Novel Activated Carbon-based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-fired Power Plants by :

Download or read book Development of Novel Activated Carbon-based Adsorbents for Control of Mercury Emissions from Coal-fired Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The overall objective of this study is to evaluate pertinent design and operational parameters that would enable successful application of adsorption-based technologies for the reduction of mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants. The first part of the study will evaluate the most suitable impregnate for its ability to enhance the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for mercury vapor under various process conditions. The second part of the study will evaluate the rate of mercury uptake (adsorption kinetics) by several impregnated activated carbons. Concerned with the ability of the adsorbed mercury to migrate back into the environment once saturated adsorbent is removed from the system, the study will also determine the fate of mercury adsorbed on these impregnated carbons.

ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL.

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 10 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL. by :

Download or read book ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL. written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a Technical Report under a program funded by the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to obtain the necessary information to assess the viability of lower cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon for mercury control in coal-fired utilities. Novel sorbent evaluations at We Energies' Pleasant Prairie Power Plant (P4) Unit 1 (no SCR in place) have been completed. Nineteen sorbents were evaluated for mercury control. A batch injection rate of 1 lb/Mmacf for 1 hour was conducted for screening purposes at a temperature of 300 F. Four sorbents were further evaluated at three injection rates and two temperatures. The multi-pollutant control test system (PoCT) was installed on P4's Unit 2 (with an SCR) and sorbent evaluations are continuing. Evaluations will continue through the end of January 2004. Tests and analysis on samples from Powerton and Valley to yield waste characterization results for the COHPAC long-term tests are continuing. A no-cost time extension for work to be completed by March 31, 2004 was granted by DOE/NETL.

Development and Evaluation of Low-cost Sorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (556 download)

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Book Synopsis Development and Evaluation of Low-cost Sorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas by :

Download or read book Development and Evaluation of Low-cost Sorbents for Removal of Mercury Emissions from Coal Combustion Flue Gas written by and published by . This book was released on 1998 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Determining how physical and chemical properties of sorbents affect vapor-phase mercury adsorption has led to potential approached for tailoring the properties of sorbents for more effective mercury removal. ... Objectives: to determine how physical and chemical properties of sorbents affect mercury adsoprtion; to develop more cost-effective sorbents"--P. v.

ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL.

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (316 download)

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Book Synopsis ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL. by : Trevor Ley

Download or read book ASSESSMENT OF LOW COST NOVEL SORBENTS FOR COAL-FIRED POWER PLANT MERCURY CONTROL. written by Trevor Ley and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a Technical Report under a program funded by the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) to obtain the necessary information to assess the viability of lower cost alternatives to commercially available activated carbon for mercury control in coal-fired utilities. Tests and analysis on samples from Powerton and Valley to yield waste characterization results for the COHPAC long-term tests were conducted. A draft final report for the sorbent evaluations at Valley was submitted. Presentations of the results for this program were given at two conferences. A test plan for sorbent evaluations at We Energies' Pleasant Prairie Power Plant was drafted. Work will begin mid October 2003. A no cost time extension for work to be completed by December 31, 2003 was granted by DOE/NETL.

Sorption Processes and Pollution

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Publisher : Presses Univ. Franche-Comté
ISBN 13 : 2848673044
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (486 download)

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Book Synopsis Sorption Processes and Pollution by : Grégorio Crini

Download or read book Sorption Processes and Pollution written by Grégorio Crini and published by Presses Univ. Franche-Comté. This book was released on 2010 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-structured Chelating Adsorbents for the Direct Removal of Mercury Vapor from Flue Gases

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (72 download)

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Book Synopsis Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-structured Chelating Adsorbents for the Direct Removal of Mercury Vapor from Flue Gases by :

Download or read book Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-structured Chelating Adsorbents for the Direct Removal of Mercury Vapor from Flue Gases written by and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Coal-Fired utility boilers are currently the largest single-known source of anthropogenic mercury emissions in the United States. In this research, the potential of gas-phase chelating sorbents for the removal of mercury vapor from flue-gases emitted from coal-fired power plants has been investigated. Chelating adsorbents are currently limited to the removal of mercury from liquid phase. The novel gas-phase chelating adsorbents that have been developed in this research uniquely combine a chelating ligand with an ionizing surface nano-layer on a mesoporous substrate. This enables selective, multidentate adsorption of mercury directly from the gas phase. Different chelating ligands including cysteine, dithizone (CPTS-DZ), 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS-Silica), and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (APTS-MBT), were immobilized on silica substrates. The synthesis of the adsorbents is described, and detailed characterization data are reported. The theoretical (equilibrium) capacity for mercury removal using these adsorbents is in the range of 17-117 mg Hg/g. Evaluation of the thermal stability of the chelating adsorbents showed that cysteine activated adsorbent is stable at operating temperatures lower than 135°C. The adsorbents with higher operating temperature limits (CPTS-DZ, MPTS-Silica, and APTS-MBT) can operate up to 160°C. Coating of the silica substrate with different ratios of the room-temperature molten salt, methylpolyoxyethylene(15)octadecanammonium chloride (MEC), was performed and the optimum concentration was determined to be 20-30 wt%. The capability of the MEC ionic solvent to absorb mercury vapor and ionize it has also been studied. MEC solvent has high solubility for mercuric chloride (HgCl2), but limited solubility for elemental mercury (Hg0). The capture efficiency of the chelating adsorbents for HgCl2 under simulated flue-gas conditions has been investigated. No breakthrough of the pollutant was observed in extended experiments. Formation of chelate complex between the captured HgCl2 and the chelating ligands was confirmed with Far-FTIR. It is postulated that the Hg2+ capture mechanism is a combination of solubility in the surface coating and chelate formation. Homogeneous, as well as heterogeneous reduction mechanisms of HgCl2 have been investigated. Results showed that SO2 and H2O vapor are the main factors affecting Hg2+ reduction, and that the presence of HCl is critical for maintaining Hg2+ in its oxidized form.

Long-Term Demonstration of Sorbent Enhancement Additive Technology for Mercury Control

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (873 download)

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Book Synopsis Long-Term Demonstration of Sorbent Enhancement Additive Technology for Mercury Control by :

Download or read book Long-Term Demonstration of Sorbent Enhancement Additive Technology for Mercury Control written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long-term demonstration tests of advanced sorbent enhancement additive (SEA) technologies have been completed at five coal-fired power plants. The targeted removal rate was 90% from baseline conditions at all five stations. The plants included Hawthorn Unit 5, Mill Creek Unit 4, San Miguel Unit 1, Centralia Unit 2, and Hoot Lake Unit 2. The materials tested included powdered activated carbon, treated carbon, scrubber additives, and SEAs. In only one case (San Miguel) was>90% removal not attainable. The reemission of mercury from the scrubber at this facility prevented>90% capture.

Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319921622
Total Pages : 410 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal by : Grégorio Crini

Download or read book Green Adsorbents for Pollutant Removal written by Grégorio Crini and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 410 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the second volume on adsorption using green adsorbents and is written by international contributors who are the leading experts in the adsorption field. Together with the first volume they show a typical selection of green materials used in wastewater treatment, with emphasis on industrial effluents. This second volume focuses on innovative materials. It presents hemp-based materials for metal removal, and the use of leaves for metal removal. It describes the biosorption of metals and metalloids on various materials and discusses the recent advances in cellulose-based adsorbents used in environmental purposes. Furthermore, activated carbons from food wastes, aerogels and bones, and municipal solid waste biochar as efficient materials for pollutant removal, respectively are reviewed as well as biosorption of dyes onto microbial biosorbents and the use of mushroom biomass to remove pollutants are looked at. The volume also includes detailed review of green adsorbents for removal of antibiotics, pesticides and endocrine disruptors and the use of pillared interlayered clays as innovative materials for pollutant removal. Finally, the use of green adsorbents for radioactive pollutant removal from natural water is discussed. The audience for this book includes students, environmentalists, engineers, water scientists, civil and industrial personnel who wish to specialize in adsorption technology. Academically, this book will be of use to students in chemical and environmental engineering who wish to learn about adsorption and its fundamentals. It has also been compiled for practicing engineers who wish to know about recent developments on adsorbent materials in order to promote further research toward improving and developing newer adsorbents and processes for the efficient removal of pollutants from industrial effluents. It is hoped that the book will serve as a readable and useful presentation not only for undergraduate and postgraduate students but also for the water scientists and engineers and as a convenient reference handbook in the form of numerous recent examples and appended information.

Evaluating sorbents produced from waste to remove mercury in simulated flue gases from coal combustion

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (93 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluating sorbents produced from waste to remove mercury in simulated flue gases from coal combustion by : Hemantha Revata Seneviratne

Download or read book Evaluating sorbents produced from waste to remove mercury in simulated flue gases from coal combustion written by Hemantha Revata Seneviratne and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (784 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures by : David Joseph Couling

Download or read book Evaluation of Sorbents for the Cleanup of Coal-derived Synthesis Gas at Elevated Temperatures written by David Joseph Couling and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) with carbon dioxide capture is a promising technology to produce electricity from coal at a higher efficiency than with traditional subcritical pulverized coal (PC) power plants. As with any coal-based technology, however, it is of critical importance to develop efficient techniques to reduce the emissions of its many environmental pollutants, including not only carbon dioxide, but also sulfur and trace metals such as lead or mercury. One potential method to improve the efficiency for IGCC is through the use of solid sorbents that operate at elevated temperatures. Because many of these technologies are in their infancy and have yet to be commercially demonstrated, a strong desire exists to develop methods to critically evaluate these technologies more rapidly and inexpensively than can be done through experiments alone. In this thesis we applied computational techniques to investigate the feasibility of sorbents for the warm temperature removal of two key pollutants, carbon dioxide and mercury. We developed pressure swing adsorption models for the removal of carbon dioxide using both metal oxide and metal hydroxide sorbents and incorporated them into IGCC process simulations in Aspen Plus in order to evaluate the energy penalties associated with using these carbon dioxide capture technologies. We identified the optimal properties of CO2 sorbents for this application. Although warm CO2 capture using solid sorbents could lead to slight efficiency increases over conventional cold cleanup methods, the potential gains are much smaller than previously estimated. In addition, we used density functional theory to screen binary metal alloys, metal oxides, and metal sulfides as potential sorbents for mercury capture. We computed the thermochemistry of 40 different potential mercury sorbents to evaluate their affinity for mercury at the low concentrations and elevated temperatures found in the coal gas stream. We also evaluated the tendency of these sorbent materials to react with major components of the gas stream, such as hydrogen or steam. Finally, we tested the mercury adsorption characteristics of three of the most promising materials experimentally. Our experimental observations showed good qualitative agreement with our density functional theory calculations.

Evaluation of Nanocrystalline Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Gasifier Fuel

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Nanocrystalline Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Gasifier Fuel by : Raja A. Jadhav

Download or read book Evaluation of Nanocrystalline Sorbents for Mercury Removal from Coal Gasifier Fuel written by Raja A. Jadhav and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Evaluation of Solid Sorbents As A Retrofit Technology for CO{sub 2} Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plants

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Solid Sorbents As A Retrofit Technology for CO{sub 2} Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plants by :

Download or read book Evaluation of Solid Sorbents As A Retrofit Technology for CO{sub 2} Capture from Coal-Fired Power Plants written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) funded cooperative agreement DE-NT0005649, ADA Environmental Solutions (ADA) has begun evaluating the use of solid sorbents for CO2 capture. The project objective was to address the viability and accelerate development of a solid-based CO2 capture technology. To meet this objective, initial evaluations of sorbents and the process / equipment were completed. First the sorbents were evaluated using a temperature swing adsorption process at the laboratory scale in a fixed-bed apparatus. A slipstream reactor designed to treat flue gas produced by coal-fired generation of nominally 1 kWe was designed and constructed, which was used to evaluate the most promising materials on a more meaningful scale using actual flue gas. In a concurrent effort, commercial-scale processes and equipment options were also evaluated for their applicability to sorbent-based CO2 capture. A cost analysis was completed that can be used to direct future technology development efforts. ADA completed an extensive sorbent screening program funded primarily through this project, DOE NETL cooperative agreement DE-NT0005649, with support from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) and other industry participants. Laboratory screening tests were completed on simulated and actual flue gas using simulated flue gas and an automated fixed bed system. The following types and quantities of sorbents were evaluated: 87 supported amines, 31 carbon based materials, 6 zeolites, 7 supported carbonates (evaluated under separate funding), 10 hydrotalcites. Sorbent evaluations were conducted to characterize materials and down-select promising candidates for further testing at the slipstream scale. More than half of the materials evaluated during this program were supported amines. Based on the laboratory screening four supported amine sorbents were selected for evaluation at the 1 kW scale at two different field sites. ADA designed and fabricated a slipstream pilot to allow an evaluation of the kinetic behavior of sorbents and provide some flexibility for the physical characteristics of the materials. The design incorporated a transport reactor for the adsorber (co-current reactor) and a fluidized-bed in the regenerator. This combination achieved the sorbent characterization goals and provided an opportunity to evaluate whether the potential cost savings associated with a relatively simple process design could overcome the sacrifices inherent in a co-current separation process. The system was installed at two field sites during the project, Luminant's Martin Lake Steam Electric Station and Xcel Energy's Sherburne County Generating Station (Sherco). Although the system could not maintain continuous 90% CO2 removal with the sorbents evaluated under this program, it was useful to compare the CO2 removal properties of several different sorbents on actual flue gas. One of the supported amine materials, sorbent R, was evaluated at both Martin Lake and Sherco. The 1 kWe pilot was operated in continuous mode as well as batch mode. In continuous mode, the sorbent performance could not overcome the limitations of the co-current adsorbent design. In batch mode, sorbent R was able to remove up to 90% CO2 for several cycles. Approximately 50% of the total removal occurred in the first three feet of the adsorption reactor, which was a transport reactor. During continuous testing at Sherco, CO2 removal decreased to approximately 20% at steady state. The lack of continuous removal was due primarily to the combination of a co-current adsorption system with a fluidized bed for regeneration, a combination which did not provide an adequate driving force to maintain an acceptable working CO2 capacity. In addition, because sorbent R consisted of a polymeric amine coated on a silica substrate, it was believed that the 50% amine loaded resulted in mass diffusion limitations related to the CO2 uptake rate. Th ...

Tesoro de Novelistas Españoles Antiquas y Modernas con una Introduccion y Noticias de Don Eugenio de Ochoa

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (472 download)

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Book Synopsis Tesoro de Novelistas Españoles Antiquas y Modernas con una Introduccion y Noticias de Don Eugenio de Ochoa by :

Download or read book Tesoro de Novelistas Españoles Antiquas y Modernas con una Introduccion y Noticias de Don Eugenio de Ochoa written by and published by . This book was released on 1847 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: