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Testing Of Zinc Titanate Desulfurization Sorbents For Moving Bed Applications
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Book Synopsis Testing of Zinc Titanate Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications by :
Download or read book Testing of Zinc Titanate Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sorbents developed for moving-bed systems must comply with a minimum of chemical and mechanical durability performance characteristics in order to be considered acceptable for long-term operation. Among the desired properties, a sorbent must have: (1) High chemical reactivity, as measured by the rate of sulfur absorption and the total sulfur loading on the sorbent. (2) High mechanical strength, as measured by the pellet crush strength and the attrition resistance; (3) Suitable pellet morphology, as given by pellet size and shape to promote good bulk flow ability and seasonable porosity to increase reactivity. Formulation 2A1.7M (UCI designation L-3787M) was selected by DOE as the baseline formulation for performance evaluation of Option 3 sorbents. This baseline formulation is a rounded zinc titanate sorbent containing a 2:1 Zn:Ti molar ratio, 1.7% molybdenum (equivalent to 2.5% MoO3), and 3% bentonite binder that had been previously tested under the Option 2 program. Zinc titanate sorbents were prepared by UCI as rounded spherical or ellipsoidal pellets. The fabrication procedure is targeted at achieving a balance of mechanical strength (crush strength and attrition resistance) and chemical reactivity by controlling the pellet internal porosity.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications. Option 2 Program by :
Download or read book Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications. Option 2 Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the most advantageous configurations of the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system is coupling it with a hot gas cleanup for the more efficient production of electric power in an environmentally acceptable manner. In conventional gasification cleanup systems, closely heat exchangers are necessary to cool down the fuel gases for cleaning, sometimes as low as 200--300°F, and to reheat the gases prior to injection into the turbine. The result is significant losses in efficiency for the overall power cycle. High-temperature coal gas cleanup in the IGCC system can be operated near 1000°F or higher, i.e., at conditions compatible with the gasifier and turbine components, resulting is a more efficient overall system. GE is developing a moving-bed, high-temperature desulfurization system for IGCC power systems in which mixed-metal oxides are currently being used as desulfurization sorbents. The objective of this contract is to identify and test fabrication methods and sorbent chemical compositions that enhance the long-term chemical reactivity and mechanical durability of zinc ferrite and other novel sorbents for moving-bed, high-temperature desulfurization of coal-derived gases. Zinc ferrite was studied under the base program of this contract. In the next phase of this program novel sorbents, particularly zinc titanate-based sorbents, are being studied under the remaining optional programs. This topical report summarizes only the work performed under the Option 2 program. In the course of carrying out the program, more than 25 zinc titanate formulations have been prepared and characterized to identify formulations exhibiting enhanced properties over the baseline zinc titanate formulation selected by the US Department of Energy.
Download or read book Spokane's Golden Jubilee written by and published by . This book was released on 1931 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Energy Research Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 782 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Desulfurization of Hot Coal Gas by : Aysel T. Atimtay
Download or read book Desulfurization of Hot Coal Gas written by Aysel T. Atimtay and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Economic and environmental requirements for advanced power generating systems demand the removal of corrosive and other sulfurous compounds from hot coal gas. After a brief account of the world energy resources and an overview of clean coal technologies, a review of regenerable metal oxide sorbents for cleaning the hot gas is provided. Zinc oxide, copper oxide, calcium oxide, manganese oxide based as well as supported and mixed metal oxide sorbents are treated. Performance analysis of these sorbents, effects of various parameters on the desulfurization efficiency, kinetics of sulfidation and regeneration reactions, sulfiding and regeneration mechanisms are discussed. Two chapters present recent results in the direct production of elemental sulfur from regeneration or SO2-rich gases.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications. Base Program by :
Download or read book Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications. Base Program written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this contract was to identify and test fabrication methods and sorbent chemical compositions that enhance the long-term chemical reactivity and mechanical strength of zinc ferrite and other novel sorbents for moving-bed, high-temperature desulfurization of coal-derived gases. Desired properties to be enhanced for moving-bed sorbent materials are: (1) high chemical reactivity (sulfur absorption rate and total sulfur capacity), (2) high mechanical strength (pellet crush strength and attrition resistance), and (3) suitable pellet morphology (e.g., pellet size, shape, surface area, and average specific pore volume). In addition, it is desired to maintain the sorbent properties over extended cyclic use in moving- bed systems.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications by :
Download or read book Enhanced Durability of High-temperature Desulfurization Sorbents for Moving-bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Chemical reactivity was determined at GECRD by measuring sorbent sulfur loading (defined as grams of sulfur absorbed per 100 g of fresh sorbent) in fresh and in cycled samples from a bench-scale reactor. Only formulations that exhibited a good balance of chemical and mechanical performance as fresh pellets were selected for further cyclic testing in the benchscale reactor system. Details of the bench-scale reactor and procedures have been given before (Ayala, 1991). The important aspect of the benchscale testing is that both absorption and regeneration were conducted in a packed-bed reactor simulating the time/temperature environment to which the sorbent would be exposed in a typical cycle of the full-scale moving-bed system. Absorption was carried out at 1000[degrees]F using any of three gas compositions, all having a deliberately high H[sub 2]S concentration (1 %) to accelerate testing. The oxidative regeneration was carried out between 1000 and 1250[degrees]F and 1--21% oxygen during the early phases of regeneration, and at 1400[degrees]F during the final phase simulating the temperature rise of the sorbent bed. Sixteen zinc titanate formulations were prepared as cylindrical extrudates. For all formulations, the calcination time was held constant at 2 hours. The following results were obtained: Formulations containing a 0.8 Zn:Ti ratio produced mixtures of several stoichiometric titanates: Zn[sub 2]Ti[sub 3]O[sub 8], ZnTiO[sub 3], and Zn[sub 2]TiO[sub 4], with the relative amount of each depending on temperature. Formulations containing a 2.0 Zn:Ti ratio exhibited exclusively the Zn[sub 2]TiO[sub 4] structure. The higher calcination temperature of 1800[degrees]F significantly reduced the porosity available for chemical reactivity, while the lower calcination temperature of 1400[degrees]F produced, in some cases, formulations with traces of residual unreacted zinc oxide and anatase titanium dioxide.
Book Synopsis Desulfurization Sorbents for Transport-Bed Applications by :
Download or read book Desulfurization Sorbents for Transport-Bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project extends the prior work on the development of fluidizable zinc titanate particles using a spray-drying technique to impart high reactivity and attrition resistance. The specific objectives are: (1) To develop highly reactive and attrition-resistant zinc titanate sorbents in 40- to 150-[micro]m particle size range for transport reactor applications; (2) To transfer sorbent production technology to private sector; and (3) To provide technical support to Sierra Pacific Clean Coal Technology Demonstration plant and FETC's Hot-Gas Desulfurization Process Development Unit (PDU), both employing a transport reactor system.
Download or read book Bennau written by and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Sorbent Development for Low-Temperature Moving-Bed Desulfurization by :
Download or read book Sorbent Development for Low-Temperature Moving-Bed Desulfurization written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this program, the effort is geared towards developing advanced mixed-metal oxide sorbents for desulfurization in moving-bed systems in the temperature rang 343-538°C (650-1000°F) where technical viability and process efficiency result in lower overall process costs. In addition a cost assessment and a market plan for large-scale fabrication of sorbents will be developed. As an optional task, a long-term bench-scale testing of the best moving-bed sorbent formulation will conducted. The sorbents must have chemical characteristics that permit cyclic desulfurization and regeneration over many cycles without a drastic loss of activity. The sorbents must be capable of reducing the hydrogen sulfide level in the fuel gas to less than 20 ppm in the specified temperature range and pressures in the range of 1 to 20 atmospheres. In addition, they must also have physical characteristics that are compatible with the selected reactor, e.g. pellet size/shape. This paper discusses in more detail recent developments in the fabrication and use of doped zinc titanate sorbents for moving-bed configurations at temperatures below 538°C (1000°F).
Book Synopsis Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems by : Makoto Kobayashi
Download or read book Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems written by Makoto Kobayashi and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2020-10-18 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Dry Syngas Purification Processes for Coal Gasification Systems illustrates the promising development status of dry syngas purification for various power generation systems based on coal gasification. The core advantages of dry syngas purification, methodologies for impurity measurement, sorbents development, and evaluation of process performance are described in-depth, and from a practical perspective that is based on current research and development. Reviewing key findings from process integration, the book encompasses scale-up strategies from pilot processes to achieve dry syngas processing for new build plants. The book provides researchers and engineers with practical information to realize dry syngas purification processes for each context. - Delivers pathways to realize dry syngas purification processes customized to specific power plant contexts - Provides analytical tools to facilitate plant operators in examining and interpreting the relevant impurities of coal gasification and gas treatment processes - Illustrates rational strategies for developing capable and durable dry removal sorbent for syngas impurities - Describes process design and integration through key engineering evaluation - Describes scale-up strategies of dry syngas processing for their deployment in new plants - Provides prospects on the development of future coal energy conversion system adopting dry syngas purification processes
Book Synopsis Materials & Components in Fossil Energy Applications by :
Download or read book Materials & Components in Fossil Energy Applications written by and published by . This book was released on with total page 716 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fixed Bed Testing of a Molybdenum-promoted Zinc Titanate Sorbent for Hot Gas Desulfurization by :
Download or read book Fixed Bed Testing of a Molybdenum-promoted Zinc Titanate Sorbent for Hot Gas Desulfurization written by and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 12 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The experimental test program for the molybdenum-promoted zinc titanate with Zn/Ti ratio of 1.91, consists of two series of test: six half-cycle (sulfidation phase) parametric tests and four multi-cycle (sulfidation and regeneration phase) tests. Results of the parametric tests were utilized to select the optimum conditions for multi-cycle tests. The intent of the multi-cycle test series was to demonstrate durability and regenerability of the molybdenum-promoted zinc titanate sorbent. During the parametric tests, sorbent bed temperature and linear velocity were varied. However, system pressure was fixed at 150 psia (1.03 MPa) for sulfidation test phases and 50 psia (0.34 MPa) for regeneration test phases for both single and multi-cycle tests. Figure 2 shows the effect of gas flow rate and temperature on hydrogen sulfide removal during the half-cycle (sulfidation) parametric tests. Simulated KRW coal gas which contained 15 vol% H2, 21 vol% CO, 9.0 vol% H2O and 800 ppmv H2S was used during the parametric tests. As can be seen from the data, sorbent efficiency and capacity were only weak functions of bed temperature. However, increasing the space velocity substantially reduced sorbent efficiency and capacity as indicated on the rapid breakthrough of H2S for the high space velocity. Breakthrough period is defined here as corresponding to H2S concentration of 200 ppmv in exit gas.
Book Synopsis Enhanced Durability of Desulfurization Sorbents for Fluidized-bed Applications by :
Download or read book Enhanced Durability of Desulfurization Sorbents for Fluidized-bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To extend the operating temperature range and further improve the durability of fluidizable sorbents, zinc titanate, another leading regenerable sorbent, was selected for development in the later part of this project. A number of zinc titanate formulations were prepared in the 50 to 300 [mu]m range using granulation and spray drying methods. Important sorbent preparation variables investigated included zinc to titanium ratio, binder type, binder amount, and various chemical additives such as cobalt and molybdenum. A number of sorbents selected on the basis of screening tests were subjected to bench-scale testing for 10 cycles at high temperature, high pressure (HTHP) conditions using the reactor system designed and constructed during the base program. This reactor system is capable of operation either as a 2.0 in. or 3.0 in. I.D. bubbling bed and is rated up to 20 atm operation at 871[degrees]C. Bench-scale testing variables included sorbent type, temperature (550 to 750[degrees]C), gas type (KRW or Texaco gasifier gas), steam content of coal gas, and fluidizing gas velocity (6 to 15 cm/s). The sorbents prepared by spray drying showed poor performance in terms of attrition resistance and chemical reactivity. On the other hand, the granulation method proved to be very successful. For example, a highly attrition-resistant zinc titanate formulation, ZT-4, prepared by granulation exhibited virtually no zinc loss and demonstrated a constant high reactivity and sulfur capacity over 10 cycles, i.e., approximately a 60 percent capacity utilization, with Texaco gas at 750[degrees]C, 15 cm/s fluidizing velocity and 15 atm pressure. The commercial potential of the granulation method for zinc titanate manufacture was demonstrated by preparing two 80 lb batches of sorbent with zinc to titanium mol ratios of 0.8 and 1.5.
Book Synopsis Integration and Testing of Hot Desulfurization and Entrained-flow Gasification for Power Generation Systems. Phase 2, Process Optimization by :
Download or read book Integration and Testing of Hot Desulfurization and Entrained-flow Gasification for Power Generation Systems. Phase 2, Process Optimization written by and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Research Triangle Institute performed four high-temperature desulfurization tests of zinc titanate sorbents for Texaco, Inc. Two zinc titanate sorbents (L-3196 and L-3014) were tested in fixed-bed mode with simulated oxygen-blown (medium Btu) and air-blown (low Btu) Texaco gas. The zinc titanate sorbents were manufactured as 3/16-in. cylindrical extrudates by United Catalysts, Inc. Tests were performed in a high-temperature, high-pressure, fixed-bed sorbent test unit originally constructed and used on Department of Energy (DOE) contract DE-AC21-86MC23126, DOE Office of Fossil Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC). The test unit is described in detail in the December 1988 final report for this contract. Of the four tests conducted, two tests were conducted for the L-3014 sorbent and two tests were conducted for the L-3196 sorbent. The main difference between the two sorbents was their zinc to titanium molar ratio (0.8 for L-3014, 1.5 for L-3196). Properties of these sorbents are described in detail in the Final Report for DOE Contract No. DE-AC2l-86MC23126. Two tests were conducted for each sorbent; one test was conducted with simulated Texaco air-blown gasifier gas and one test was conducted with simulated Texaco oxygen-blown gasifier gas. Each test consisted of five cycles. Each cycle was composed of reductive regeneration, sulfidation, and oxidative regeneration steps. After the fifth sulfidation and after the fifth oxidative regeneration of each test, samples were collected and sent to Texaco. In the following sections, the test procedures are briefly described followed by details of the important results.
Book Synopsis Advanced Sorbent Development Program Development of Sorbents for Moving-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Applications by :
Download or read book Advanced Sorbent Development Program Development of Sorbents for Moving-Bed and Fluidized-Bed Applications written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power system using high-temperature coal gas cleanup is one of the most promising advanced technologies for the production of electric power from coal in an environmentally acceptable manner. Unlike conventional low-temperature cleanup systems that require costly heat exchangers, high-temperature coal gas cleanup systems can be operated near 482-538 C (900-1000 F) or higher, conditions that are a closer match with the gasifier and turbine components in the IGCC system, thus resulting is a more efficient overall system. GE is developing a moving-bed, high-temperature desulfurization system for the IGCC power cycle in which zinc-based regenerable sorbents are currently being used as desulfurization sorbents. Zinc titanate and other proprietary zinc-based oxides are being considered as sorbents for use in the Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Program at Tampa Electric Co.'s (TECo) Polk Power Station. Under cold startup conditions at TECo, desulfurization and regeneration may be carried out at temperatures as low as 343 C (650 F), hence a versatile sorbent is desirable to perform over this wide temperature range. A key to success in the development of high-temperature desulfurization systems is the matching of sorbent properties for the selected process operating conditions, namely, sustainable desulfurization kinetics, high sulfur capacity, and mechanical durability over multiple cycles. Additionally, the sulfur species produced during regeneration of the sorbent must be in a form compatible with sulfur recovery systems, such as sulfuric acid or elemental sulfur processes. The overall objective of this program is to develop regenerable sorbents for hydrogen sulfide removal from coal-derived fuel gases in the temperature range 343-538 C (650-1000 F). Two categories of reactor configurations are being considered: moving-bed reactors and fluidized-bed (bubbling and circulating) reactors. In addition, a cost assessment and a market plan for large-scale fabrication of sorbents were developed. As an optional task, long-term bench-scale tests of the best moving-bed sorbents were conducted. Starting from thermodynamic calculations, several metal oxides were identified for potential use as hot gas cleanup sorbents using constructed phase stability diagrams and laboratory screening of various mixed-metal oxide formulations. Modified zinc titanates and other proprietary metal oxide formulations were evaluated at the bench scale and many of them found to be acceptable for operation in the target desulfurization temperature range of 370 C (700 F) to 538 C (1000 F) and regeneration temperatures up to 760 C (1400 F). Further work is still needed to reduce the batch-to-batch repeatability in the fabrication of modified zinc titanates for larger scale applications. The information presented in this Volume 1 report contains the results of moving-bed sorbent development at General Electric's Corporate Research and Development (GE-CRD). A separate Volume 2 report contains the results of the subcontract on fluidized-bed sorbent development at the Institute of Gas Technology (IGT).
Book Synopsis Kinetic and Structural Studies of the Sulfidation of Large Particles of Lime and Limestone Under Simulated Coal-gas by : Laurent Alain Fenouil
Download or read book Kinetic and Structural Studies of the Sulfidation of Large Particles of Lime and Limestone Under Simulated Coal-gas written by Laurent Alain Fenouil and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 616 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
